tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-30038953801471567082024-03-13T13:34:18.036+02:00Tech_JournalThe facts do not lie. Not when they are honestly presented.
All copyrighted sources are quoted and used for comment and education in accord with the nonprofit provisions of: Title 17 U.S.C., Section 107. These sites are in accordance with Title 17 U.S.C., Section 107 and are protected under: The First Amendment Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, ….SntMartyrhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11197760281270769367noreply@blogger.comBlogger154125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3003895380147156708.post-4928828938226223612015-10-02T06:00:00.000+02:002015-10-02T06:00:05.092+02:00Exposing the Jew Terrorist Octopus<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<a href="http://technischeredaktion.blogspot.com/2011/09/akamai-thrives-in-spirit-of-its-lost.html">Akamai and Daniel Lewin</a> and <a href="http://technischeredaktion.blogspot.com/2011/09/techjournal-akamai-thrives-in-spirit-of.html">Akamai</a><br />
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<b>A lost spirit still inspires</b><br />
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After its founder was killed [oh really? or just in Israel since then...] on Sept. 11 and its business damaged in the aftermath, Akamai slid to the edge of failure. What it still had were Daniel Lewin’s technology and vision.<br />
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<span id="byline">By <a href="http://search.boston.com/local/Search.do?s.sm.query=Hiawatha+Bray&camp=localsearch:on:byline:art">Hiawatha Bray</a></span><br />
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<span id="dateline">Globe Staff <span class="listPipe">/</span> September 4, 2011</span></div>
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At about 9 a.m. on what would be a very bad day, Paul Sagan, then president of Akamai Technologies Inc. of Cambridge, was on the phone with a company attorney who had just been in touch with cofounder Daniel Lewin.<br />
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Lewin, 31, who had invented technology to help the Internet handle huge amounts of traffic, was flying to Los Angeles to drum up new business, which the company desperately needed. Akamai’s stock was trading at about $3 a share, a sliver of its peak of $328 in 1999, at the height of the Internet bubble.<br />
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As Sagan and the lawyer chatted, another Akamai employee called on Sagan’s second line. He had been watching the “Today’’ show and saw that a jumbo jet had slammed into the North Tower of New York’s World Trade Center. American Airlines Flight 11. Lewin’s flight.<br />
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For a moment, Sagan hoped Lewin had decided to fly a little later in the day. “The airlines would just let you change planes back then,’’ he recalled. But the lawyer said Lewin had called from the plane, hanging up only when a flight attendant ordered him to switch off his phone.<br />
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“So we knew shortly after 9 a.m.,’’ said Sagan. “There was no hope that he was not on that plane.’’<br />
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Daniel Lewin was dead, and nobody knew whether his company would survive.<br />
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Yet Akamai’s most tragic day would also prove its most important. On that day, and in the days that followed, the world turned to the Internet for information as never before. Web traffic for Akamai’s global network of clients, including major news media sites, surged by a factor of five.<br />
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Lewin’s technology managed the spike handily; websites that otherwise might have crashed under the strain continued to offer details about loved ones, rescue efforts, and what went so terribly wrong. “It worked,’’ said George Conrades, Akamai’s chief executive at the time. “It really was designed well.’’<br />
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On Sept. 11, 2001, in Akamai’s control room, engineers and technicians worked furiously to direct the crush of Web traffic to every spare server. There was no time to grieve. But then and in the decade since, the thoughts of Akamai employees rarely strayed from Lewin and his technology, and what both had made possible.<br />
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“The end result is that you and I, without knowing Akamai is involved, get to see our content, and we get it fast, and it comes through clear,’’ said Brian Partridge, vice president of research at the research firm Yankee Group in Boston. “Akamai has had a behind-the-scenes role in the incredible development of the Internet.’’<br />
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In 1996, when Daniel Lewin, a former Israeli commando with a bachelor’s degree from Technion, Israel’s famed scientific university, began his studies at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, computer scientists already knew the Internet would do a lousy job of managing big spikes in traffic. Companies could prepare only by buying vast numbers of extra servers that would be idle most of the time, a big waste of money.<br />
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Lewin was already hungry for a challenge like that. “Danny had the kind of mind that comes and says, ‘Well, this is a big problem. Why shouldn’t there be a solution?’ ’’ recalled his MIT professor and Akamai cofounder, Tom Leighton. “And sure enough, he figured out a solution.’’<br />
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The Internet needed a better way to instantly locate vast amounts of quickly changing data stored on computers all over the world, and send it to anybody, anywhere. What Lewin and Leighton invented was a mathematical scheme called “consistent hashing’’ that radically sped up the process. Just as important, the system could “scale’’- meaning it would work even as many more people used it. It made possible the advanced Internet services we use today.<br />
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Lewin’s innovation allows millions of users to watch streaming video simultaneously, for example, and keeps news websites online during global crises as viewers rush for the latest information.<br />
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At MIT, Lewin stood out. He was a gym rat, a fanatical weight lifter who had once been Mr. Teenage Israel. “He was 180 degrees from the computer nerd you might imagine,’’ said his friend Marco Greenberg. “I remember this 16-year-old squatting 375 pounds.’’<br />
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Born in Denver, Lewin was deeply unhappy with his parents’ decision to move the family to Israel when he was 14. “He was brought to Israel kicking and screaming,’’ Greenberg said.<br />
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But he changed. Lewin’s brother Michael credits his mandatory service in the Israeli military. Lewin volunteered for the toughest, most dangerous branch of the service: the Sayeret Matkal, specialists in antiterrorist operations. He became “much more focused in achieving his goals,’’ said Michael, a financial services entrepreneur who lives in Israel. “When he came out, he was a man.’’<br />
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Akamai’s Sagan recalls an executives-vs.-employees paintball bout, where Lewin’s military training made him unbeatable. But when he saw that Sagan couldn’t keep up, “he literally picked me up like a sack of potatoes over his shoulder and carried me around,’’ Sagan said. “Literally, like I was nothing.’’<br />
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Shortly after 8:14 a.m., onboard Flight 11, two flight attendants called American Airlines and said that hijackers had stabbed two other flight attendants and a passenger.<br />
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The terrorists breached the cockpit somehow, and the one trained to fly a jet, Mohamed Atta, moved to take control of the plane. And it may be at that point that Lewin tried to stop the hijacking, according to the government commission that investigated the Sept. 11 attacks.<br />
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He had the training for it, but he never had a chance. One of the terrorists was seated behind Lewin and stabbed him, possibly in the throat. Lewin was one of the first of many to die on Sept. 11.<br />
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There were four airliners hijacked that day; two of them, Flight 11 and United Airlines Flight 175, left from Logan International Airport. At 8:46 that morning, Atta flew Flight 11 into the World Trade Center’s North Tower.<br />
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Lewin’s loss was even more difficult for Akamai because on the day he died, there was record demand for the Internet as the world went online to follow news of the attacks. At their monitors in the company’s network information center in Cambridge, Akamai technicians, in shock from the loss of their revered colleague, watched as hits on their customers’ websites surged beyond anything they’d seen before.<br />
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Sagan knew he had to take command. “I had been a TV producer in my past life,’’ he said, “so I was used to high-pressure deadline situations, where you just totally focus on making all these little decisions in front of you.’’<br />
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He quickly addressed the company’s technicians and engineers. “Whatever you do, keep your eye focused on the network,’’ he told them, “because traffic’s going to go crazy.’’<br />
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Then Sagan gave one more instruction: Lewin would insist the company rise to the occasion. Do what he would do.<br />
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And they did. “Sort of through the fog and the shock,’’ said Sagan, “we just worked feverishly to run the business.’’<br />
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Don Marks, an Akamai engineer, spent Sept. 11 reconfiguring servers to build capacity on websites for organizations like the Red Cross and American Airlines. “All of these guys’ websites were getting completely overloaded,’’ Marks said. “It was only at the end of the day when I had a chance to breathe.’’<br />
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Although Akamai made it through the day, the company’s financial problems were about to get worse.<br />
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The Internet bubble that had floated Akamai through its founding in 1998 and its initial public offering the following year had burst. The dot-com businesses that spent millions with the company were going bust. Akamai tried to reinvent itself as an Internet services supplier to the Fortune 500 - big, stable companies that pay their bills. Akamai needed to “start adding real new customers before all the other ones went away, and we ran out of money,’’ Sagan said.<br />
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The Sept. 11 attacks further depressed the US economy, eating into Akamai’s revenues. Investors lost confidence in the company, fearing that the loss of Lewin was irreparable. “Everyone then wrote us off completely,’’ Sagan said.<br />
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Executives started citing a metric they called “quarters to live’’: how many more quarters could Akamai stay in business? The company laid off 250 workers about a month after the terrorist attacks, driving its head count down to 900. A year later, Akamai’s stock had fallen to 56 cents a share, and it cut another 145 jobs.<br />
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“We had to make just horrendous choices,’’ said Sagan.<br />
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But the survivors were determined. Akamai’s Internet-boosting technology was too good of an idea to give up on. Just as important, it was Lewin’s idea. “We stayed out of stubbornness and pride at that point,’’ said Sagan. “We owed him an enormous debt for trying to be a hero. And so that’s why we all hung around.’’<br />
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Lewin had left behind one more gift for Akamai, a new product he helped develop called EdgeSuite, which powered websites that were “dynamic.’’ Early Web pages were static; like a printed page, they were assembled beforehand, and everybody who clicked on them saw the same thing. Dynamic websites are put together on the spot. Click on a dynamic news site, and it will pull together a custom page from different stories, images, and ads, that changes the next time you click.<br />
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EdgeSuite was a winner. Akamai picked up clients like retailer Target Corp. and computer maker Apple Inc., which in 2003 adopted it for the immensely popular iTunes online music store. In 2004, Akamai posted its first annual profit, and it’s been profitable every year since.<br />
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Akamai survived because of Lewin’s vision for the Internet, one he laid out in the company’s earliest days: Its technology would speed up Web pages, deliver streaming video, accelerate applications, and change the Internet as people knew it, and for good.<br />
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The shame is that Lewin never lived to see that last goal realized. But everyone at Akamai believes his example made it possible to build the Internet we know today - dynamic, fluid, packed with video and images, and reaching every corner of the earth.<br />
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In the decade since Lewin’s death, Akamai has not forgotten him. His portrait, painted by the mother of an employee, hangs in the lobby of Akamai’s headquarters at 8 Cambridge Center. There’s also a plaque listing every winner of an annual award named for Lewin, and presented to employees who demonstrate his motivation and spirit - who have shown, as the award states, “the ability to move mountains.’’<br />
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Marks, the engineer, was among four winners this year. So was Parimal Pandya, a global sales service executive based in Bangalore, India.<br />
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“I met so many people who wanted to make Akamai successful for Danny,’’ said Pandya, who never met Lewin. “No challenge was too big for anybody to take on.’’<br />
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There’s a conference room at the headquarters that has the word “obstreperous’’ - one of Lewin’s favorites; it means loud and stubborn - painted on the wall, complete with definition. Another Lewinism, describing someone who did a really good job, is now the name of the online portal for Akamai’s salespeople: Titan.<br />
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A block away, near the MIT computer labs where Lewin and Leighton worked out their early algorithms, the intersection of Main and Vassar streets was named Danny Lewin Square in 2002, to mark the first anniversary of the attacks. That day, a tree was planted in a grassy area outside Akamai’s offices. It’s flourishing now, and there, the company marks each anniversary of Lewin’s death with a memorial service.<br />
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Akamai is now under pressure again, though not nearly as severely as in 2001. Rivals have begun to match the capability of its core products, driving prices and profit margins lower. The company’s stock has declined by more than 50 percent since the start of this year.<br />
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But there are new opportunities, as well: Akamai is bringing its customers into cloud computing, mobile computing, data security, and the delivery of HD video. And with 95,000 servers in 72 countries, and 2,200 employees, the company delivers 15 to 30 percent of all Web traffic worldwide.<br />
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When he died, Lewin left Akamai a legacy of strength. “Danny changed the lives of countless people,’’ said Greenberg, his friend. “He made a lot of people rich. In every way.’’<br />
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Hiawatha Bray can be reached at bray@globe.com.<br />
© Copyright 2011 Globe Newspaper Company.</div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white;">JEWS' GOD OF REMPHAN (SATURN - SATAN) - ITS WORSHIP IS SNUFF PORN</span></h2>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white;"><a href="http://1law-order-and-justice.blogspot.com/search/label/snuff%20porn" style="color: #992211; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="Jews' god of Remphan (Saturn - Satan) - its worship is snuff porn" height="240" id="Image15_img" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOz0mA2TeNzTFphx9q5e6SZhOO-XHuYXP7Vh9GxFYAA0ykJTxNbDV8mflN5P2phfsWmTESD2lwOgHn9xEtF19kQGRF-wL_65HTLOjTh2S9tro8AbtjuMzCECqnpklvh3uijvUqZfggajY/s320/d.jpg" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; position: relative; visibility: visible;" width="240" /> </a><br /><span class="caption"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333;">click on picture above - its service is [see link here] </span><b><a href="http://1law-order-and-justice.blogspot.com/search/label/911" style="text-decoration: none;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">911</span></a></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333;"> Israeli terrorism</span></span></span></div>
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<span id="ctl00_body_spnDetail">To promote their 911 terrorism and protect their snuff porn - Shin Bet Mossad Sayeret Matkal Sayanim and their Katsas in your neighborhood and town and city and county and State and Country and Continent and Hemisphere and the whole world, see:</span><br />
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<a href="http://www.presstv.ir/detail/2013/03/30/295739/exposing-mossads-rotten-terror-corp">Press TV - Horror in Israel: 30,000 Mossad spies exposed</a><span id="ctl00_body_spnDetail"></span><br />
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<span id="ctl00_body_spnDetail">Last week, the hacker organization “Anonymous,” symbolized by the famous “Guy Fawkes” mask, hacked Israel’s Mossad. </span></div>
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<span id="ctl00_body_spnDetail">Sat Mar 30, 2013 6:27PM GMT</span></div>
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<span id="ctl00_body_spnDetail">By Gordon Duff</span></div>
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<span id="ctl00_body_spnDetail">After all, who is better to carry out acts of terrorism than an organization with 30,000 covert operatives around the world, almost all trained in use of explosives and demolition, building IEDs, car bombs, kidnapping and assassination and with a long and very public history of, not just murdering people but getting away with it as well.”</span></div>
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<span id="ctl00_body_spnDetail">Last week, the hacker organization “Anonymous,” symbolized by the famous “Guy Fawkes” mask, hacked Israel’s Mossad.</span></div>
<span id="ctl00_body_spnDetail"><br /></span><span id="ctl00_body_spnDetail">The hack, initially exposing a hidden network of 30,000 covert operatives, some openly labeled “hitman,” came only days after Israel admitted to their 2010 act of piracy and terrorism against the Freedom Flotilla.</span><br />
<span id="ctl00_body_spnDetail"><br /></span><span id="ctl00_body_spnDetail">Now the Israeli regime has filled the internet with threats against “Anonymous,” if detailed information on their terror cells is leaked.</span><br />
<span id="ctl00_body_spnDetail"><br /></span><span id="ctl00_body_spnDetail">After all, who is better to carry out acts of terrorism than an organization with 30,000 covert operatives around the world, almost all trained in use of explosives and demolition, building IEDs, car bombs, kidnapping and assassination and with a long and very public history of, not just murdering people but getting away with it as well.</span><br />
<span id="ctl00_body_spnDetail"><br /></span><span id="ctl00_body_spnDetail">Every day we see it in the news, dozens killed in Pakistan, dozens more in Iraq, Kenya, Nigeria, the covert army of 30,000, planning terror, building a dozen car bombs a day and then being able to, not just write the lies blaming others but, in most cases, direct public officials, controlled through blackmail, threats or bribery, to “respond as directed.”</span><br />
<span id="ctl00_body_spnDetail"><br /></span><span id="ctl00_body_spnDetail">Did I forget Syria?</span><br />
<span id="ctl00_body_spnDetail"><br /></span><span id="ctl00_body_spnDetail">The army, more correctly the “cells” exposed by Anonymous include:</span><br />
<span id="ctl00_body_spnDetail"><br /></span><span id="ctl00_body_spnDetail">1. Direct Action: Assassins, explosives experts (for the Mossad “signature” car bombs) and kidnap/rendition teams</span><br />
<span id="ctl00_body_spnDetail"><br /></span><span id="ctl00_body_spnDetail">2. Espionage: Made up of trained agent handlers and signals intelligence personnel, often specially trained while posing as doing their “national service,” this group runs the Pentagon and White House, makes up Congressional employees, most think tanks, AIPAC and the ADL/SPLC. Key espionage operatives are seldom Israeli. Many are Turkish, Saudi, Jordanian and even Cuban diplomats.</span><br />
<span id="ctl00_body_spnDetail"><br /></span><span id="ctl00_body_spnDetail">3. Controlled opposition: Most obvious are the White Supremacist/Neo-Nazi groups recently exposed as being funded through Merkel’s government in Germany at the direction of the Likudist Party in Israel. Nearly every individual or organization, with few exceptions, that describes itself as “holocaust denial,” “anti-Zionist” or “historical revisionist” is now funded and directed through Israel.</span><br />
<span id="ctl00_body_spnDetail"><br /></span><span id="ctl00_body_spnDetail">4. Thought Control: No textbook, no university chair, no broadcast executive nor any news editor is ever employed unless a member of the “30,000.” All belong, all are, not just “answerable,” but actively involved in creating cover stories to shift blame for mass killings, political assassination, economic crimes or simply to put forth a continual “drumming,” of the big lie.</span><br />
<span id="ctl00_body_spnDetail"><br /></span><span id="ctl00_body_spnDetail"><b>Birth by Murder</b></span><br />
<span id="ctl00_body_spnDetail"><br /></span><span id="ctl00_body_spnDetail">The first major act of terrorism by Israel’s Irgun, the predecessor to the Mossad, was in 1949. America’s first Secretary of Defense, an office Chuck Hagel only recently assumed, a man under 24-hour protection against Mossad assassins even today, was James Forrestal.</span><br />
<span id="ctl00_body_spnDetail"><br /></span><span id="ctl00_body_spnDetail">Forrestal was an enemy of Stalin and his inner circle of Zionists who, with the influence of Secretary of Treasury Henry Morgenthau, took control of President Truman, pushing him to back the occupation of Palestine by Communists, establishing a Soviet foothold in the Middle East under the guise of a “Jewish state.”</span><br />
<span id="ctl00_body_spnDetail"><br /></span><span id="ctl00_body_spnDetail">Under the guidance of Morgenthau, one million German POWs were starved to death, Germany was de-industrialized and Stalin was allowed to move into Eastern Europe and gain <i>de facto</i> control of France, Italy, establish broad terror and espionage cells that spread across the world, particularly in Washington.</span><br />
<span id="ctl00_body_spnDetail"><br /></span><span id="ctl00_body_spnDetail">When the now reviled Senator Joseph McCarthy claimed the State Department was filled with communists, he was totally correct.</span><br />
<span id="ctl00_body_spnDetail"><br /></span><span id="ctl00_body_spnDetail">Bernard Baruch told Forrestal that Zionists were going to kill him. The Irgun had tried to kill British Foreign Secretary Brevin in 1946.</span><br />
<span id="ctl00_body_spnDetail"><br /></span><span id="ctl00_body_spnDetail">Forrestal, though Secretary of Defense, was continually attacked by the media, Walter Winchell and Drew Pearson, the most influential columnists of the day, wrote scathing attacks against Forrestal continually.</span><br />
<span id="ctl00_body_spnDetail"><br /></span><span id="ctl00_body_spnDetail">Assassination teams following Forrestal were arrested more than once but released on orders from President Truman who, in March of 1949, finally fired Forrestal over his opposition to Israel’s ethnic cleansing of the Palestinian people.</span><br />
<span id="ctl00_body_spnDetail"><br /></span><span id="ctl00_body_spnDetail">Soon afterward, Forrestal was poisoned and taken to Bethesda Naval Hospital. While there, he was thrown out of a 16th story window, his body showing signs of a desperate struggle, the room in disarray.</span><br />
<span id="ctl00_body_spnDetail"><br /></span><span id="ctl00_body_spnDetail">Walter Winchell, an accused Stalinist agent, called Forrestal’s death a “suicide,” a verdict certified later despite evidence to the contrary. The control of the press, likely 10,000 of the identities Anonymous accessed, seen today was “alive and well” many decades ago.</span><br />
<span id="ctl00_body_spnDetail"><br /></span><span id="ctl00_body_spnDetail">As, decades later, the public became aware that the killings of Forrestal, the Kennedy’s, Martin Luther King, even prominent American Jews like Senator Paul Wellstone and his family were Mossad operations.</span><br />
<span id="ctl00_body_spnDetail"><br /></span><span id="ctl00_body_spnDetail">The Hollywoodism “spin” on the Forrestal assassination is the classic. We are told that Secretary of Defense Forrestal killed himself because his brain had been taken over by one of the aliens that crash-landed at Roswell, New Mexico in 1947.</span><br />
<span id="ctl00_body_spnDetail"><br /></span><span id="ctl00_body_spnDetail">Jeremy Kagen, producer of the 1981 film, “The Chosen,” depicting New York’s Hasidic community, is responsible for the 1994 film, “Roswell,” which implies Forrestal was murdered by aliens.</span><br />
<span id="ctl00_body_spnDetail"><br /></span><span id="ctl00_body_spnDetail">We have seen it for over 60 years, if the trail leads to Tel Aviv, it must have been “little green men.”</span><br />
<span id="ctl00_body_spnDetail"><br /></span><span id="ctl00_body_spnDetail"><b>Is the Story Dead?</b></span><br />
<span id="ctl00_body_spnDetail"><br /></span><span id="ctl00_body_spnDetail">As soon as the story hit, press assets, both “blogosphere shills” and the MSM passed on the word, “Mossad assassination teams know where to find ‘Anonymous’ and are ready to kill family members, pets, blow up neighborhoods or even shoot up another elementary school.”</span><br />
<span id="ctl00_body_spnDetail"><br /></span><span id="ctl00_body_spnDetail">Those passing on the threats are guilty as co-conspirators, covering for espionage and terror groups, using terrorism to protect terrorists.</span><br />
<span id="ctl00_body_spnDetail"><br /></span><span id="ctl00_body_spnDetail">Thus far, we have only seen the email accounts, a horror in itself, revealing what may only be the “tip of the iceberg.”</span><br />
<span id="ctl00_body_spnDetail"><br /></span><span id="ctl00_body_spnDetail">What if only 5,000 of the 30,000 are “agent handlers?” Does this mean there are tens of thousands of additional “deep cover agents” armed with dirty bombs or ready to kill public officials if, let’s say, there is a threat to cut aid to Israel?</span><br />
<span id="ctl00_body_spnDetail"><br /></span><span id="ctl00_body_spnDetail">Wait, isn’t this exactly what brought on 9/11?</span><br />
<span id="ctl00_body_spnDetail"><br /></span><span id="ctl00_body_spnDetail">GD/HSN/SL</span></div>
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<span id="ctl00_body_spnContributor"><b>Gordon Duff</b> is a Marine Vietnam veteran, a combat infantryman, and Senior Editor at Veterans Today. His career has included extensive experience in international banking along with such diverse areas as consulting on counter insurgency, defense technologies or acting as diplomatic representative for UN humanitarian and economic development efforts. Gordon Duff has traveled to over 80 nations. His articles are published around the world and translated into a number of languages. He is regularly on TV and radio, a popular and sometimes controversial guest. <b><a href="http://www.presstv.ir/Contributors/248113.html" target="_blank">More Press TV articles by Gordon Duff</a></b></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.veteranstoday.com/2015/07/28/how-to-play-the-anti-semitism-card-and-lose/">How to Play Anti-Semitism Card and Lose | Veterans Today</a><br />
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How to Play Anti-Semitism Card and Lose</h1>
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<span style="display: block; float: left; margin: 0px 10px 0px 0px;">By <a href="http://www.veteranstoday.com/author/alexis/" style="color: #990000; cursor: pointer; outline: none; text-decoration: none;">Jonas E. Alexis</a> on July 28, 2015</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: georgia, serif; font-size: 22px;">The ADL accused Jim W. Dean, Gordon Duff, and Kevin Barrett of anti-Semitism for saying that: “Zionist fingerprints [are] all over US-led Iran sanctions…" Time for celebration.</span><br />
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… by <a href="http://www.veteranstoday.com/staff-writers/" style="color: #990000; cursor: pointer; outline: 0px; text-decoration: none;">Jonas E. Alexis</a></h3>
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<strong>Mark Dankof, a former Lutheran pastor and political activist who believes that the Israelis were largely involved in the <a href="http://www.veteranstoday.com/2012/09/22/9-11-false-flag-operation/" style="color: #990000; cursor: pointer; outline: 0px; text-decoration: none;">9/11 attack</a>, must have been proud of himself because he seemed to have won the anti-Semitism prize at the<em>Jerusalem Post</em> and the ADL. <a href="http://blog.adl.org/tags/mark-dankof" style="color: #990000; cursor: pointer; outline: 0px; text-decoration: none;">The ADL</a> charges that Dankof has made</strong></div>
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“anti-Semitic claims that Muslims and Christians are under threat by Zionists. When asked by the interviewer whether it’s likely the U.S. will reinvestigate the attacks, Dankof replies: ‘It is not going to happen because the people who perpetrated [9/11] are the same people who control the news media and have a disproportionate influence in American foreign policy through various think tanks and so forth, that are aligned with the nation of Israel.’</div>
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“Dankof also states that he agrees with the outspoken 9/11 conspiracy theorist Alan Sabrosky that ‘9/11 was an Israeli Mossad inside operation from start to finish — one hundred percent. Period.’ Dankof adds that if others look into 9/11, they will find that:</div>
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“‘Israel had the motive, they had the means, they had the opportunity, they had the money, they had the resources, they had the inside contacts and they had the people in the American media and the American government to cover it up for them after the fact.’”</div>
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The ADL also accused <a href="http://www.adl.org/assets/pdf/anti-semitism/Press-TV-Report-2012-12-28.pdf" style="color: #990000; cursor: pointer; outline: 0px; text-decoration: none;">Jim W. Dean, Gordon Duff, and Kevin Barrett</a> of anti-Semitism for saying things like:</div>
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“<strong>Zionist fingerprints all over US-led Iran sanctions…Strike on Gaza, Netanyahu’s swan song of rage…Killers of Americans run Romney campaign, US courts and media.”</strong></div>
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I myself could not help but laugh a bit here because the ADL, as usual, was committing suicide. In 2013, the <em>Times of Israel</em> reported: “US Jewish groups support new Iran sanctions bill.”<a href="http://www.veteranstoday.com/2015/07/28/how-to-play-the-anti-semitism-card-and-lose/#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="color: #990000; cursor: pointer; outline: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[1]</a> In the same year, we were also told: “Jewish groups applaud passage of Iran oversight bill.”<a href="http://www.veteranstoday.com/2015/07/28/how-to-play-the-anti-semitism-card-and-lose/#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="color: #990000; cursor: pointer; outline: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[2]</a> In an article entitled “Jewish groups gird for ‘epic’ battle over Iran deal,” the<em>Washington Post</em> said by the middle of this month the American Israel Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC) was spending between $20 to $40 “on advertising and campaigns in 30 to 40 states” to stop the Iran deal.<a href="http://www.veteranstoday.com/2015/07/28/how-to-play-the-anti-semitism-card-and-lose/#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="color: #990000; cursor: pointer; outline: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[3]</a></div>
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The <em>Times of Israel</em> has recently entitled one of their articles “Kerry leaves Jewish leaders ‘concerned’ after ‘frank’ talks on Iran deal.”<a href="http://www.veteranstoday.com/2015/07/28/how-to-play-the-anti-semitism-card-and-lose/#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="color: #990000; cursor: pointer; outline: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[4]</a> The <em>Blaze</em>, the <em>New York Post</em>, and the <em>Free Republic</em> declared: “Secretary of State John Kerry Gets Into ‘Intense Exchange’ With Jewish Leaders Over Iran Nuclear Deal.”<a href="http://www.veteranstoday.com/2015/07/28/how-to-play-the-anti-semitism-card-and-lose/#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="color: #990000; cursor: pointer; outline: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[5]</a></div>
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So, were Dean, Duff, and Barrett wrong in saying that “Zionist fingerprints all over US-led Iran sanctions”?</div>
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You may want to hold onto something before you read the title of the following article which was put out by the <em>Times of Israel</em>: “ADL, AIPAC worried by Iran deal; J Street set to push it.” Listen to this:</div>
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“American Jewish and pro-Israel groups turned their focus toward Capitol Hill Tuesday morning after waking to the long-anticipated announcement that an agreement had been signed between Iran and the P5+1 member states. A number of organization expressed concern over the deal, even as they offered muted congratulations to the Obama administration for its efforts in securing a negotiated agreement with Iran.</div>
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“Many of the major organizations representing the American Jewish community and Middle East policy positions are expected to begin a lobbying blitz over the next two months as Congress reviews the Iran deal…. The ADL expressed “serious concern about shortcomings” in the agreement.</div>
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“ADL National Chair Barry Curtiss-Lusher and National Director Abraham H. Foxman wrote in a statement that after a preliminary review, they ‘are deeply disappointed by the terms of the final deal with Iran announced today which seem to fall far short of the President’s objective of preventing Iran from becoming a nuclear weapon state…’</div>
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“After listing concerns with the enforcibility of the deal, Curtiss-Lusher and Foxman turned their focus toward Congress, calling on legislators to ‘carefully scrutinize this agreement and weigh the concerns of non-proliferation experts, assess the national security implications for the US in light of Iran’s destabilizing and deadly meddling in conflicts throughout the region and consider the views of America’s allies and friends in the region.’”<a href="http://www.veteranstoday.com/2015/07/28/how-to-play-the-anti-semitism-card-and-lose/#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="color: #990000; cursor: pointer; outline: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[6]</a></div>
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So, when will people at the <em>ADL</em> start growing up and acting like human beings? When will they start recognizing what is and is not anti-Semitism? I and others in particular have rejected the morally repugnant and intellectually contradictory claim that Jewish behavior is genetic.<a href="http://www.veteranstoday.com/2015/07/28/how-to-play-the-anti-semitism-card-and-lose/#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="color: #990000; cursor: pointer; outline: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[7]</a> As we have repeatedly pointed out, the issue has always been about morality and practical reason, not so-called good or bad DNA.</div>
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We are the ADL’s worse nightmare so far as they categorically reject the truth and its manifestation, namely, morality, practical reason, docility to the political order, etc. If “having a grasp of the truth is having a belief that matches the way things are,” as Plato put it,<a href="http://www.veteranstoday.com/2015/07/28/how-to-play-the-anti-semitism-card-and-lose/#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="color: #990000; cursor: pointer; outline: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[8]</a> then those who propose that Jewish behavior is genetic miss the mark and therefore do not have a framework that matches the way things really are.</div>
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<strong>Last June</strong>, the <em>Jerusalem Post</em> faulted Dankof for saying the following:</div>
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“It should not be ignored that the victories for abortion on demand and LGBT rights are reflective of the disproportionate influence of Jewish power, money, and activism in the United States.</div>
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“The key Jewish role played in the mainstreaming of abortion, LGBT, and pornography in the United States may be documented in Google search, especially in looking at the Frankfurt School and its Institute for Social Research.”<a href="http://www.veteranstoday.com/2015/07/28/how-to-play-the-anti-semitism-card-and-lose/#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="color: #990000; cursor: pointer; outline: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[9]</a></div>
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What is really the news here? Didn’t the <em>Jerusalem Post</em> itself have an article last June entitled, “Jewish groups hail Supreme Court’s legalization of gay marriage nationwide”?<a href="http://www.veteranstoday.com/2015/07/28/how-to-play-the-anti-semitism-card-and-lose/#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="color: #990000; cursor: pointer; outline: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[10]</a> Why can’t writers and editors in the <em>Jerusalem Post</em> spend some time reading some of the heading articles in the <em>Jewish Daily Forward</em> and the <em>Jewish Journal</em>?<a href="http://www.veteranstoday.com/2015/07/28/how-to-play-the-anti-semitism-card-and-lose/#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="color: #990000; cursor: pointer; outline: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[11]</a> Is the <em>Jewish Daily Forward</em> anti-Semitic for entitling one of their articles: “Jews Overwhelmingly Back Gay Marriage: Poll”? How about this: “I’m an Orthodox Rabbi and I Celebrate Supreme Court’s Gay Marriage Ruling”? The <a href="http://www.adl.org/civil-rights/discrimination/c/adl-and-the-lgbt-community.html?referrer=http://r.search.yahoo.com/_ylt=AwrTHRAXZ7dVwUUA5V5XNyoA;_ylu=X3oDMTEydGYzOWFqBGNvbG8DZ3ExBHBvcwMxBHZ0aWQDQjAxMjNfMQRzZWMDc3I-/RV=2/RE=1438111640/RO=10/RU=http%3a%2f%2fwww.adl.org%2fcivil-rights%2fdiscrimination%2fc%2fadl-and-the-lgbt-community.html/RK=0/RS=FPV84wYErUeGsD1BOwjD3Q75JBU-#.VbdnJfmqqko" style="color: #990000; cursor: pointer; outline: 0px; text-decoration: none;">ADL</a> itself declares that it “has been a key partner in advancing Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender (LGBT) rights.”</div>
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So, who is the <em>Jerusalem Post</em> trying to con into their worldview here?</div>
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<strong>Furthermore</strong>, do writers in the <em>Jerusalem Post</em> mean to tell us that they have never heard of Jewish scholars like Nathan Abrams and Josh Lambert, who get great accolades in Jewish circles and in academe for documenting that pornography is largely a Jewish town?<a href="http://www.veteranstoday.com/2015/07/28/how-to-play-the-anti-semitism-card-and-lose/#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="color: #990000; cursor: pointer; outline: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[12]</a> Have they never heard of other Jewish scholars such as Jay A. Gertzman and Edward J. Bristow, who say almost the same thing?<a href="http://www.veteranstoday.com/2015/07/28/how-to-play-the-anti-semitism-card-and-lose/#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" style="color: #990000; cursor: pointer; outline: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[13]</a> Edward pushed the historical argument further by saying that the Jewish involvement in pornography from the 1870s to the 1930s gave rise to Nazi Germany. If that is news to writers at the<em>Jerusalem Post</em>, then certainly they have heard of Joe Biden’s pronouncement. Biden said then:</div>
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“The truth is that Jewish heritage, Jewish culture, Jewish values are such an essential part of who we are that it’s fair to say that Jewish heritage is American heritage. No group has had such an outsized influence per capita as all of you standing before you, and all of those who went before me and all of those who went before you.</div>
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“You can’t talk about the civil rights movement in this country without talking about Jewish freedom riders and Jack Greenberg…You can’t talk about the women’s movement without talking about Betty Friedan.”<a href="http://www.veteranstoday.com/2015/07/28/how-to-play-the-anti-semitism-card-and-lose/#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" style="color: #990000; cursor: pointer; outline: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[14]</a></div>
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Gay marriage, Biden added, was a good thing because the Dreadful Few in America changed that.</div>
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“Think behind of all that, I bet you 85 percent of those changes, whether it’s in Hollywood or social media are a consequence of Jewish leaders in the industry. The influence is immense, the influence is immense. And, I might add, it is all to the good.”<a href="http://www.veteranstoday.com/2015/07/28/how-to-play-the-anti-semitism-card-and-lose/#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" style="color: #990000; cursor: pointer; outline: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[15]</a></div>
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If writers in the <em>Jerusalem Post</em> are still confused, then they ought to hear from Jonathan Paul Katz of the <em>Jewish Daily Forward. </em>In his article “Dear Israel, America Is Our Queer Jewish Homeland,” Katz said:</div>
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“When the Supreme Court ruled in favor of legalizing same-sex marriage across the United States on Friday, I was quite happy…. the recent ruling, aided by three Jewish justices, gave me the words to say what I want to say. America is the Jewish and queer space we want to build…</div>
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“I do not think we need to look to Israel for our queer Jewish role models: they are in the United States, and the folks that continue to work hard for the betterment of queer people.</div>
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<strong>“America is the Jewish and queer space we want to build. People are welcome to think Israel is awesome, but fundamentally most of us see our queer Jewish futures in the U.S. Most of us want to be accepted and loved in the country that we call home, not in a faraway place we visit but will likely never move to.</strong></div>
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<strong>“As Yitzchak Francus reminded us last month, the task is yet unfinished – and it is perhaps because of this that so many Jewish Americans have become attached to the idea of Israel as a queer paradise. But we have so much to gain in the country that we call home. So let’s keep building the queer, Jewish America we want.”</strong><a href="http://www.veteranstoday.com/2015/07/28/how-to-play-the-anti-semitism-card-and-lose/#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" style="color: #990000; cursor: pointer; outline: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[16]</a></div>
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If that is again news to the <em>Jerusalem Post</em>, perhaps they should spend some time watching some of Hollywood’s movies and see who is really pushing the gay agenda. Didn’t Steven Spielberg say that the NC-17 movie <em>Blue is the Warmest Color</em> was “magnificent”? Didn’t he applaud the leading actresses, Adèle Exarchopoulos and Léa Seydoux, for the sexual scenes?<a href="http://www.veteranstoday.com/2015/07/28/how-to-play-the-anti-semitism-card-and-lose/#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" style="color: #990000; cursor: pointer; outline: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[17]</a> Even the New York Observer noted: “Apparently, Steven Spielberg and his jury go for hot girl-on-girl action.”<a href="http://www.veteranstoday.com/2015/07/28/how-to-play-the-anti-semitism-card-and-lose/#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" style="color: #990000; cursor: pointer; outline: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[18]</a></div>
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<strong style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, 'Lucida Grande', sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22px;">In response</strong><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, 'Lucida Grande', sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22px;"> to the ADL’s charge that Dankof is anti-Semitic for saying that Israel is probably involved in the 9/11 attack, perhaps the organization should also take their complaints </span><em style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, 'Lucida Grande', sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22px;">Fox News</em><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, 'Lucida Grande', sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22px;">, the demon which probably put that thought into Dankof’s mind:</span><br />
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After the 9/11 attack, the <em>Washington Post</em> reported that at least sixty Israelis were detained by the FBI; but no one dared prosecute them, lest they be accused of anti-Semitism.<a href="http://www.veteranstoday.com/2015/07/28/how-to-play-the-anti-semitism-card-and-lose/#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" style="color: #990000; cursor: pointer; outline: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[19]</a> By March 2002, it was estimated that the U.S. had arrested some two hundred Israelis in espionage investigations, some of whom “had used cover stories to gain access to sensitive government buildings and the homes of American officials”; others were disguised as art students.<a href="http://www.veteranstoday.com/2015/07/28/how-to-play-the-anti-semitism-card-and-lose/#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20" style="color: #990000; cursor: pointer; outline: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[20]</a></div>
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In 2003, the <em>Sunday Herald</em> stated that “five Israelis were seen filming as jet liners ploughed into the Twin Towers on September 11, 2001.” The newspaper also claimed that</div>
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“Israeli intelligence had been shadowing the al-Qaeda hijackers as they moved from the Middle East through Europe and into America where they trained as pilots and prepared to suicide-bomb the symbolic heart of the United States. And the motive? To bind America in blood and mutual suffering to the Israeli cause.”<a href="http://www.veteranstoday.com/2015/07/28/how-to-play-the-anti-semitism-card-and-lose/#_ftn21" name="_ftnref21" style="color: #990000; cursor: pointer; outline: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[21]</a></div>
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The men filming the attack were eventually caught with their van:</div>
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“In the car was $4700 in cash, a couple of foreign passports and a pair of box cutters—the concealed Stanley Knife-type blades used by the 19 hijackers who’d flown jetliners into the World Trade Centre and Pentagon just hours before.</div>
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“There were also fresh pictures of the men standing with the smouldering wreckage of the Twin Towers in the background. One image showed a hand flicking a lighter in front of the devastated buildings, like a fan at a pop concert. The driver of the van then told the arresting officers: “We are Israeli. We are not your problem. Your problems are our problems. The Palestinians are the problem.”<a href="http://www.veteranstoday.com/2015/07/28/how-to-play-the-anti-semitism-card-and-lose/#_ftn22" name="_ftnref22" style="color: #990000; cursor: pointer; outline: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[22]</a></div>
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Their lawyer, Ram Horvitz, dismissed their actions as “stupid and ridiculous,” and Mark Regev of the Israeli embassy in Washington dismissed the allegations as “simply false.” Stating that something is false without providing evidence, however, does not resolve the allegation.</div>
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“The respected New York Jewish newspaper, The Forward, reported in March 2002, however, that it had received a briefing on the case of the five Israelis from a U.S. official who was regularly updated by law enforcement agencies.</div>
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“This is what he told The Forward: ‘The assessment was that Urban Moving Systems [of which the men were employees] was a front for the Mossad and operatives employed by it.’ Back in Israel, several of the men discussed what happened on an Israeli talk show.</div>
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“One of them made this remarkable comment: ‘The fact of the matter is we are coming from a country that experiences terror daily. Our purpose was to document the event.’ But how can you document an event unless you know it is going to happen?”<a href="http://www.veteranstoday.com/2015/07/28/how-to-play-the-anti-semitism-card-and-lose/#_ftn23" name="_ftnref23" style="color: #990000; cursor: pointer; outline: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[23]</a></div>
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Perhaps the ADL can help us with the following questions: Do they mean to tell us that we should ignore all this evidence and context clues as if nothing happened? Is Mark Dankof crazy or anti-Semitic for saying that the Israeli fingerprints are all over the 9/11 attack?</div>
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Perhaps Shai Franklin was right when he said in the <em>Huffington Post</em> in 2013:</div>
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<strong>“In our interconnected, postmodern world, ‘anti-Semitic’ has become synonymous with ‘morally indefensible,’ unworthy of rebuttal, able to swiftly kill careers and conversations. As with nuclear weapons, though, this power should be exercised sparingly and responsibly. Barely a day goes by without someone being branded ‘anti-Semitic’ or ‘borderline’ anti-Semitic for criticizing or condemning Israel or its supporters….</strong></div>
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<strong>“The absence of clear or consistent “rules of the road” is a persistent barrier to open dialogue and conversation. It limits the meaning and effectiveness of efforts to counter the persistent manifestations of genuine anti-Semitism.”</strong><a href="http://www.veteranstoday.com/2015/07/28/how-to-play-the-anti-semitism-card-and-lose/#_ftn24" name="_ftnref24" style="color: #990000; cursor: pointer; outline: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><strong>[</strong>24]</a></div>
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<a href="http://www.veteranstoday.com/2015/07/28/how-to-play-the-anti-semitism-card-and-lose/#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="color: #990000; cursor: pointer; outline: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[1]</a> Rebecca Shimoni Stoil, “US Jewish groups support new Iran sanctions bill,” <em>Times of Israel</em>, December 20, 2013.</div>
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<a href="http://www.veteranstoday.com/2015/07/28/how-to-play-the-anti-semitism-card-and-lose/#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="color: #990000; cursor: pointer; outline: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[2]</a> Rebecca Shimoni Stoil, “Jewish groups applaud passage of Iran oversight bill,” <em>Times of Israel</em>, May 8, 2015.</div>
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<a href="http://www.veteranstoday.com/2015/07/28/how-to-play-the-anti-semitism-card-and-lose/#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="color: #990000; cursor: pointer; outline: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[3]</a> Steven Mufson, “Jewish groups gird for ‘epic’ battle over Iran deal,” <em>Washington Post</em>, July 17, 2015.</div>
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<a href="http://www.veteranstoday.com/2015/07/28/how-to-play-the-anti-semitism-card-and-lose/#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="color: #990000; cursor: pointer; outline: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[4]</a> Rebecca Shimoni Stoil, “Kerry leaves Jewish leaders ‘concerned’ after ‘frank’ talks on Iran deal,” <em>Times of Israel</em>, July 24, 2015.</div>
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<a href="http://www.veteranstoday.com/2015/07/28/how-to-play-the-anti-semitism-card-and-lose/#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="color: #990000; cursor: pointer; outline: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[5]</a> Jason Howerton, “Secretary of State John Kerry Gets Into ‘Intense Exchange’ With Jewish Leaders Over Iran Nuclear Deal: Report,” <em>The Blaze</em>, July 24, 2015; Geoff Earle and Kevin Fasick, “Kerry has ‘intense exchange’ with Jewish leaders over Iran deal,” <em>NY Post</em>, July 24, 2015;</div>
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<a href="http://www.veteranstoday.com/2015/07/28/how-to-play-the-anti-semitism-card-and-lose/#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="color: #990000; cursor: pointer; outline: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[6]</a> Rebecca Shimoni Stoil, “ADL, AIPAC worried by Iran deal; J Street set to push it,” <em>Times of Israel</em>, July 15, 2015.</div>
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<a href="http://www.veteranstoday.com/2015/07/28/how-to-play-the-anti-semitism-card-and-lose/#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="color: #990000; cursor: pointer; outline: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[7]</a> One of my frustrations with people who believe that the “Jewish Question” is genetic is that they simply cannot follow reason and take this argument to its ultimate end. For the past three years or so, I have been looking for a serious person who can articulate this position logically and without falling into a trap, but it has been one big disappointment after another. To date, no one has seriously fleshed this idea out without falling into contradiction. Some of those people either do not really understand the issue or fail to follow their own ideology to its bitter end. To my surprise, I found that many of those people repeat a mantra from some scientists here and there and never examine the intellectual rigor of the mantra at all. What was even astonishing to me was that if other scientists rationally argue that the genetic position is inadequate and ultimately worthless, those same people either ignore those scientists or appeal to the genetic fallacy argument, which is to say that they discredit those scientists by ridiculing the scientists’ credentials. In the end, they never get to address the vital issues and hubristically declare that their view is the correct one.</div>
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For the past three months or so, I have written at least seven articles pointing out what the genetic theorists need to address in order to make a serious point and why the issue is not as easy as they think it is, but this has been a big disappointment again. It is so sad that when those people move on to address irrelevant topics instead of focusing their attention on the actual issue. I remember one man emailing me and saying that the issue is genetic because it is quite old. My response was, “You’ve got to be kidding me. Both Christianity and Islam have been around for centuries, but you wouldn’t say that Christians or Muslims have some kind of genetic predispositions which allow them to embrace their beliefs, would you?” He never responded back.</div>
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I am still waiting for a person who really understands the metaphysical issues and take them to their logical end. I really hope that those people will one day stop disappointing or amusing me with their illogical leaps and internal contradictions. I simply have no patience with contradictions whatever.</div>
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<a href="http://www.veteranstoday.com/2015/07/28/how-to-play-the-anti-semitism-card-and-lose/#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="color: #990000; cursor: pointer; outline: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[8]</a> Plato, <em>The Republic</em> (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 116.</div>
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<a href="http://www.veteranstoday.com/2015/07/28/how-to-play-the-anti-semitism-card-and-lose/#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="color: #990000; cursor: pointer; outline: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[9]</a> “Lutheran pastor says Jews to blame for destroying Christian values after US approves gay marriage,” <em>Jerusalem Post</em>, June 28, 2015.</div>
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<a href="http://www.veteranstoday.com/2015/07/28/how-to-play-the-anti-semitism-card-and-lose/#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="color: #990000; cursor: pointer; outline: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[10]</a> “Jewish groups hail Supreme Court’s legalization of gay marriage nationwide,” <em>Jerusalem Post</em>, June 26, 2015.</div>
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<a href="http://www.veteranstoday.com/2015/07/28/how-to-play-the-anti-semitism-card-and-lose/#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="color: #990000; cursor: pointer; outline: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[11]</a> “Jews Overwhelmingly Back Gay Marriage: Poll,” <em>Jewish Daily Forward</em>, April 23, 2015; “I’m an Orthodox Rabbi and I Celebrate Supreme Court’s Gay Marriage Ruling,” <em>Jewish Daily Forward</em>, June 29, 2015; “Ron Kampeas, “Jewish Groups (Mostly) Celebrate SCOTUS Gay Marriage Decision”Jewish <em>Daily Forward</em>, June 26, 2015; Rabbi Eliyahu Fink, “I believe in Torah, halachah and equality,” <em>Jewish Journal</em>, June 30, 2015; see also Jane Eisner, “The Morning After Iran Deal Drama Ends,” <em>Forward</em>, July 28, 2015.</div>
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<a href="http://www.veteranstoday.com/2015/07/28/how-to-play-the-anti-semitism-card-and-lose/#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="color: #990000; cursor: pointer; outline: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[12]</a> See for example Nathan Abrams, “Triple Exthnics,” <em>Jewish Quarterly</em>, Number 196, Winter 2004; <em>The New Jew in Film: Exploring Jewishness in Judaism and Contemporary Cinema</em> (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 2012); Josh Lambert, <em>Unclean Lips: Obscenity, Jews, and American Culture</em> (New York: New York University Press, 2013).</div>
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<a href="http://www.veteranstoday.com/2015/07/28/how-to-play-the-anti-semitism-card-and-lose/#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" style="color: #990000; cursor: pointer; outline: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[13]</a> Jay A. Gertzman, <em>Smuthhounds and Bookleggers: The Trade in Erotica, 1920-1940</em> (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2002); Edward J. Bristow, <em>Prostitution and Prejudice: Jewish Fight Against White Slavery, 1870-1939</em>(New York: Oxford University Press, 1982).</div>
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<a href="http://www.veteranstoday.com/2015/07/28/how-to-play-the-anti-semitism-card-and-lose/#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" style="color: #990000; cursor: pointer; outline: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[14]</a> Jennifer Epstein, “Biden: ‘Jewish Heritage Is American Heritage,’” <em>Politico</em>, May 21, 2013.</div>
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<a href="http://www.veteranstoday.com/2015/07/28/how-to-play-the-anti-semitism-card-and-lose/#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" style="color: #990000; cursor: pointer; outline: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[15]</a> Ibid; see also Rachel Weiner, “Biden: Jewish leaders helped gay marriage succeed,<em>” Washington Post</em>, March 22, 2013; Adam Edelman, “Vice President Biden: Jewish leaders, pop culture drove gay marriage acceptance,” <em>NY Daily News</em>, May 22, 2013.</div>
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<a href="http://www.veteranstoday.com/2015/07/28/how-to-play-the-anti-semitism-card-and-lose/#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" style="color: #990000; cursor: pointer; outline: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[16]</a> Jonathan Paul Katz, “Dear Israel, America Is Our Queer Jewish Homeland,” <em>Forward</em>, June 29, 2015.</div>
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<a href="http://www.veteranstoday.com/2015/07/28/how-to-play-the-anti-semitism-card-and-lose/#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" style="color: #990000; cursor: pointer; outline: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[17]</a> Manohla Dargis, “Story of Young Woman’s Awakening Is Top Winner,” <em>NY Times</em>, May 26, 2013.</div>
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<a href="http://www.veteranstoday.com/2015/07/28/how-to-play-the-anti-semitism-card-and-lose/#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" style="color: #990000; cursor: pointer; outline: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[18]</a> Stephen Garrett, “Lesbian Romance Blue Is the Warmest Color for Palme d’Or,” <em>Observer</em>, May 27, 2013; see also Mike LaSalle, “’Blue Is the Warmest Color’ review: a masterpiece,” <em>San Francisco Chronicle</em>, January 16, 2014; Geoffrey MacNab, “Blue Is the Warmest Colour review: ‘A searingly frank and intimate account,’” <em>Independent</em>, November 21, 2013.</div>
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<a href="http://www.veteranstoday.com/2015/07/28/how-to-play-the-anti-semitism-card-and-lose/#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" style="color: #990000; cursor: pointer; outline: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[19]</a> John Mintz, “60 Israelis on Tourist Visas Detained Since Sept. 11,” <em>Washington Post</em>, November 23, 2001.</div>
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<a href="http://www.veteranstoday.com/2015/07/28/how-to-play-the-anti-semitism-card-and-lose/#_ftnref20" name="_ftn20" style="color: #990000; cursor: pointer; outline: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[20]</a> Ben Fenton, “US Arrested 200 Israelis in Spying Investigation,” <em>Daily Telegraph</em>, March 7, 2002.</div>
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<a href="http://www.veteranstoday.com/2015/07/28/how-to-play-the-anti-semitism-card-and-lose/#_ftnref21" name="_ftn21" style="color: #990000; cursor: pointer; outline: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[21]</a> Mark Mackay, “Five Israelis were Filming as Jet Liners Ploughed into the Twin Towers on September 11, 2001,”<em>Sunday Herald</em>, November 2, 2003.</div>
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<a href="http://www.veteranstoday.com/2015/07/28/how-to-play-the-anti-semitism-card-and-lose/#_ftnref22" name="_ftn22" style="color: #990000; cursor: pointer; outline: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[22]</a> Ibid.</div>
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<a href="http://www.veteranstoday.com/2015/07/28/how-to-play-the-anti-semitism-card-and-lose/#_ftnref23" name="_ftn23" style="color: #990000; cursor: pointer; outline: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[23]</a> Ibid.</div>
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<a href="http://www.veteranstoday.com/2015/07/28/how-to-play-the-anti-semitism-card-and-lose/#_ftnref24" name="_ftn24" style="color: #990000; cursor: pointer; outline: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[24]</a> Shai Franklin, “Israel’s Overplayed ‘Anti-Semitism’ Card,” <em>Huffington Post</em>, May 8, 2013.</div>
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SntMartyrhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11197760281270769367noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3003895380147156708.post-69762169889047457872015-09-14T06:00:00.000+02:002015-09-14T06:00:05.207+02:00Airports and Murder | The Destruction of America as a God fearing nation<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: orange;"><br /></span></span>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: orange; font-size: large;">See: <a href="http://www.skolnicksreport.org/">Sherman Skolnick's Report</a></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: orange;">POLITICAL ASSASSINATIONS AT L.A. AIRPORT, Part One by Sherman H. Skolnick 7/4/02</span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: orange;">POLITICAL ASSASSINATIONS AT L.A. AIRPORT, Part One</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: orange;">by Sherman H. Skolnick 7/4/02</span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: orange;">From time to time, details will be added to this series of stories, as they develop.</span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: orange;">Two witnesses, useful for Israeli intelligence, were assassinated at Los Angeles International Airport. This occurred on America's Independence Day near the ticket counter of theState of Israel's airline, El Al.</span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: orange;">Some background.</span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: orange;">===A serious, if not violent, split has occurred in The Mossad, Israel's intelligence agency. Some want to continue the reality required to finance the tiny nation that perceives itself surrounded by mortal enemies who want to destroy Israel. In the early 1990s, when Israel, as persistently happens, was short of funds, they did what comes natural. They blackmailed Daddy Bush, at the time U.S. President. They knew about his treasonous arrangement to put the Reagan/Bush ticket, ahead of incumbent Jimmy Carter, into office in 1980. Called "The October Surprise", witnessed by Israeli intelligence in a Paris suburb, it involved Daddy Bush's treacherous dealings with Iran to delay release of the 52 U.S. Embassy hostages. Bush the Elder coughed up with a grant of 20 Billion Dollars for Israel.</span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: orange;">Blackmailing Bush, Jr., currently the occupant and resident of the White House, installed by a "Gang of Five" on the U.S. Supreme Court, is another reality event for Israel. Because of the fighting with the Palestinians, Israel's once booming tourist trade has come to an end. Twisting the arm of both Daddy Bush and Junior is one way of coming up with the money for Israel's survival, including finances for their military defense.</span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: orange;">===Shortly after 9-11, Black Tuesday, we posted a controversial story, not at the time well understood or received, that Israeli intelligence supplied the Bush White House with accurate prior data of what was to become the attack on lower Manhattan and the Pentagon. Supported by a split off faction of the aristocracy and a Fascist element in the U.S. Military, Bushfraud, as we call him, did not want to know. Daddy Bush was in charge of the prior knowledge situation. Among other tell-tale happenings, thanks to Daddy Bush, there was a U.S. Military stand-down on that bloody morning. Military airplanes were grounded.</span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: orange;">===The Mossad, split by internal struggles, has documented details showing treason at the highest level of the U.S. Government. One Mossad faction wants to continue getting big funds from the White House by blackmail. An opposing faction, wants to expose, once and for all, Bushfraud as a traitor to the American Republic.</span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: orange;">Some of these cross currents in Israeli viewpoints were evident in a public access Cable TV Program we did some years ago. We were interviewing an Israeli official, then stationed in Chicago. Deputy Consul-General of Israel. "Should Reagan as President have been impeached for high crimes, such as Iran-Contra?" He responded, "If I answer, your State Department will have me thrown out of the country tomorrow morning." I added, "Thank you Mr. Deputy Consul-General, YOU HAVE ANSWERED." He went on to point out, "Israel has no legal basis or wish to seek to enforce YOUR country's laws, within the United States. That is for YOUR Justice Department to seek to enforce YOUR country's laws within YOUR country."</span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: orange;">===Among the undisputed details compiled apparently by The Mossad. On Black Tuesday, Daddy Bush was at the Ritz-Carlton Hotel [(202) 835-0500, (800) 241-3333] in Washington, D.C. Present were other officials of the Elder Bush's business circle, Carlyle Group, including top honcho Frank Carlucci. They were negotiating a treasonous business deal, to the detriment of the American Republic, with one of Osama bin Laden's brothers. As also known, that hotel is a center for negotiations between Israel weapons merchants and the Red Chinese Secret Police. Remember another one of Osama's brothers, who headed the bin Laden Business Family Fortune, was an oil firm partner with George W. Bush. That bin Laden was snuffed out by a weird airplane event, some contending it was foul play in Texas.</span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: orange;">Daddy Bush falsely contended he and his wife were elsewhere in the U.S. and could not return to the capital because all air traffic was grounded after the 9-11 tragedies. The Mossad has compiled substantial data how the FBI favored some 24 bin Laden Family members resident in the U.S. who are in one form or another in business with the Bush Crime Family. While air traffic was stopped, the FBI nevertheless arranged after Black Tuesday by airplane to whisk the bin Ladens out of the U.S. That way, the bin Ladens, who are NOT on the outs with Osama, could not be questioned, for example, about their funding of joint projects of Harvard University with the American CIA, and how the bin Ladens are tied to U.S. defense contractors and the Pentagon. All this, thanks to Daddy Bush as the former head of America's secret political police.</span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: orange;">So two witnesses, useful by The Mossad to expose the Bush Crime Family, have been assassinated right in a public place. "Mayor James Hahn [of Los Angeles] said there was no immediate indication that the shootings were connected to terrorism. 'It appears this was an isolated incident', Hahn said." New York Times, July 4, 2002. Similar statements were attributed to spokesmen for the FBI.</span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: orange;">No, maybe it was not a terrorist attack. Just political assassinations carried out right in front of the public, like the U.S. military/industrial complex conducted a public execution of President Kennedy, blowing out his brains in an open car by military-style triangulating sniper fire.</span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: orange;">If the July 4th incident were "merely" a "terrorist" event, the oil-soaked, spy-riddled monopoly press could not easily confirm that. It would damage the airlines and their stock ownership and their bankers at a vulnerable period.</span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: orange;">More coming. Stay tuned.</span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: orange;">Since 1958, Mr.Skolnick has been a court reformer. Since 1963, founder/chairman, Citizen's Committee to Clean Up the Courts, disclosing certain instances of judicial and other bribery and political murders.</span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: orange;">POLITICAL ASSASSINATIONS AT L.A. AIRPORT, Part Two by Sherman H. Skolnick 7/10/02</span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: orange;">POLITICAL ASSASSINATIONS AT L.A. AIRPORT, Part Two</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: orange;">by Sherman H. Skolnick 7/10/02</span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: orange;">In analyzing shoot-ups with geopolitical/espionage overtones, political assassination researchers have an advantage. They pose questions troubling to the Establishment, the aristocracy, the "powers that be" , such as the following</span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: orange;">[1] Did the background of the accused gunman suddenly show up in the oil-soaked, spy-riddled monopoly press with all kinds of details? And was this to quickly prove to the poorly-informed that the accused shooter was a disgruntled crackpot linked to no plot or murder scheme or anybody? And that he was not a "terrorist"? And who in advance already compiled that rapidly supplied background handed on a platter to the liars and whores of the press? Was it America's secret political police, the FBI and the CIA?</span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: orange;">[2] Did the early reports, never repeated in the U.S. media, point to a second gunman? If such early reports were referred to by overseas or alternative media, well, then were they quickly heckled as "unfounded"?</span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: orange;">[3] Do the American lapdog newsfakers ever proceed to educate ordinary Americans about political murders, from an historic perspective? If not, why not?</span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: orange;">[4] Europeans, to their credit, often raise the issue of political murder. Why are the American media so quick to whitewash strange events as always done by a "lone nut"?</span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: orange;">[5] Do the American media ever raise the basic question about certain murders WHO BENEFITS? What do the presslords fear? That the ordinary Americans come to realize that bloody happenings are not always just random events? Are questions ever raised, such as for example, as to how England seeks to take back this continent and how they benefitted from the political assassination of three U.S. Presidents, since the War of 1812? [Presidents Abraham Lincoln, James Garfield, and William McKinley. See our website series, "The Overthrow of the American Republic".]</span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: orange;">The accused Egyptian, Hesham Mohamed Hadayet, ran a limousine service. Were the local authorities going to allow just anyone to park their vehicle, as he did, opposite the Los Angeles International Terminal and walk into the place? He had on a light short-sleeved shirt which could NOT have concealed, from the trained security personnel, that he suppposedly carried with him one automatic pistol, one gun, one six inch knife, and two ammunition clips. Was the Egyptian wearing an El Al identification badge? Would El Al be inclined to give such a person easily identified as an Egyptian, a security badge?</span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: orange;">Those who know the history of murders, particularly political wipe-outs---which many Americans are kept from knowing about---are aware that the use of a second team or second assassin is part of the plot. Some examples.</span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: orange;">===1933. Quickly described by the American monopoly press was the "lone nut" who supposedly fired the FATAL shots, killing in Florida, Chicago Mayor Anton Cermak while sitting next to President-Elect Franklin Delano Roosevelt. So, murder mystery buffs are aware that the accurate, FATAL shooting (not just nearby shooting) was actually done by an entire second team. The purposes included to scare Roosevelt into agreeing with out-going President Herbert Hoover to close all the banks in a growing crisis. Roosevelt said he would NOT take action until he was inaugurated. Secondly, Cermak ran in Chicago an illegal booze business in competition with Al Capone and an Irish mob, a three-way situation. The "lone nut" was grabbed, rapidly tried, and convicted, and suffered the death penalty.</span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: orange;">===1963. CIA-linked patsy, Lee Harvey Oswald, was the diversion for a highly-skilled sniper team in Dallas that blew out the brains of President John F. Kennedy in an open car. Used was military-style triangulating synchronized firing. A public execution to benefit, among others, the military-industrial complex. [Now available from some online book-sellers is the long-suppressed originally foreign published work, written for the Kennedy Family by the French CIA, "Farewell America", by pen-name author "James Hepburn". For more than 30 years banned from bookstore distribution in the U.S. This writer and one other assassination researcher somehow were the only ones able to get copies into the country. I used to give them away, when we had them, in return for small donations following college lectures.]</span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: orange;">A mafioso, originally from Chicago, Jack Ruby, wiped out Oswald, to get rid of questioning the patsy.</span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: orange;">===1968. A hypnotized purported nut, Sirhan Sirhan, was grabbed and blamed for the murder of JFK's brother, Robert F. Kennedy. The local coroner in L.A. said the fatal shots came from a gun about one inch away. Testimony showed that Sirhan was never closer than eight feet to Bobby. The FATAL shots came from a little-noticed purported hotel "security guard".</span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: orange;">A Canadian journalist, Theodore Charach, was an eyewitness in the hotel pantry event. He produced a film documentary entitled "The Second Gun". The history of that film since 1974 was long and sad. To seek to discredit him, he was framed and sent to prison on dope charges. A large entertainment firm bought the film rights and suppressed distribution for a long time. At some assassination research seminars---set up by Establishment marketing experts to test out whether the public really wants to know such things---Charach was informed by the seminar conducters that if he showed up, he would be jailed as a trespasser, since he was NOT invited. (I came close to being jailed myself when I told the seminar bosses that I was arranging for Charach to be there nevertheless.)</span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: orange;">A highly-skilled criminologist was available for Sirhan's trial to give the history of the use in murders of a second team or second gunman. Despite all that, the jury found Sirhan guilty and he rots in prison, a used and abused patsy.</span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: orange;">THE PURPOSES OF THE JULY 4th, 2002 SHOOTINGS ===The shot dead El Al ticket counter clerk, Victoria Chen, was NOT just anybody. She was a close associate of Chandra Levy, the disappeared or murdered young woman, near the same age as Chen, who interwove with activities, among others, of the French CIA in combination with some of their pals in The Mossad, Israeli intelligence. They were together part of a team that included Monica Lewinsky. They were knowledgeable about the Bush Crime Family (Monica with Bill Clinton, a little-known crony of the Bush Family.) [visit our website series on the "Chandra Levy Affair".] That is Monica, Chandra, Victoria(some spelled it Khen).</span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: orange;">===Also shot dead near the ticket counter was a Russian diamond importer, Yaacov Aminov. The Mossad contended that he somehow penetrated their activities as to the Bush White House having been accurately informed in advance of the expected violence against the World Trade Center and the Pentagon. The Bush Crime Family, interested in Central Asia oil deals,including Afghanistan as a pipeline conduit, did NOT want to know or act on The Mossad's advance accurate warning. [Relating to this, I wrote a story posted soon after Black Tuesday and was in the beginning heckled as a "liar" as to this prior knowledge and warning to Bush.] The Mossad greatly suspected that Aminov was a left-over reportedly of the Soviet Secret Police, the K.G.B. interfering with The Mossad's activities, in many cases as renegades, in the U.S. Aminov was reportedly spying on the way The Mossad was proceeding for various purposes to blackmail the Bush Crime Family [See part one of this series.]</span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: orange;">===A target right near the El Al ticket counter was Michal Valden, a grand-daughter of Shimon Peres, the Israeli Foreign Minister. Early on, Peres was one of the first to counter the FBI's conclusion that it was not a "terrorist" event. His grand-daughter herself contacting, (surviving the assassination attempt where they got Victoria Chen); or someone on behalf of Valden, must have contacted Peres rightaway as to what happened.</span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: orange;">A well-informed Israeli commentator, Barry Chamish, contends there are various reasons why Peres' grand-daughter was a target, including a split in the Israeli government and other reasons relating back to accusations that Peres orchestrated the assassination of Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin in 1995 and ties to a French connection. Some contend that Peres and others arranged for a "lone nut" to be blamed for the Rabin murder. [chamish@netvision.net.il Also, his stories about LAX have been posted on a popular website, www.rense.com Also raising the Peres issue but referring to it as Peres' "daughter", has been David M. Bresnahan, [NewsWIthViews.com] who in the past has helped break important stories.</span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: orange;">The actual shooter and second gunman was a white, Caucasian, blonde hair, with a pony tail, clearly NOT an Egyptian. (That is assuming that the Egyptian was a gunman patsy as a diversion, rather than what seems to be, an unarmed patsy, shot dead like Lee Harvey Oswald.) According to witnesses, mentioned primarily in early reports but not repeated or in foreign press reports, the "pony tail" wore an El Al identification badge and was identified by among others, those working at the right nearby Mexicana Air Lines ticket counter. He took deliberate, not random, aim at Chandra Levy's close associate working at the ticket counter, Victoria Chen. His shots, however, missed Peres' grand-daughter right nearby.</span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: orange;">The "pony tail" had five accomplices in the airport terminal who were apprehended by the secret political police, the FBI, and have fallen into the Bureau's cover-up black hole of history.</span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: orange;">PURPOSES OF THE COVER-UP</span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: orange;">===To conceal efforts by The Mossad that they gave accurate, prior warning data to the Bush White House of the events that became 9-11, Black Tuesday. And that the Bush White House, as supervised by Daddy Bush running the show, wanted the events to take place. Why? For many poorly-informed Americans, outraged at the violence on their homeland, willing now to scrap the U.S. Constitution and the Bill of Rights to be replaced by promises of "Homeland Security", like the Nazi Gestapo and the Soviet K.G.B. Ordinary Americans, unfortunately, do not understand this horrible mindset of the aristocracy, that foments wars and benefits from great financial debacles, like the Great Depression.</span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: orange;">In 2002, when Israel Prime Minister Ariel Sharon visited Bush, as the occupant and resident of the White House, some contend that Bush insulted Sharon. Myseriously right thereafter, came bubbling up to the surface the accusations of FBI agents, Phoenix and Minneapolis, that their warnings to the FBI higher-ups about would-be terrorists planning something to do with airplanes in the U.S. were ignored. Or, that the FBI Director and the President deny having been warned. Some very well informed types contend that the Arabs were NOT the principal players in Black Tuesday, just convenient throwaway patsies.</span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: orange;">===Another purpose of the cover-up, was to conceal the split in The Mossad that would tend to come out and finger the treason of the Bush Crime Family. The FBI fears that poking into the internal struggles in Israel and their intelligence agency would cause the Israelis to retaliate and publicly surface more of the prior knowledge of the Bush Crime Family as to Black Tuesday. In fact, FBI meddling in such matters would tend to unravel a series of The Big Cover-Up Saddam Hussein, the Iraqi strongman and his private business partnership with Daddy Bush. [See our website story, "The Secrets of Timothy McVeigh".] And the Iraqi connection, implicating Daddy Bush to the bombings of the federal building in Oklahoma City, April 19, 1995. And the Bush Crime Family in partners with Colombian druglord Carlos Lehder. [Visit the "Chandra Levy Affair", Part Two.]</span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: orange;">More coming. Stay tuned</span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: orange;">Since 1958, Mr.Skolnick has been a court reformer. Since 1963, founder/chairman, Citizen's Committee to Clean Up the Courts, disclosing certain instances of judicial and other bribery and political murders.</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: orange;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: orange;">"THE OVERTHROW OF THE AMERICAN REPUBLIC", Part 43</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: orange;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: orange;">"THE OVERTHROW OF THE AMERICAN REPUBLIC",</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: orange;">Part 43</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: orange;">Daddy Bush and Teddy Kennedy-The Meeting</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: orange;">by Sherman H. Skolnick 11/25/03</span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: orange;">It was centuries in the making. The split between the Old World and the New World. Between East and the West. The Divide, the Vatican, the Reformation, the Protestant Church. The Capitalist World and their creation of their own "enemy" , the Communist World.</span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: orange;">It was the fall of 2003. In the view of some, there was a most unlikely meeting of two persons. At least as considered by some, each a spokesperson for a different faction. George Herbert Walker Bush. Promoted into the oil business by the British Royalty (actually German Royalty, the House of Hanover, masquerading as the House of Windsor). A functionary of the American CIA since 1959, using his front worldwide units of Zapata Petroleum Co., later Zapata Offshore. In 1961, supervisor of the disastrous aborted CIA invasion of Cuba at "The Bay of Pigs". 1976, Director of Central Intelligence, arranged the murder in Washington of a former top official of Chile. 1977-1981, Director of a pharmaceutical firm, complicit re portedly in the dope underground with cocaine, a by-product of the production of the secret base of Coca-Cola by Stepan Chemical Co., Northfield, Illinois.</span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: orange;">October, 1980, French Intelligence videoed Daddy Bush arranging a traitorous deal with top officials of Iran near Paris. The Iranians were bribed to help the Reagan/Bush ticket win the Presidential/Vice President election by showing in cumbent President Jimmy Carter as a wimp running for re-election. The bribery was to avoid the dreaded "October Surprise", if Carter got the release of the 52 U.S. hostages held by Iran. By the Bush treason, the hostages were held to exactly the moment in January, 1981, when Reagan/Bush were inaugurated. Bush was Vice President, 1981, and President, 1988.</span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: orange;">Edward M. Kennedy, Democrat U.S. Senator from Massachusetts. Son of the Irish Patriarch, Joseph P. Kennedy. The Family having been from the 1920s, during Prohibition, making British royalty beholden to them. How? By Ol d Man Kennedy arranging to smuggle into the U.S. the booze products chartered by the British Royals. This was done with the aid of gangsters, Boston, Detroit, and Chicago. The criminals continued the distribution of the booze even after liquor was legal in the U.S. Teddy in 1964 survived an assassination plot in a sabotaged plane crash. His brothers, John F. and Robert F., did not survive murder plots, 1963 and 1968.</span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: orange;">A transcript of the Fall of 2003 meeting, before the 40th Anniversary of the JFK murder.</span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: orange;">Edward M. Kennedy "George, I think by now, through your sources, you already know, the French CIA, for several decades now, has leaked out a few details as to Dallas. Although their people infiltrated the plot, their high-ups did not see fit to stop it, believing I suppose it could not be stopped or better to withhold details for blackmail. As you know, Oswald was a French intelligence agent, a hero, who fell between the cracks. His mother often said Oswald was under cover as with N aval Intelligence. Now my niece Caroline insists that I show you these films and documents."</span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: orange;">[A projector is set up and the films shown. On one film, taken from the Overpass bridge, is shown the shots straight-on hitting Kennedy. Other parts of films, show one of the shooters using the storm sewer up on the railroad embankment , right near Dan Rather standing in the shadows nearby.]</span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: orange;">George Herbert Walker Bush "Teddy, you know the problem. Your brother Jack was soft on the Communists. Three weeks before Dallas, he ordered the coup against the Saigon regime of Premier Diem, a devout Catholic, and his two brothers, all anti-Communists---they were assassinated on your brother's orders. And your brother denied U.S. warplane cover at the Bay of Pigs, thus helping Fidel Castro, a Communist. Jack lost his nerve in 1962 in the Cuban Missile Crisis."</span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: orange;">Teddy "That Saigon matter is a frame-up, supposedly making the Vatican approve of what happened to Jack."</span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: orange;">George "Jack was allowing the country to be split on black-white racial lines by an agitator, Dr. King, a Communist."</span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: orange;">Teddy "I do not believe Dr. King was a Communist. I know Hoover hated us and said King was a Red."</span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: orange;">"I suppose you know about the book written by a team of French Intelligence under a pen-name? 'Farewell America'." George "The main thing is your brother was dealt with like any Crowned Head of State. After the powers that be determined that your brother was a traitor, Lyndon [Baines Johnson, then Vice President] and I, and other noteworthy person s, including those in the Military and Intelligence, and others, arranged a public execution. On the facts, it was justified and proper."</span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: orange;">Teddy "George, it was not justified. Jack found terrible murder plots within the CIA, and was determined to scatter them to the wind and you know it. He would not instigate a nuclear strike against the Soviets. It is nonsense to claim Jack was a Communist, or soft on them. He wanted to take away the tax loophole favoring your oil pals."</span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: orange;">George "Your brother was a traitor. He had to be punished, as a symbol to all, that a traitor will have his head chopped off or his brains blown out, in public, for all to see."</span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: orange;">Teddy "My family has been in favor of silence on these subjects. They do not want to go public to rebut these outrageous accusations. Caroline, my niece, dissents. She demands the matters, the films, the documents, once and for all, b e made public. Her husband, Schlossberg, a grain speculator, for business reasons, wants the silence to continue."</span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: orange;">George "Publicizing the details cannot be allowed."</span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: orange;">Teddy "Why?"</span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: orange;">George "Because the public is stupid. How can we explain high-level Affairs of State to dummies? The public execution was justified and necessary, and you know it. To reveal all the details now would tear the country apart."</span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: orange;">So, on the 40th Anniversary of the assassination of John F.Kennedy, the media permitted, at least some did, the finger to be pointed at Lyndon Baines Johnson, now dead, once Vice President and then President. In espionage jargon, this is dealing with a sticky subject by a "limited hang-out", a throwaway detail.</span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: orange;">Not accused, and they should be, are the British Royalty, the American CIA, Daddy Bush's Texas oil buddies, and Fascist killers high up in the U.S. Military and Intelligence agencies.</span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: orange;">Considering that the French are holding all the cards---the films and proof as to Dallas---it was plain stupid for Bush, Jr., that is George W. Bush, to attack the Paris government regarding the plan to invade Iraq. Daddy Bush, maybe m ost have already forgotten, publicly opposed the pre-emptive attack on Iraq.</span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: orange;">The oil-soaked, spy-riddled monopoly press would not dare report any details, which they already know, of the meeting between Daddy Bush and Teddy Kennedy.</span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: orange;">For background, visit our website series Overthrow, Part 42 and other parts. Also, as to revealing details of the Kennedy Family, see our four-part series on the murder of JFK, Jr., "What Happened to America's Goldenboy". Somewhere on our website is the FBI document showing George Bush, of CIA, was involved with in some way covering up witnesses as to the Dallas murder. As to Daddy Bush, the Corrupt Federal Judges, underground dope and cocaine, and Stepan Chemical Co., see our extensive website series "Coca-Cola, CIA, and the Courts".</span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: orange;">More coming. Stay tuned.</span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: orange;">Since 1958, Mr.Skolnick has been a court reformer. Since 1963, founder/chairman, Citizen's Committee to Clean Up the Courts, disclosing certain instances of judicial and other bribery and political murders.</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: orange;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: orange;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: orange;">"THE OVERTHROW OF THE AMERICAN REPUBLIC", Part 44</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: orange;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: orange;">"THE OVERTHROW OF THE AMERICAN REPUBLIC",</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: orange;">Part 44</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: orange;">Saddam Double-Crossed</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: orange;">by Sherman H. Skolnick 12/4/03</span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: orange;">Some years ago we coined the phrase "oil-soaked, spy-riddled American monopoly press". It is not an idle statement. The basis for it are the numerous examples we have shown over the forty years we have functioned as a research/investig ative group.</span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: orange;">About forty years ago the American CIA created Saddam Hussein and his political party as a bulwark against a growing left-wing in Iraq. Historically, it was just another way the West deals with Europe and the East. American/British Big Business financed Adolf Hitler and the Nazis as an opposition to the Soviets which had themselves been created by the West.</span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: orange;">Common Americans do not seem to understand, or want to undertand, the principle, perfected many centuries ago by the Romans. To solidify your power, create so-called "enemies". and then build up your armies to protect you from "them".</span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: orange;">Shortly after he was Director of Central Intelligence, Daddy Bush was instrumental in supplying Saddam with chemical/biological weapons as well as starting Iraq on the road to nuclear development. The Elder Bush, as a stooge for Americ an.British Big Business, instigated the Iran-Iraq war, 1980 to 1988, to tie-up both nations and keep up the price of oil, while weakening and impoverishing both Mid-East nations.</span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: orange;">The Reagan/Bush White House armed Saddam. [See the heavily-documented book "The Spider's Web" by Alan Friedman, 1993, which did not get much mass media mention.]</span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: orange;">Savvy folks are well-aware that Saddam was suckered into invading Kuwait, in 1990, as part of a long-simmering ruckus over Iraq's claims to oilfields on the Kuwait-Iraq border going back to 1960 when Kuwait was still a British colony.</span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: orange;">In the pre-emptive attack on Iraq by the U.S., March, 2003, the Bush White House arranged to massively bribe the top element of the Iraq Republican Guard, the elite military units supposedly most trusted by Saddam. Thus,` the U.S. Mili tary went almost unopposed up the highway to Baghdad. These turncoat brass and their families were quietly and secretly whisked out of Iraq to safety and housing in the U.S. Remember also, we were among the first to mention that following Persian Gulf War One, Daddy Bush arranged to bring into the U.S. more than four thousand supposed Iraqi military intelligence defectors. Two thousand of them were with their families, at U.S. taxpayer's expense, housed, fed, and given work, in Oklahoma City. Kn owledgeable journalists have contended that these supposed defectors played a role with American dissidents as surrogates for Iraq, in the multiple bombings of the Alfred Murrah Federal Office Building, in Oklahoma City, April 19, 1995.</span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: orange;">Yet, Daddy Bush and his financial crony, Bill Clinton, were both in a position to know that these Iraqi military brought into the U.S. had a number of double-agents, saboteurs now on U.S. soil.</span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: orange;">[Related details on earlier parts of this website series.]</span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: orange;">The Kuwait dictators, the al Sabah Royal Family, after Persian Gulf War One, hired an American investigation firm, Jules Kroll &amp; Associates, to locate Saddam Hussein's properties. Details were published in 1991, in the Wall Street Journal. Saddam was one of the richest men in that part of the world. He held a huge financial position (and still does) in what became Daimler Chrysler (maker of Mercedes Benz and Chrysler cars); Fairchild Missiles, of Italy; Hachette, which owns, amon g other things, magazines in the U.S.; and Matra, the Paris-based firm operating the "People Mover" System at O'Hare Airport, Chicago, a light railway moving passengers and baggage from the airport terminals to the planes.</span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: orange;">December 13, 2003, was an unlucky day for Saddam. At least, some think so. It may have been a staged event, with Saddam as one of the actors. Bush Crime Family super bagman, James A. Baker III (Daddy Bush Administration Secretary of St ate), heavily bribed Saddam's guards to abandon him. This made Saddam, supposedly all by himself, available to be arrested in the basement of a farmhouse on the outskirts of his home-town, Tikrit. Coming to grab Saddam was part of a secret U.S. unit alo ng with Saddam's historical enemies, Kurdish troops. Assisting with the bribery of Saddam's guards and the apprehending of Saddam, were OPERATIVES OF CBS NETWORK NEWS. In a live broadcast after the arrest, a CBS Network news hen accidentally let slip th e role of CBS in arranging the capture of Saddam. Maybe we can expect that the newswoman making the monstrous mistake, will mysteriously later be found shot to death "accidentally" by some U.S. military, like numerous other report! ers in Iraq.</span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: orange;">You can see why we call it "the spy-riddled American monopoly press". CBS has assisted the American CIA since the creation of the spy agency.</span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: orange;">James A. Baker III is the same bagman, in the year 2000 Presidential election mess. He reportedly bribed southern Florida DEMOCRATS, at a strategic moment, to stop the recounting of ballots for Albert Gore, Jr. Thus George W. Bush was able to get the Florida vote, crucial to the Electoral College vote, and thereby steal the Presidential election.</span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: orange;">If Saddam lives to be put on public trial, he could defend himself and wreck the Bushies, with his own eyewitness testimony of treason committed by the Bush Crime Family. A complicating factor, is that France is in the middle of the de al to grab Saddam Hussein. Master blackmailers, the French have plenty on the Bushies, their role in the assassination and the cover up of the same, of President John F. Kennedy, the Florida election theft, George W. Bush and his travels with his male s ex-mate, and a French as-yet not released documentary on the Florida election, and plenty more. Insofar as Saddam has been moved out of Iraq, was he quietly moved to Paris?</span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: orange;">More coming. Stay tuned.</span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: orange;">Since 1958, Mr.Skolnick has been a court reformer. Since 1963, founder/chairman, Citizen's Committee to Clean Up the Courts, disclosing certain instances of judicial and other bribery and political murders</span></span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3003895380147156708.post-7340775515859624962015-09-13T06:00:00.000+02:002015-09-13T06:00:00.112+02:00God and His Messiah Jesus Christ our Lord - our right and duty to witness to Him: 9/11 and Zion: What Was Israel’s Role?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<a href="http://1amendmentcont.blogspot.com/2013/08/911-and-zion-what-was-israels-role.html" style="background-color: red;">God and His Messiah Jesus Christ our Lord - our right and duty to witness to Him: 9/11 and Zion: What Was Israel’s Role?</a><br />
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<span style="background-color: red;"><span class="postDate"><br class="Apple-interchange-newline" />Wednesday, August 22nd, 2012</span> | <span class="postAuthor">Posted by <a href="http://www.veteranstoday.com/author/fetzer/" rel="author" title="Posts by Jim Fetzer">Jim Fetzer</a></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: red; color: black;"><a href="http://www.veteranstoday.com/2012/08/22/911-and-zion-what-was-israels-role/">9/11 and Zion: What Was Israel’s Role?</a><a class="atc_s addthis_button_compact" href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8244123646989798628"></a></span></h1>
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Nick Kollerstrom (with Jim Fetzer)</span></h2>
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<span style="background-color: red;"><i>A nation can survive its fools, and even the ambitious, but it cannot survive treason from within. An enemy at the gates is less formidable, for he is known and he carries his banners openly. But the traitor moves among those within the gate freely, his sly whispers rustling through all the alleys, heard in the very halls of government itself. </i>– Marcus Cicero, to the Roman Senate, 42 BC</span></blockquote>
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<a href="http://www.veteranstoday.com/2012/08/22/911-and-zion-what-was-israels-role/netanyahu-13/" rel="attachment wp-att-220315"><span style="background-color: red; color: black;"><img alt="" class="lazy size-full wp-image-220315 data-lazy-ready" data-lazy-src="http://www.veteranstoday.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Netanyahu1.jpeg" data-lazy-type="image" src="http://www.veteranstoday.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Netanyahu1.jpeg" height="263" style="display: inline;" width="191" /></span></a><br />
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<span style="background-color: red;">Benjamin Netanyahu</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: red;">One may feel shocked by this title. Zionists have such a grip upon “The Guilt Industry”, virtually a monopoly, politically speaking. Was 9/11 an inside job? America was in some degree seeded with the perpetration of this event, from outside, and various echelons of its security services and military then responded by co-operating and then weaving a Muslims-did-it story. That is the hypothesis we will here examine. So when Netanyahu said the very next day, <i>‘This is very good for Israel”, </i>he wasn’t just blurting out something indiscreet, he was publicly congratulating the various agents who had worked so hard. The smooth integrity which the official story soon acquires, is an expression of the nation’s will-to-survive: an event has taken place and been covered up, where the Truth cannot come out without effectively disintegrating the nation, in its present form. Aye, there’s the rub. That is the sense of fun which the Chief Operators derive, as they see all the media, who may not particularly like them, compelled to endorse and weave out of their own accord, the fabricated tale. Here are the “Seven Pillars” of the argument.</span><br />
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<b>I. Silverstein and the WTC</b></span><br />
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The private property developer, billionaire Larry Silverstein, acquired the WTC complex off the New York Port Authority (founded and owned by the Rockefeller family), two months before 9/11 – the first time in its 33-year history the complex had ever changed ownership. Silverstein was formerly a chairman of the United Jewish Appeal, the largest Zionist organization dedicated to raising money and support for Israel. Lewis Eisenberg, former chairman of The New York Port Authority and the man who personally supervised the negotiations that delivered the 99-year lease to Silverstein, is also a former leader of the United Jewish Appeal. His first order of business as the new owner was to change the company responsible for the security of the complex: the new security company he hired was Securacom (now Stratasec). George W. Bush’s brother, Marvin Bush, was on its board of directors, and Marvin’s cousin, Wirt Walker III, was its CEO. According to public records, not only did Securacom provide electronic security for the World Trade Center, it also covered Dulles International Airport and United Airlines — two key locations in the 9/11 attacks.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: red;">Silverstein personally ordered WTC-7 to be demolished (“pulled”) around noon of 9/11 and has never been cross-examined by any enquiry over this. His firm had built that very building in the mid-1980s! In 1980, Silverstein Associates won a bid to lease and develop that portion of the WTC, and to build the 47-story “Building 7″.</span><br />
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<a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wq-0JIR38V0" title="YouTube"><span style="color: black;">YouTube - Veterans Today -</span></a></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: red;">Despite being a mere leaseholder of the buildings, he was the sole beneficiary of the insurance payouts. He increased the insurance policies, when he signed the lease two months before the catastrophe happened. The insurance was for 3.6 billion dollars, but he found an obscure clause in the insurance policy which enabled him to claim twice, one for each “attack!” “Larry Silverstein, since July landlord of the towers, demands from the insurers $7,2 billion compensation, his speaker, Steve Solomon, said. .. with help from New York’s Jewish mayor, Michael Bloomberg he found investments to rebuild the WTC. A good chunk of the seven billion insurance went to Israel, so God once more helped out His chosen people, financially” [1]. Ground Zero is being rebuilt by Daniel Liebeskind, the Jewish architect of Berlin’s “Jewish Museum”. The person said to be Silverstein’s closest friend — one with whom he speaks almost daily by phone — is the former Israeli Prime Minister, Benjamin Netanyahu. For financial reasons (chiefly involving asbestos problems) the WTC complex was no longer viable and needed to be demolished, but the costs of doing this legally were prohibitive.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: red;">In the early 1990s, a group of leading U.S. Jewish businessmen formed a company that was to become the Israel Export Development Company, as a way to make it easier for foreign investors to trade with Israel. It never quite worked out (for complex reasons), despite the best efforts of Benjamin Netanyahu, but following that struggle gives us the impression of Silverstein as possibly the most distinguished US financier assisting Israel. Thus, David Yerushalmi, who had led the IEDC effort since its inception, was asked to turn over the leadership of the company to Silverstein, an accomplished real estate developer and ardent fundraiser for the Jewish Federation of New York, itself a big contributor to Israel. Perhaps, had it worked out, events would not have let to the donation which he made to Israel, following the insurance claim from the WTC-7 collapse.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: red;">WTC-7 appeared as the only steel framed building in history for which fire was the sole cause of its collapse. Any building that was not owned by Silverstein Properties that day strangely remained upright, despite being a lot closer to the two towers that collapsed onto them. Let’s quote what Lucky Larry said on acquiring the leasehold: <i>“This is a dream come true, we will be in control of a prized asset, and we will seek to develop its potential, raising it to new heights”.</i></span><br />
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<b>II. Zakheim and his Missing Trillions</b></span><br />
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Ordained Rabbi, Zionist and citizen of Israel, Dov Zakheim served as Comptroller of the Pentagon, i.e. he was in charge of its finances, from May 2001 to March 2004. While Bush was still Governor of Texas, Zakheim became one of his closest advisers, counseling him on defense technology and strategic aspects of Middle Eastern affairs, and was Bush’s senior foreign policy advisor during the 2000 campaign. Dov had earlier held the position of Chief Executive Officer at Systems Planning Corporation (SPC), then he became the Undersecretary of Defense and Comptroller (head money man) of the Pentagon in May 2001, appointed by Bush. He was sworn in as the Under-Secretary of Defense and Chief Financial Officer for the Department of Defense on May 4, 2001. Since then over three trillion dollars has gone unaccounted-for.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: red;">Dov Zakheim’s SPC offers the appropriately named “‘Flight Termination System’ for remote control and flight termination of airborne test vehicles” [2]. It consists of a Command transmitter system plus custom control, interface and monitoring systems.’ The system can be configured to operate from a single local site, or with several remote sites. It does sound useful.</span><br />
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<a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FC1zue3anto" title="YouTube"><span style="color: black;">YouTube - Veterans Today -</span></a></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: red;">System Planning Corporation, of which he had been Corporate Vice-President, is a high-tech, research and manufacturing firm based in Arlington, Virginia, a major player in the “Homeland Security” industry and a leading designer of airborne remote control technology. It makes the Command Transmitter System, a remote control system for planes, boats, missiles and other vehicles, which can be configured to interface with all sorts of vehicle types. He is Chief Executive Officer of SPC International Corporation, a subsidiary of SPC that specializes in political, military, and economic consulting. A subsidiary of this firm, Tridata Corporation, oversaw the investigation of the first “terrorist” attack on the World Trade Center in 1993, which would have provided vital first-hand knowledge of the security systems and structural blueprints of the World Trade Center.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: red;">Zakheim has close ties to the Israeli government, holding dual Israeli-American citizenship [3]. As a member of the Council for Foreign Relations, and founding member of the Neo-con cult, he co-authored the Heritage Foundation’s infamous tract, “Rebuilding America’s Defenses: Strategy, Forces and Resources for a New Century” published by The American Enterprise’s “Project for a New American Century”, in which the Bush Administration’s entire design for renewed global conquest was laid down, exactly a year prior to 9/11. It called for “some catastrophic and catalyzing event – like a new Pearl Harbor” as necessary to foster the frame of mind needed for the American public to support a war in the Middle East. As a respected and established voice in the intelligence community, his views were eagerly accepted.</span><br />
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In 2004, an article entitled The Mastermind Behind 9/11? on the ‘Truthseeker’ website [4] expressed the view that:</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: red;">Considering his access to Boeing 767 tankers, remote control flight systems, and his published views in the PNAC document, it seems very likely he is in fact a key figure in the alleged terrorist attacks in New York City on September 11, 2001. Rabbi Zakheim had access to things like structural integrity, blueprints and any number of important facets of information about the WTC through his work with Tridata Corporation in the investigation of the bombing of the WTC in 1993. That he had access to remote control technology through his work at System Planning Corporation (SPC); that he had access to Boeing aircraft through a lease deal he brokered while working at the Pentagon; and finally, that he was part of a group of politically radical Straussian Neo-Conservatives, who, through their association with PNAC, called for restructuring of the Middle East.</span></blockquote>
<span style="background-color: red;">In response, the Truthseeker was threatened with prosecution by Zakheim’s lawyers in 2005 and had to remove the article. However, the insightful articles, “Dov Zakheim and the 9/11 Conspiracy” and also “The Mastermind Behind 9/11” can still be viewed [5].</span><br />
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The planes that purportedly slammed into the Towers that morning were supposed to be Boeing 767s, and Zakheim had contracted and sent a number of these to Florida-MacDill Air Force Base before the event. The Flight Termination System produced by his SPC does somewhat resemble the object visible in photographs under the fuselage of flight 175, just prior to its impact into the South Tower [6]. This plane is suspected to have been a KC-767, the military tanker version of the Boeing 767. As the Truthseeker observed, the remote-control technology whereby those specially-prepared planes impacted the Towers, was probably made and managed by Zakheim’s company. In addition he has enabled substantial support for Israel over the years: thanks to him, Israel is awash in F-15′s, F-16′s, and the latest in offensive and defensive missile systems – sold to Israel at a fraction of their value. Zakheim had a central role in the perpetration of 9/11.</span><br />
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<b>III. Israeli Intelligence-Espionage Companies</b></span><br />
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The airline security company responsible for the shocking security lapses at both the Boston and Newark airports on 9/11 is a wholly-owned subsidiary of an Israeli company (ICTS) headed by men with clear ties to Israel’s military intelligence agency, Mossad: Huntleigh, USA is a subsidiary of International Consultants on Targeted Security, headed by “former [Israeli] military commanding officers and veterans of government intelligence and security agencies. It sells security, ticketing, check-in and passenger screening services to Boston’s Logan airport and New Jersey’s Newark airport.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: red;">Menachem Atzmon, convicted in Israel in 1996 for campaign finance fraud, and his business partner Ezra Harel, took over management of security at the Boston and Newark airports when their company ICTS bought Huntleigh USA in 1999. UAL Flight 175 and AA 11, which allegedly struck the Twin Towers, both originated in Boston, while UAL 93, which purportedly crashed in Pennsylvania, departed from the Newark airport. Atzmon just happens to be a good friend of current Israeli Prime minister, Ehud Olmert. In fact, Atzmon is such a good friend of Almert that he was involved in a financial scandal involving forged receipts for donations to the Likud campaign with Olmert back in 1997 when Atzmon was co-treasurer of the Likud party [7].</span><br />
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<a href="http://www.veteranstoday.com/2012/08/22/911-and-zion-what-was-israels-role/hijackers/" rel="attachment wp-att-220264"><span style="color: black;"><img alt="" class="lazy alignleft size-full wp-image-220264 data-lazy-ready" data-lazy-src="http://www.veteranstoday.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/hijackers.jpeg" data-lazy-type="image" src="http://www.veteranstoday.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/hijackers.jpeg" height="292" style="display: block;" width="172" /></span></a></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: red;">Does this at last explain how those “Muslim hijackers” could appear as getting on the planes, with no CCTV pictures of them anywhere in the airports, no Arab names on any flight lists, no boarding staff prepared to testify to having seen any Arab-looking guys mount the planes, nor any post-mortems indicating any Arab bodies anywhere? That phantasm could be woven, and sustained, with the aid of Israeli intelligence agents handling security and passenger screening at just those very airports [8].</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: red;">Two Israeli-based companies Amdocs and Comverse have wiretapping technologies, which tend to have a back door built in to overhear monitored conversations [9]. In January 2001, Comverse purchased a large stake in the company Odigo, ‘giving it access to Odigo’s operations, accounting and technologies.’ In 1999, the NSA issued a top secret report on how US phone records were getting into ‘foreign’ i.e. Israeli hands, concerning Israeli-linked drug-crime mafia rings.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: red;">A revealing, four-part investigative series was aired by Fox News in December 2001, by Carl Cameron. This outlined how the Israeli-controlled company Amdocs had installed new White House communications system during the mid-1990s. This stimulated FBI probes into the extent of Israeli eavesdropping on calls to and from the White House, NSC, Pentagon and State Department. Clearly, Amdocs was spying on the White House [10]. Cameron and Fox News were told, ‘Evidence linking these Israelis to 9/11 is classified, we cannot tell you about evidence that has been gathered’ [11].</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: red;">An Israeli government run company called Zim Israel Navigational commands over 80 vessels, is the 9th largest shipping company in the world, and had 200 employees in the North tower. One week before 9/11, Zim moved out of its World Trade Center offices with over 200 workers, paying a $50,000 fine for breaking its lease. Its decision to move had been announced six months earlier. The reason given was, to save on rent.</span><br />
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<b>IV. The Dancing Israelis</b></span><br />
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As the towers crumbled, five young Israelis, who turned out to be Mossad agents, were caught doing the ‘happy dance’ while videotaping the event. Police ascertained that their van contained $4,700 in cash, plus ‘box cutters’, and some photographs, showing their smiling faces in front of the smoldering wreckage, and one showing a hand flicking a lighter open in front of the Towers! The van tested positive for explosives. There were “maps of the city in the car with certain places highlighted … It looked like they’re hooked into this. It looked like they knew what was going to happen.” When the five returned to Israel, one of them brazenly explained on Israeli TV, “The fact of the matter is that we have been in a country that experiences terror daily. Our purpose was to document the event,” showing that they knew what was going to happen.</span><br />
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<a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tRfhUezbKLw" title="YouTube"><span style="color: black;">YouTube - Veterans Today -</span></a></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: red;">They set up their cameras on banks of the Hudson River, trained them onto the Twin Towers, and congratulated each other when the crashes occurred, according to The New York Times. A witness noted: ‘They seemed to be taking a movie. They were like, happy, you know … they didn’t look shocked to me. I thought it was strange.’ The company they worked for, ‘Urban Moving Systems’, had few discernible assets. It closed up shop immediately afterward as its owner fled to Israel. In the weeks and months following 9/11, numerous cells of other Mossad “moving” agents were arrested across the nation, and then in December 2001, Fox News reported that U.S. authorities had detained 60 such “movers.”[12]</span><br />
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The revealing, four-part investigative series was aired by Fox News in December, 2001, dealing with the arrests of several hundred Israeli nationals as well as some of the incriminating circumstances surrounding their activities in the United States. In response, every major media outlet in America received a visit from Abraham Foxman, the head of the Anti-Defamation League. A phrase he used was, “What are you doing putting this stuff out there? You’re killing us!” Executives at the highest levels of the various networks were inundated with phone calls, letters and emails. Members of the most powerful Jewish groups in the country – ADL, AIPAC with its 60,000 members, and the misnamed Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America CAMERA – visited the White House and petitioned officials at the highest levels to close down investigations of the Israeli spies.</span><br />
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<b>V. Israeli Spy Ring</b></span><br />
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At least 120 Israeli intelligence operatives entered America and posed as art students, with door-to-door sales of artwork. “Many of the ring’s activities seemed to run parallel with the movements of several of the 9/11 hijackers. A group of about 140 Israeli spies were arrested and US government documents alluded to this ring as having ‘organised intelligence-gathering operations designed to penetrate government facilities.” The Fox News program revealed documents indicating that these art students had targeted and penetrated military bases, no mean achievement for art students [13]. Other reports speak of two hundred Israeli spies being uncovered, among them military members, electronics experts, wiretapping and phone tapping specialists, and explosives experts with the skill to bring down tall buildings.[14] They were arrested for trying to sneak into secured US Federal buildings and staking out 36 Department of Defense sites. Some of these suspicious “art students” showed up at the homes of Federal employees. An investigative report concluded that: ‘”A former Defense Department analyst, Hatchett believes groups may be gathering intelligence for possible future attacks. Some organization, thinking in terms of a potential retaliation against the U.S. government could be scouting out potential targets and looking for targets that would be vulnerable.” Another federal memo stated that, besides Houston and Dallas, the same thing has happened at sites in New York, Florida, and six other states, and, even more worrisome, at 36 sensitive Department of Defense sites. “One defense site you can explain,” says Hatchett, “well that was just a serendipitous, … Thirty-six? That’s a pattern.” [15]</span><br />
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<a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j7T4DhDLPrY" title="YouTube"><span style="color: black;">YouTube - Veterans Today -</span></a></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: red;">Between December 12-15th, 2001, the FBI, the DEA and the INS informed Fox News that there were no connections between the “art students” and the incidents of 9/11, and that continuing to pursue this topic would be a form of “career suicide.” On December 16, 2001, Fox News pulled the information regarding the “art student spy ring” from its website. Jane’s Intelligence Digest commented, “It is rather strange that the US media seems to be ignoring what may well be the most explosive story since the 11 September attacks—the alleged breakup of a major Israeli espionage operation in the USA.” The Palm Beach Post alluded to a DEA report on the Israeli “art students,” saying it had determined that all of the students had “recently served in the Israeli military, the majority in intelligence, electronic signal intercept or explosive ordnance units.” [16]</span><br />
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The story of the largest spy ring ever discovered inside the United States was soon hushed up: “Evidence linking these Israelis to 9/11 is classified. I cannot tell you about evidence that has been gathered. It’s classified information,” explained a US official, on Cameron’s Fox News Report on the Israeli spy ring and its connections to 9/11. The Israeli national Michael Chertoff, who would become the first head of the Department of Homeland Security, was responsible for letting them off and making sure they got safely back to Israel.</span><br />
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The Florida flight school president Rudi Dekkers recalled of ‘Mohammed Atta’: “Well, when Atta was here and I saw his face on several occasions in the building, then I know that they’re regular students and then I try to talk to them, it’s kind of a PR – where are you from? I tried to communicate with him. I found out from my people that he lived in Hamburg and he spoke German so one of the days that I saw him, I speak German myself, I’m a Dutch citizen, and I started in the morning telling him in German, “Good morning. How are you? How do you like the coffee? Are you happy here?” and he looked at me with cold eyes, didn’t react at all and walked away. That was one of my first meetings I had.”’[17]</span><br />
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Atta’s German may not have been up to much, but he could speak Hebrew! The ‘Mohammed Atta’ of Florida loved eating pork chops, had various different passports and IDs, according to his lingerie-model and stripper girlfriend Amanda Keller, and could speak Hebrew. She challenged him when he claimed the latter, and then by demonstrating his skill in Hebrew, he convinced her! He loved partying, strip-clubs, fast cars, casinos and snorting cocaine (not quite the suicidal type, maybe?). The real Mohammed Atta, who lived in Hamburg as an architecture student, had his passport stolen in 1999 [18], which presumably enabled the identity-theft to take place. Austere, silent and devout, he avoided women and hated flying so much that his sister had to give him special medicine to enable him to do it! There could not be two more opposite characters. The Hamburg Atta was about three inches shorter. One presumes he was killed after September 11th after he spoke to his Father on the12th over the phone. The Florida Atta lived on the same street as one of the groups of the Israeli “art students.”[19] The Israeli-art group leader, Hanan Serfati, had rented several dwellings in the neighborhood, and he stayed next to the post office where the Huffman Aviation flight-students had their mailbox. Mohammed Atta’s “vital task” on the morning of 9/11 has been well described by Rowland Morgan, and it involved a journey to Portland, in order to have his baggage (complete with Koran, will, etc) delivered to Boston airport, in such a way that it would be retained by the airport, not be put onto a plane. [20] For this, there was no need for him to board one of ‘the’ planes.</span><br />
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<b>VI. One Israeli Death</b></span><br />
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Nearly 500 foreign nationals from over 80 different nations were killed in the World Trade Center. The next day, September 12, the Jerusalem Post reported that the Israeli embassy in America was bombarded on 9/11 with calls from 4,000 worried Israeli families. On September13th, “Four Israelis were almost certainly in the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center when they collapsed, the Israeli consul in New York said this evening.” This number dwindled. The Towers specialized in international banking so one might have expected a few more Israeli citizens. One or possibly three Israelis died on 9/11, one in the towers and two on the planes. There is very little on the web. A week later, President Bush stated that 130 had died, but 129 of these were found to be still alive. The NY times 22 Sept found that 3 Israelis were confirmed dead, two from planes and one from the Towers [21,22]. Of this total the British historian David Irving wrote: “We are happy to report that the 4,000 figure dwindled eventually to three (not three thousand, but three), then two, then one: the unfortunate Daniel Lewin.”</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: red;">Two Mossad agents were present, on Flight UA 175 and Flight AA 11 respectively: the first flight had Danny Lewin, a 28-year old graduate of Israel’s elite commando unit, the “World’s most elite anti- hijacking team”.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: red;">Daniel Lewin</span></div>
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He was a captain in this unit, and the story soon developed that he had been shot by Satam Al Suqami, as the four Arabs attempted to storm the cockpit. (Satam was the one whose passport supposedly fluttered down to Ground Zero where the FBI found it). Sayeret Matkal is Israel’s elite team that handles aircraft hijackings and assassinations, specializing in aircraft takeovers. During the 1970s and 1980s, this secretive Israeli anti-terrorist unit (akin to the Delta Force) thwarted many attempted hijacking. Members of this unit are trained in looking and thinking like an Arab. Flight UA 175 (Boston to LA, allegedly hijacked to fly into the south tower) had the Israeli citizen and probable Mossad agent named Alora Avraham. This 27 year old was raised in the Israeli settlement of Ashdod. One surmises that Lewin may not have died, but had some key role in … whatever happened.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: red;">On the morning of 9/11, a two-hour advance warning to stay out of the towers was received by the Israeli firm of Odigo, [23] whose Research and Development center is in Herzliya, Israel, a town north of Tel Aviv where Mossad is headquartered. This messaging company, with its office a mere two blocks from the former WTC, received a warning originating from an Israeli branch. One never heard details, but Odigo’s vice president Alex Diamandis said, “The messages said something big was going to happen in a certain amount of time, and it did – almost to the minute.” Odigo has a feature called “People Finder” which allows a user to send an instant message to a large group based on a common characteristic, such as Israeli nationality, while maintaining user privacy. This is surely the explanation, as to why no Israeli nationals working in the Towers died that morning (there was one who died, but he was just visiting). “Comverse and Odigo have had a long-standing partnership and together have developed instant communications products and services that we have recently begun to offer to operators around the world,” declared Zeev Bregman, CEO of Comverse [24].</span><br />
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<b>VII. Zionist Neo-Cons and Straussian Jews</b></span><br />
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Irving Kristol, ‘godfather’ of the Neo-con movement, founded PNAC, the Project for a new American Century. His son William Kristol, worked closely with Richard Perle, and this Jewish duo achieved more than anyone else in erasing the concept of détente – which had traditionally been the policy of the Council of Foreign Relations – and extinguishing hope of any ‘peace dividend’ following the Soviet Union’s collapse. In September 2000 PNAC produced ‘Rebuilding America’s Defences’ which famously called for a permanent war philosophy, Empire, the advancing of the cause of Israel, and the catalyzing event of a new Pearl Harbor’ to make it all possible. The Kristols used their enormous influence prior to 9/11 to promote the concept of Arabs as potential terrorists, then after the event they ensured that the media focused and stayed focussed on Bin Laden and Muslim guilt. The day before the Iraq war began, Kristol bragged in an editorial of his journal The Weekly Standard, that, “obviously we are gratified that the Iraq strategy we have long advocated … has become the policy of the US government’ and a columnist of The Washington Post had once declared the looming conflict to be ‘Kristol’s war.’”[25]</span><br />
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The civilian Defense Policy Board wields more control over the military establishment than the Defense Secretary or the generals and admirals. The notoriously belligerent Perle, nicknamed the “The Prince of Darkness”, was Chairman of this Board. There are a number of other Zionists who served on the board (Kissinger, Cohen, Schlessinger) as well as non-Jewish members who have always supported Israel and the expansion of the “War on Terror”.</span><br />
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<a href="http://www.veteranstoday.com/2012/08/22/911-and-zion-what-was-israels-role/defense-policyboard/" rel="attachment wp-att-220267"><span style="color: black;"><img alt="" class="lazy aligncenter size-full wp-image-220267 data-lazy-ready" data-lazy-src="http://www.veteranstoday.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Defense-PolicyBoard.png" data-lazy-type="image" src="http://www.veteranstoday.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Defense-PolicyBoard.png" height="151" style="display: block;" width="565" /></span></a></span><br />
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Apart from top Jewish Neo-cons Henry Kissinger and Richard Perle as Chairman of the Defense Policy Board, Zionist Paul Wolfowitz as Undersecretary of Defense, and Zionist award winner Douglass Feith as Undersecretary of Defense Policy, the Zionist Pentagon gang controlled 3 of the top 4 civilian leadership positions of America’s armed forces. Others such as Condoleeza Rice and Donald Rumsfeld were fairly in accord with their drive for WW III. The Perle-Wolfowitz-Feith gang represent a fanatical “government-within-a-government”. And, of course, in league with these Zionist Pentagon conspirators, Jewish Zionist and 2004 Presidential candidate, Senator Joseph Lieberman and his Gentile partner in crime Senator John McCain, would vie for the nation’s highest offices.</span><br />
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Top members of the Bush administration had very close ties with the Israeli government. Every one of the following kingpins of the Bush administration were also Israeli citizens: Paul Wolfowitz, Richard Perle, Douglas Feith (undersec of Defense), Michael Chertoff, George Tenet (real name: Cohen), Elliot Abrams (NSC), Donald Kagan, Richard Haas, Kenneth Adelman, Edward Luttwak (National security Study Group), Robert Satloff, David Frum, David Wurmser, Steve Goldsmith, and Marc Grossman. Ari Freisher, Press Secretary. Concluded Ruppert, ‘These and other Israeli-connected experts formed the core group at the Project for a New American Century [26]. These are Zionist warmongers who adore and obey Israel and who view America chiefly as Israel’s financial sugar-daddy and mercenary slave. Their aim is global power for the Jews and profits for Jewish bankers and Illuminati-directed oil barons.”</span><br />
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Former Israeli Prime-Minister Ehud Barak well expressed the aim of the enterprise when he said in an interview just days after 9/11: “The whole world has now to start a world war against the enemies of Israel.”[27] But, World War III was not that easy to start! Soon after, Israel’s Prime Minister Ariel ‘the Butcher’ Sharon bellowed at his Cabinet, “I want to tell you something very clear: Don’t worry about American pressure on Israel. We, the Jewish people, control America, and the Americans know it.”[28]</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: red;">On any reasonable analysis, Dick Cheney, Vice-President of America, has to have been a pivotal 9/11 perpetrator. As Mike Ruppert concluded:</span><br />
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</span><br />
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<a href="http://www.veteranstoday.com/2012/08/22/911-and-zion-what-was-israels-role/cheney-6/" rel="attachment wp-att-220313"><span style="background-color: red; color: black;"><img alt="" class="lazy size-full wp-image-220313 data-lazy-ready" data-lazy-src="http://www.veteranstoday.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Cheney2.jpeg" data-lazy-type="image" src="http://www.veteranstoday.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Cheney2.jpeg" height="162" style="display: inline;" width="183" /></span></a><br />
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<span style="background-color: red;">Richard Cheney</span></div>
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“I have absolutely no doubt that on the day of September 11th Richard Cheney was in full and complete control of a properly functioning and parallel command and communications system …”[29].</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: red;">Cheney sat on the board of JINSA the Jewish Institute for National Security, “probably the most important organization, in terms of its influence on Bush administration policy formation.”[30] Cheney would take leave from JINSA while serving as VP, where his office was “run by aides known to be very pro-Israel.” [31]</span><br />
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The Pentagon set up the Office of Strategic Influence (OSI) for fabricating news [32]. A Zionist Air Force General named Simon P. Worden was chosen to head this, his boss being Douglass Feith, another dedicated Zionist who serves as Undersecretary of Defense for Policy. The Zionist Organization of America (ZOA) honored Feith and his father at an award dinner in 1999. ZOA’s 1997 press release explained: “This year’s honorees will be Dalck Feith and Douglas J. Feith, the noted Jewish philanthropists and pro-Israel activists. Dalck Feith will receive the ZOA’s special Centennial Award at the dinner, for his lifetime of service to Israel and the Jewish people. His son Douglas J. Feith, the former Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense, will receive the prestigious Louis D. Brandeis Award at the dinner.” [33]</span><br />
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As the Mayor of New York, Rudolf Giuliani was told in advance to get out of the WTC towers because they were going to fall, on that morning, which shows very privileged treatment. After the event he declared Ground Zero area a ‘crime scene’ and was thus able to prohibit any photos from being taken, but then by swiftly removing all of the steel and having it melted down he demolished the primary evidence for the crime. He had a hard struggle with the firemen, most of whom knew that the towers had been taken down. Since retiring as mayor he has been involved with security companies, and his turning up in London on the morning of July 7th 2005, staying in a hotel right next to the Liverpool Street terror-blast (so he ‘heard’ the blast), is hardly accidental. He a friend of Benjanmin Netenyahu, whom he welcomed while Mayor of New York, and they both turned up in the same hotel on the same morning [34]. Rudolf Giuliani, of course, was Israel’s favorite for the 2008 US presidential election: AIPAC lists and scores all the candidates by their degree of adoration for Israel, and Giuliani was tops – his support for Israel is total and unconditional. Thus, he returned a $10m donation from a Saudi prince, due to the latter making some comment about Israel and 9/11.</span><br />
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In weeks before 9/11, between August 26 and September 11, 2001, a group of speculators, identified by the American Securities and Exchange Commission as Israeli citizens, sold “short” a list of 38 stocks that could reasonably be expected to fall in value as a result of the pending attacks. These speculators operated out of the Toronto, Canada and Frankfurt, Germany, stock exchanges and their profits were specifically stated to be “in the millions of dollars.” [35] Short selling of stocks involves the opportunity to gain large profits by passing shares to a friendly third party, then buying them back when the price falls. Precedings a traumatic event, it indicates foreknowledge.</span><br />
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<b>The Enemy Within</b></span><br />
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At 10.30 am on the day of September 11th, the White House received a call, saying “Angel is Next.” Angel was that day’s codeword for Air Force One, then carrying President Bush. The credibility of the message was further established by use of Presidential identification codes [36]. Cheney advised Bush not to return to Washington: “There’s still the threat,” he said [37]. At this point, argues Tarpley, “the sponsors showed their hand. They were not located in a cave in Afghanistan, but were rather a network located high within the US government and military.” [38] The rogue network was then demanding, that a Straussian “war of civilisations” be unleashed: “The principal clue leading us to the existence of the rogue network is the ‘Angel is next’ threat,” which meant it was perpetrated by persons having expertise in, and access, to top military codes. Who could that be? On the September 12th press briefing, Ari Fleisher confirmed that a coded message had been used in threatening Air Force One carrying the President. No fighter planes to escort Air Force One arrived until noon – it took off from Florida at 9.30 am with no protection, flying alone through the skies over those terrible hours! The purpose here could have been to instill fear into the President.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: red;"><br />
Sometime after that “Angel is Next” threat, President Bush phoned up Ted Olsen, the US’s Solicitor-General, and a few days later Olsen recalled, “We couldn’t speak long. This was during the day of the crisis. And I didn’t – I hadn’t expected him to call, because he is the President of the United States. We know now – he knew then there were thousands of victims and terrible devastation and crisis, and the potential of further dangers to the structure of our government, meaning the institutions of our government and the leadership of our government.” [39] Let’s conjecture that Ted Olsen may have been telling the truth in some degree. People like Olsen and Bush are totally complicit and so are not at liberty to spill the beans later on. But still, they experienced some external manipulating power, which was a threat, or which was intimidating.</span><br />
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The most secret US-government codes were being used by the perpetrators [40], and we are suggesting that it would have been Israeli-based agencies that could do this, using the advanced Promis software [41]. Air Force One flew on that morning from Florida to the Strategic Command centre at Offnut, as Bush’s physical presence there was the only way to counteract the evident betrayal of the secret presidential codes.</span><br />
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That morning, while this threat was being made against the President, the name of Osama Bin Laden was already being broadcast across the airwaves, as the official suspect. All around Planet Earth his name was being linked forever to the Burning Towers. In vain – and unheard – were his protestations that he had had nothing to do with it. The press should have been able to eliminate any conjectures about a mastermind in the Tora Bora mountains without further ado. Let’s listen now to his rather sensible view of who really perpetrated the event, reported on September 28th, as reported in Ummaut, the Urdu-language, Karachi-based Pakistani daily:</span><br />
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<blockquote>
<span style="background-color: red;">‘The United States should try to trace the perpetrators of these attacks within itself; the people who are a part of the U.S. system, but are dissenting against it…persons who want to make the present century as a century of conflict between Islam and Christianity … There are intelligence agencies in the U.S., which require billions of dollars worth of funds from the Congress and the government every year. This [funding issue] was not a big problem during the existence of the former Soviet Union but after that the budget of these agencies has been in danger. They needed an enemy. So, they first started propaganda against Usama and Taleban and then this incident happened. You see, the Bush Administration approved a budget of 40 billion dollars. Where will this huge amount go? It will be provided to the same agencies, which need huge funds and want to exert their importance.</span></blockquote>
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</span><br />
<blockquote>
<span style="background-color: red;">Now they will spend the money for their expansion and for increasing their importance. I will give you an example. Drug smugglers from all over the world are in contact with the U.S. secret agencies. These agencies do not want to eradicate narcotics cultivation and trafficking because their importance will be diminished. The people in the U.S. Drug Enforcement Department are encouraging drug trade so that they could show performance and get millions of dollars worth of budget. General Noriega was made a drug baron by the CIA and, in need, he was made a scapegoat. In the same way, whether it is President Bush or any other U.S. President, they cannot bring Israel to justice for its human rights abuses or to hold it accountable for such crimes. What is this? Is it not that there exists a government within the government in the United Sates? That secret government must be asked as to who carried out the attacks.</span></blockquote>
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</span><br />
<blockquote>
<span style="background-color: red;">‘I have already said that we are not hostile to the United States. We are against the [U.S. Government] system, which makes other nations slaves of the United States, or forces them to mortgage their political and economic freedom. This system is totally in control of the American-Jews, whose first priority is Israel, not the United States. It is clear that the American people are themselves the slaves of the Jews and are forced to live according to the principles and laws laid by them…</span></blockquote>
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<blockquote>
<span style="background-color: red;">‘The Western media is unleashing such a baseless propaganda, which surprises us but it reflects on what is in their hearts, and gradually they themselves become captive of this propaganda. They become afraid of it and begin to cause harm to themselves. Terror is the most dreaded weapon in modern age and the Western media is mercilessly using it against its own people.’</span></blockquote>
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The western media have indeed become captive of their own fear-inducing propaganda, as the BBC “Power of Nightmares” series so well documented. How can we break out of this spiral of fear and terror? How can America become aware of its degree of subservience to Israel? There is no more career-terminating topic for US journalists. One could try asking the question, “Is there any criminal act that Israel can do without being protected from criticism from the United States?” [42] One could discuss the brazen Israeli attack on the USS Liberty in 1967, with planes and torpedo boats, an attempt to start a US war against Egypt, with LBJ’s connivance – classic false-flag terror. No official protest has been made, nor have reparations been paid. No other nation can attack an American vessel in international waters, killing 34 US Naval servicemen, with impunity [43].</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: red;">As Admiral Thomas Moorer, Chairman of the US Joint Chiefs of Staff under Ronald Reagan, stated: “I’ve never seen a President — I don’t care who he is — stand up to them [the Israelis]. It just boggles the mind. They always get what they want. The Israelis know what is going on all the time. If the American people understood what a grip those people have got on our government, they would rise up in arms. Our citizens certainly don’t have any idea what goes on.” [44]</span><br />
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<a href="http://www.veteranstoday.com/2012/08/22/911-and-zion-what-was-israels-role/chertoff-3/" rel="attachment wp-att-220312"><span style="background-color: red; color: black;"><img alt="" class="lazy size-full wp-image-220312 data-lazy-ready" data-lazy-src="http://www.veteranstoday.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Chertoff2.jpeg" data-lazy-type="image" src="http://www.veteranstoday.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Chertoff2.jpeg" height="224" style="display: inline;" width="176" /></span></a><br />
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<span style="background-color: red;">Michael Chertoff</span></div>
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When looking at the ‘likely suspects’ CIA, NSA, FBI, etc, one doubts whether any of them would have had the necessary combination of profound intelligence, deep wickedness, capacity for effective action, plus the ability to keep a big secret. One is here reminded of the remark by Richard Clarke in Against All Enemies that it would be ‘pure fantasy’ to suppose ‘that the US government can keep a big and juicy secret’ [45] on such an issue. If it is unthinkable to ordinary Americans that a secret military clique would betray their country in this way, it is doubly unthinkable that a foreign power would be able so to corrupt its centers of power as to mastermind this event: it is this double unthinkability which is the safety-catch, which locks the secret in place, for long enough to get rid of all the evidence. The Neo-Con love affair with Israel has allowed them to do this. Maybe some things did go wrong, maybe Flight 93 was meant to strike WTC-7, had it not been delayed half an hour, we’ll never know. The ‘Axis of Evil’ CIA-Mossad-M16 is so interconnected that we can hardly know which part of it is responsible, when something happens. It is dedicated to Eternal War and works though Untruth.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: red;">On September 10, 2001, the day before 9/11, The Washington Post would run a story about a report issued by the U.S. Army School for Advanced Military Studies, which had commented thus about Mossad: ‘”Wildcard. Ruthless and cunning. Has capability to target U.S. forces and make it look like a Palestinian/Arab act.” After the event the intelligence analyst George Freeman observed: ‘The big winner today, intended or not, is the state of Israel. There is no question that the Israeli leadership is feeling relief.’ [46] The name ‘Mossad’ does not feature in the index of David Ray Griffin’s classic, The New Pearl Harbour, however we may need to understand the Mossad’s way with its katsas and sayanim. It has a mere 30 to 37 case officers called katsas operating at any given time. It is able to function with this low level of core katsas because of a much larger network of volunteer Jewish helpers, the Sayanim, who live outside Israel. Their roles are specific to their professions and they are contacted and activated as required. This system allows the Mossad to work with a skeleton staff. [47] The Mossad has always followed its motto: <i>“By way of deception shall you make war.”</i></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: red;">In January 2001, Lyndon Larouche, a well known economist and political figure with worldwide intelligence connections, issued the following insightful prediction:</span><br />
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<blockquote>
<span style="background-color: red;">“A new Middle East war of the general type and implications indicated, will occur if certain specified incidents materialize. It will occur only if the combination of the Israeli government and certain Anglo-American circles wish to have it occur. If they should wish it to occur, the incidents to ‘explain’ that occurrence, will be arranged.” [48]</span></blockquote>
<hr />
<i style="background-color: red;"><b>Nicholas Kollerstrom</b>, Ph.D., historian of science, including articles on Sir Isaac Newton, Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society, is a founding member of the UK’s 9/11 Truth movement, member of the New York Academy of Sciences, and author of <a href="http://terroronthetube.co.uk/">7/7: TERROR ON THE TUBE</a> (3rd edition, 2012)</i><br />
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<h3>
<b style="background-color: red;">References</b></h3>
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1. Lucky Larry – Spiegel online, Hamburg, Sep 19, 2001</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: red;">2. Mike Ruppert, Crossing the Rubicon, 2004, p.585, quoting SPC’s website.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: red;">3. Ruppert, p.587.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: red;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: red;">4. They removed it from here: http://64.233.187.104/search?q=cache:Y_mUdEMLTYUJ:www.thetruthseeker.c o.uk/articl…</span><br />
<span style="background-color: red;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: red;">5. Thanks to webmaster Stuart Rixon for info.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: red;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: red;">6. For Zakheim and Flight 77, see www.newsfollowup.com/flight77_32.htm</span><br />
<span style="background-color: red;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: red;">7. 19th April 2006, American Free Press.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: red;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: red;">8. Laura Knight Jadczyk and Joe Quinn, 9/11The ultimate Truth 2006, p.108</span><br />
<span style="background-color: red;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: red;">9. For July 7th connections, see: www.nineeleven.co.uk/board/viewtopic.php?t=5003</span><br />
<span style="background-color: red;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: red;">10. Webster Tarpley, 9/11 SyntheticTerror Made in the USA, 2006, 329.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: red;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: red;">11. Tarpley, 327.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: red;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: red;">12. There seem to have been several groups of these Israelis in vans taking photos, at different parts of NewYork.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: red;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: red;">13. Cameron, Suspected Israeli Spied held by US, Fox News, Dec 11-14, 2001; Tarpley, 328.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: red;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: red;">14. FOX News. Massive Israeli Spy Operation Discovered in US. Carl Cameron Investigates. Four Part series. December 2001. Google: Israeli spy carl cameron</span><br />
<span style="background-color: red;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: red;">15. KHOU, Channel 11 (Houston) Federal Buildings Could be in Jeopardy – in Houston and Nationally October 10, 201. Google users enter: israeli art students federal buildings.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: red;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: red;">16. Jane’s Intelligence Digest, 3/13/02; Palm Beach Post, 3/11/02.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: red;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: red;">17. ABC Channel 4. (Florida). A Mission To Die For. Rudi Dekkers interviewed by Quentin McDermott. October 21, 2001 Google users enter: rudi dekkers interview.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: red;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: red;">18. Wikipedia.com. The Free Encyclopedia. Mohammed Atta. Google: atta reported passport stolen</span><br />
<span style="background-color: red;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: red;">19. A group of Jewish ‘art student’ double-agents lived at 4220 Sheraden Street, Hollywood, Florida, just down the road from where Atta lived at no. 3389: ‘the Israeli network was a nationwide operation based in Florida …[they] lived on the same street in Hollywood, Florida as Mohammed Atta’: Len Bracken, The Shadow government, 9/11 and State Terror, 2004 Ill, p.124.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: red;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: red;">20. Rowland Morgan, Flight 93 Revealed 2006, p.90.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: red;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: red;">21. The only site is http://www.publiceye.org/frontpage/911/Missing_Jews.htm – and, note how its foreword dissociates itself from any views expressed.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: red;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: red;">22. CNN. September 11. A Memorial. Google users enter: cnn september 11 memorial</span><br />
<span style="background-color: red;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: red;">23. Newsbytes/Washington Post. Instant message to Israel warned of WTC attack. September 27, 2001. By Brian McWiliams Google users enter: instant messages Israel warned attack</span><br />
<span style="background-color: red;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: red;">24. The Jerusalem Post in May 2002, .</span><br />
<span style="background-color: red;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: red;">25. Michael Collins Piper, The High Priests of War, 2005 Washington DC, p39.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: red;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: red;">26. Ruppert 254.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: red;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: red;">27. Le Monde, Sep. 13, 2001.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: red;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: red;">28. Hebrew Israeli radio station, Kol Yisrael, Oct. 3rd report, during an argument in an Israeli cabinet meeting.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: red;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: red;">29. Ruppert, 591, also 411.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: red;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: red;">30. Piper, p.13.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: red;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: red;">31. Piper, ibid.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: red;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: red;">32. The New York Times. Pentagon Considers Using Lies. By James Dao &amp; Eric Schmitt. February 18,2001. Google: new york times simon worden osi.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: red;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: red;">33. Google usues enter: feith zionist organization award</span><br />
<span style="background-color: red;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: red;">34. wagnews, google: Netanyahu/Giuliani -Same London Hotel on 7/7</span><br />
<span style="background-color: red;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: red;">35. ‘ISRAELIS were 9/11 short sale stock buyers, betting on WTC terror strikes.’</span><br />
<span style="background-color: red;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: red;">36. According to the NewYork Times: Thierry Meyssan The Big Lie 2002 p.44.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: red;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: red;">37. Bob Woodward, Bush at War, 2003, p.18. This book evades the simple implication of this fact, only making the bland statement, ‘it could mean that terrorists had inside information.’</span><br />
<span style="background-color: red;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: red;">38. Tarpley, p.286.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: red;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: red;">39. Olsen interviewed by Larry King, three days after 9/11: Janczyk p131.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: red;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: red;">40. Thierry Meyssan 9/11 The Big Lie, 2002 (L’Effroyable Imposture), 44.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: red;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: red;">41. Ruppert Ch 10, re the PROMIS software.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: red;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: red;">42. Recently-retired U.S. Brigadier General James J. David, in an article entitled “A Passionate Attachment to Israel”</span><br />
<span style="background-color: red;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: red;">43. On 8 June, during the 6-day War, off the Sinai coast: Peter Hounam, Operation Cyanide, 2003.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: red;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: red;">44. Google: admiral moorer boggles mind. Paul Findley, They Dare to speak Out, People and Institutions confront Israel’s lobby, 2003.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: red;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: red;">45. Richard Clarke, Against All Enemies, NY 2004, p.126.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: red;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: red;">46. His internet website www.stratfor.com: Jadczyk, 110.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: red;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: red;">47. Jadzcyk, p.118.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: red;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: red;">48. Executive Intelligence Review. Lyndon Larouche. January 2001. Google: larouche middle east war implications</span></div>
SntMartyrhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11197760281270769367noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3003895380147156708.post-57291711872813581152015-09-12T06:00:00.000+02:002015-09-12T06:00:08.479+02:00The Justice of God: World War III and the False Peace: Helicopters in the employ of the Triad Military Industrial Complex of the United States, Russia and Red China - all funded by the London - Rothschildian, Windsor, Vatican bankers part 7<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<a href="http://1law-order-and-justice.blogspot.com/2014/04/world-war-iii-and-false-peace.html">The Justice of God: World War III and the False Peace: Helicopters in the employ of the Triad Military Industrial Complex of the United States, Russia and Red China - all funded by the London - Rothschildian, Windsor, Vatican bankers part 7</a><br />
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<a href="http://world-war-iii-and-the-false-peac.blogspot.com/2014/04/helicopters-in-employ-of-triad-military_3773.html"><br class="Apple-interchange-newline" />World War III and the False Peace: Helicopters in the employ of the Triad Military Industrial Complex of the United States, Russia and Red China - all funded by the London - Rothschildian, Windsor, Vatican bankers part 7</a><br />
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<a href="http://world-war-iii-and-the-false-peac.blogspot.com/2014/04/helicopters-in-employ-of-triad-military_3773.html">Helicopters in the employ of the Triad Military Industrial Complex - Summary</a></div>
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<a href="http://world-war-iii-and-the-false-peac.blogspot.com/2014/04/helicopters-in-employ-of-triad-military_8844.html">Helicopters in the employ of the Triad Military Industrial Complex part 6</a></div>
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<a href="http://world-war-iii-and-the-false-peac.blogspot.com/2014/04/helicopters-in-employ-of-triad-military_6718.html">Helicopters in the employ of the Triad Military Industrial Complex part 5</a></div>
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<a href="http://world-war-iii-and-the-false-peac.blogspot.com/2014/04/helicopters-in-employ-of-triad-military_5923.html">Helicopters in the employ of the Triad Military Industrial Complex part 4</a></div>
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<a href="http://world-war-iii-and-the-false-peac.blogspot.com/2014/04/helicopters-in-employ-of-triad-military_2417.html">Helicopters in the employ of the Triad Military Industrial Complex part 3</a></div>
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<a href="http://world-war-iii-and-the-false-peac.blogspot.com/2014/04/helicopters-in-employ-of-triad-military_26.html">Helicopters in the employ of the Triad Military Industrial Complex part 2</a></div>
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<b>Helicopters in the employ of the Triad Military Industrial Complex of the United States, Russia and Red China - all funded by the London - Rothschildian, Windsor, Vatican bankers</b><br />
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<a href="http://www.tvbvideo.de/video/iLyROoaf8tbp.html" style="color: #91190e; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold;">FBI Los Angeles Real-Time Downview US Carroll Trust National Security Case</a></div>
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<a href="http://www.tvbvideo.de/video/iLyROoaf8tbp.html" style="color: #91190e; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold;"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://ta.kewego.com/t/0/0360/74x54_iLyROoaf8tbp_2.jpg" height="54" style="border: 0px; margin: 3px 17px 5px 0px; vertical-align: text-bottom;" width="74" /></a></div>
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Views: <span style="color: black;">200</span><br />
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Dauer: <span style="color: black;">00:02:01</span><br />
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online gestellt am: <span style="color: black;">08-10-2010</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.tvbvideo.de/video/iLyROoaf8tK_.html" style="color: #91190e; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold;">FBI Los Angeles LIVE FEEDS US Carroll Trust National Security Case</a></div>
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<a href="http://www.tvbvideo.de/video/iLyROoaf8tK_.html" style="color: #91190e; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold;"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://ta.kewego.com/t/0/0493/74x54_iLyROoaf8tK__2.jpg" height="54" style="border: 0px; margin: 3px 17px 5px 0px; vertical-align: text-bottom;" width="74" /></a></div>
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Views: <span style="color: black;">118</span><br />
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Dauer: <span style="color: black;">00:03:10</span><br />
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online gestellt am: <span style="color: black;">08-10-2010</span></div>
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<span style="color: white;">GOVERNMENT HOA GANGSTALKING THE ELDERLY AND EXTORTION, RACKETEERING, AIRBORNE ASSAULT AGAINST THEM</span></h2>
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<a href="http://1law-order-and-justice.blogspot.com/2014/04/god-and-his-messiah-jesus-christ-our_26.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="Government HOA gangstalking the elderly and extortion, racketeering, airborne assault against them" height="220" id="Image132_img" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFaiGvvSTqc7EbdmuC7qzaMo-Vv79WtWtGa-O2CoPU_8VbGHXW1QKtXJTMGc9Bzle5WCr8YS6oRraAaeZWNkbD_ai1BJTm0MmeZyazQG4v2H07zF_mRPsxj1xxccl7L_grgfvu-TzvJQqu/s250/mi28.jpg" style="border: none; position: relative; visibility: visible;" width="215" /></a><br />
<span class="caption"><span style="color: white;">click on picture</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: white;">PALESTINE CRY: WHEN GANGSTALKING TAKES TO THE AIR</span></h2>
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<a href="http://technischeredaktion.blogspot.com/2014/04/palestine-cry-when-gangstalking-takes.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="Palestine Cry: When gangstalking takes to the air" height="174" id="Image131_img" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQ_mzPdj6oOnf9nKCC0QXjKEOJ1VXI5BuG27pUL-KMtygu6JdP-uiUtXJoVwQ-wwJZPeE0CS_ZqDEklqNDGyniYH5jNVMOIgN1417aI9MK5TkY4xPDn9ZTdHCYg6gQPZwpOEPr08omYJdj/s1600/me-24e.jpg" style="border: none; position: relative;" width="250" /></a><br />
<span class="caption"><span style="color: white;">click on picture - Night time military gunship gangstalker of civilians on American soil out of McClellan-Palomar</span></span></div>
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<b>THE FINAL END OF THE LAWFUL UNITED STATES<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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The destruction of American Constitutional Government and the Institution of the Israeli Sayeret Matkal run terrorizing of Law Abiding American citizens by ZioNazi Antichrists on all government levels including but not limited to Government gangstalking of any and every one in their own communities: this replay of the ZioCommuNazi oppressions of the past in 1917 Russia and 1930's Germany and post World War II East Germany (Stasi) and many other places and times, including especially post World War II Palestine, is all planned by and participated in by World Jewry and Gentile Military Industrial Complex agente provocateurs.</div>
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Follow this link where it is presented by the three posters presenting this<b>: <a href="http://1law-order-and-justice.blogspot.com/search/label/Government%20gangstalking">Government gangstalking</a></b></div>
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CLICK ON LINKS <a href="http://1law-order-and-justice.blogspot.com/search/label/drugs" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">DRUGS</a></h2>
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<a href="http://1law-order-and-justice.blogspot.com/2011/01/rhondas-commentary-cia-contras-gangs.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="click on links <a href="http://1law-order-and-justice.blogspot.com/search/label/drugs">drugs</a>" height="177" id="Image96_img" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoucGbRH_ozZcl3LnSW2fhCq9VopRdbkpzQnQRuwigSRK96pwiXaRho8v5eEL0XZ8f0Suy5kA32VDAQVuh4rQYuMn16d3HVD6NAtFg-nKZ21zaOoFbTcCZiw6buWWVtRaKN1i6_luQzGo/s230/911+Pentagon+Helicopter.jpg" style="border: none; position: relative;" width="230" /></a><br />
<span class="caption"><a href="http://1law-order-and-justice.blogspot.com/search/label/Helicopters" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Helicopters</a> and <a href="http://1law-order-and-justice.blogspot.com/search/label/911" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">911</a> click on picture</span></div>
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<span class="caption" style="color: white;"><b style="background-color: #111111;">TERROR SURVEILLANCE AND EXTREME PREJUDICE TERMINATION MURDER</b></span></h2>
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<span class="caption"><b style="background-color: #111111; color: #333333;"><a href="http://1law-order-and-justice.blogspot.com/2013/06/palestine-cry-antichrist-striking.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="terror surveillance and extreme prejudice termination murder" height="144" id="Image90_img" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghqzV8WDsGtFHa9N1tlMjcs4zVu5ErfjjENjH0qW_KeUa3FtAEonvl90FcUE4bOWYJD2dcV2xlINsg-UQaSt0S8TbUzRq1lYbHjisOThkEA87ukL42yCFg6Ap2c6T4_3j0TFs2Ea3c1vw/s230/Bell+222a+military+helicopter.jpg" style="border: none; cursor: move; position: relative;" width="230" /></a></b></span></div>
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<span class="caption"><b style="background-color: #111111;"><span class="caption" style="color: white;">click on picture of bell 222a military stealth helicopter</span></b></span></div>
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<span class="caption"><b>US ATTACK HELICOPTERS PALOMAR AIRPORT HSBC OFFSHORE MONEY LAUNDERING, CARROLL FOUNDATION TRUST CASE</b></span></h2>
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<span class="caption"><b><a href="http://1law-order-and-justice.blogspot.com/2012/07/us-attack-helicopters-palomar-airport.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="US ATTACK HELICOPTERS PALOMAR AIRPORT HSBC OFFSHORE MONEY LAUNDERING, CARROLL FOUNDATION TRUST CASE" height="99" id="Image41_img" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilJ0HfU8ZyJsMP0UArZ6oO91Fcamqj9NLswxuLzrDdcGdzTHPAtXqCr5uTwYzKOw58akXNK4_PJ30M4TxBOdNIxGtWByfC-KyS1gUDEgpeJLzpcRH24QgWvylT-3K-qK20gIP3sUQJ64s/s240/0000+ah64_header+-+Copy.jpg" style="border: none; cursor: move; position: relative;" width="150" /> </a></b></span></div>
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<span class="caption"><b><span class="caption">click on picture link - and see <a href="http://1law-order-and-justice.blogspot.com/search/label/LIBOR" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">LIBOR</a></span></b></span></div>
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<b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 16px;"><a href="http://1amendmentcont.blogspot.com/2012/11/the-day-admiral-boorda-died-roots-in.html" style="color: #5588aa; text-decoration: none;">THE DAY ADMIRAL BOORDA DIED - Roots in ZioNazi Marine Corps Mob Killing Machine responsible for subverting the nation and handing over America to "Israel" on 911 - Part 1</a></span></span></b></div>
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<b></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="line-height: 20px;"><br /></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: small; line-height: normal;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
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<b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: small; line-height: normal;"></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 16px;"><a href="http://1amendmentcont.blogspot.com/2012/11/the-day-admiral-boorda-died-roots-in_26.html" style="color: #5588aa; text-decoration: none;">THE DAY ADMIRAL BOORDA DIED - Roots in ZioNazi Marine Corps Mob Killing Machine responsible for subverting the nation and handing over America to "Israel" on 911 - Part 2</a></span></span></b></div>
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<b></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="line-height: 20px;"><br /></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: small; line-height: normal;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
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<b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: small; line-height: normal;"></span><a href="http://1law-order-and-justice.blogspot.com/2012/11/us-attack-helicopters-palomar-airport.html" style="color: #336699; text-decoration: none;">The Justice of God: US ATTACK HELICOPTERS PALOMAR AIRPORT HSBC OFFSHORE MONEY LAUNDERING, CARROLL FOUNDATION TRUST CASE</a></span></b></div>
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<b style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;">SATANISM AND CHILD ABDUCTION AND MURDER</b></h2>
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<b style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><a href="http://1law-order-and-justice.blogspot.com/2013/03/satanism.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="Satanism and child abduction and murder" height="130" id="Image75_img" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTZvT8Qnd0ECdO_y4KBircx1ayixHQ5jIxC1NftjEPpEE2prRmVQoVuEhzHklEdDwouorA7FgqOsQlCAE1QPhM_n99PiQNw6QcTVdfaQFniya7PVnOgeA5Wf10Ys8RdT7nHeUe83f0quI/s240/8.jpg" style="border: none; cursor: move; position: relative;" width="240" /></a></b></div>
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<b style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><span class="caption">click on picture</span></b></div>
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<b style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;">HIGH TECH, DRUGS, INTELLIGENCE NETWORKS AND LYING POLITICIANS</b></h2>
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<b style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white;"><a href="http://1law-order-and-justice.blogspot.com/p/high-tech-drugs-intelligence-networks.html" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" height="98" id="Image1_img" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLea1mVZDx04rBTAjkPEkuRTf5o1jNZ_qmfig-fejfqgdt_eizrSSpRpq53tVnrh6h7vUEY6rzr-NgiXel6AZQrPtVXFg5XmyKWfJ7hQfrhh4JRtnefacuhUazDl95FqO_33VIT5029vw/s250/1.jpg" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 2px; position: relative; visibility: visible;" width="150" /></a></span></b></div>
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<b>TOTAL CRIMINAL CORRUPTION</b></h2>
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<b><a href="http://1law-order-and-justice.blogspot.com/2012/10/total-criminal-corruption.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="Total Criminal Corruption" height="149" id="Image64_img" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3BYt5lab2B6UPQJBdnhlAUTwhIqh5eQQGjeXD4VkGT-cZmCKXhpBZgH153cow8QcVajc7_DiOOPKHMxIn7ZDiSH0RzOIYv7hsdJ2mLBbEAKI4sFywwI7iEfWnYSUpw6dfSmyw7L5rYYI/s1600/6.jpg" style="border: none; cursor: move; position: relative;" width="220" /></a></b></div>
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<b><span class="caption">click on picture - and see: <a href="http://spiesandagents.blogspot.com/" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Spies</a></span></b></div>
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<b>GANGSTALKING - THE DIABOLIC ATTEMPTS TO SMASH TRUTH AND SPEECH - CLICK ON PICTURE</b></h2>
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<b><span class="caption">The first gangstalker, Satan, stalking Our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ. Satan, like all gangstalkers is a total looser.</span></b></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3003895380147156708.post-30519512392629753982015-09-11T06:00:00.000+02:002015-09-11T22:04:02.355+02:00Tech_Journal: 911<a href="http://technischeredaktion.blogspot.com/search/label/911">Tech_Journal: 911</a><br />
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See this link: <a href="http://www.911truth.org/">The 9/11 Truth Movement - 911truth.org</a><br />
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<b>Welcome to 911Truth.org, where you can explore the facts about 9/11, learn about the 9/11 Truth Movement and find answers to your questions about the 9/11 attacks.<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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Ever since the moment of the first impact at the <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placename w:st="on">World</st1:placename> <st1:placename w:st="on">Trade</st1:placename> <st1:placetype w:st="on">Center</st1:placetype></st1:place>, a struggle has raged between two broad, competing ideas of what really happened on September 11th, 2001.<br />
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The <a href="http://www.911truth.org/tag/bush-administration/" title="The Bush Administration">US administration</a> delivered an almost immediate verdict, which can be described as follows: Dispatched by Osama Bin Ladin’s network and motivated by hatred and religious fanaticism, 19 suicide bombers hijacked four planes, crashed three of them into their targets, and caused the collapse of the <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placename w:st="on">Twin</st1:placename> <st1:placetype w:st="on">Towers</st1:placetype></st1:place> as a consequence of the resulting damage and fires. The 19 men did not necessarily require any accomplices within the <st1:country-region w:st="on">United States</st1:country-region>; and no one in the <st1:country-region w:st="on">US</st1:country-region> government could have possibly anticipated or prevented the attacks.<br />
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Even as the administration exploited this Official Story (or “Official Conspiracy Theory”) as the pretext to launch new wars long in the making, independent researchers began to accumulate a vast body of evidence suggesting a different narrative for 9/11: that of the False Flag Operation.<br />
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The 9/11 events and the anomalies in the official story raised <a href="http://www.911truth.org/tag/unanswered-questions/" title="Unanaswered Questions">Unanswered Questions </a>about:</div>
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the unprecedented failure of the <st1:country-region w:st="on">US</st1:country-region> <a href="http://www.911truth.org/tag/air-defense-failures/" title="Air Defense Failures">air defense system</a> on the morning of the attacks;</div>
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the <a href="http://www.911truth.org/tag/awol-chain-of-command/" title="AWOL chain of command">AWOL military chain of command</a> during the actual attacks, including the inexplicable behavior of the presidential entourage;</div>
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the seeming impossibility of official claims with regard to <a href="http://www.911truth.org/tag/american-77/" title="American Flight 77">Flight 77</a>;</div>
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the evidence that <a href="http://www.911truth.org/tag/united-93/" title="United Flight 93">Flight 93</a> was shot down;</div>
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<a href="http://www.911truth.org/tag/lies-and-misrepresentations/" title="Lies and misrepresentations">contradictions and dubious evidence</a> in the official claims about the <a href="http://www.911truth.org/tag/alleged-hijackers/" title="Alleged Hijackers">alleged hijackers</a> and masterminds, and doubts about their real identities;</div>
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signs that the <a href="http://www.911truth.org/tag/alleged-hijackers/" title="Alleged Hijackers">alleged hijackers</a> enjoyed high-level protection against discovery by honest investigators;</div>
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evidence that the <a href="http://www.911truth.org/tag/lies-and-misrepresentations/" title="Lies and Misrepresentations">alleged hijackers</a> were financed by states allied with <a href="http://www.911truth.org/intelligence-failures/" title="Intelligence Failures">US intelligence</a>;</div>
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suspicious and massive international <a href="http://www.911truth.org/tag/alleged-hijackers/" title="Alleged Hijackers">financial trades</a> suggesting <a href="http://www.911truth.org/tag/foreknowledge/" title="Foreknowledge">foreknowledge</a> of the attacks;</div>
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widespread signs of official foreknowledge and, in fact, advance preparation for the 9/11 attack scenario;</div>
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the long-running links between Islamist fundamentalist terror cells and US covert operations, dating back to <a href="http://www.911truth.org/tag/central-intelligence-agency">CIA</a>support for the anti-Soviet mujahedeen and <a href="http://www.911truth.org/tag/osama-bin-laden/" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama Bin Ladin</a> himself;</div>
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the <a href="http://www.911truth.org/tag/controlled-demolition/" title="Controlled Demolition">demolition-like collapse</a> of the <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placename w:st="on">Twin</st1:placename> <st1:placetype w:st="on">Towers</st1:placetype></st1:place> and of a third skyscraper, <a href="http://www.911truth.org/tag/Building%207/" title="WTC 7">WTC 7</a>;</div>
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and questions concerning who could have logically expected to <a href="http://www.911truth.org/tag/cui-bono/" title="Cui bono?">derive benefit</a> in the aftermath of a massive attack on the <st1:country-region w:st="on">United States</st1:country-region>.<br />
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The suspicions received further confirmation a few weeks after September 11th, with the arrival of <a href="http://www.911truth.org/tag/anthrax/" title="Anthrax">anthrax</a> letters targeted only at opposition politicians and media figures, and timed to coincide with the introduction of the <a href="http://www.911truth.org/tag/patriot-act/" title="US Patriot Act">USA PATRIOT Act</a>.<br />
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Already within those first weeks, loose networks of researchers and investigators formed via the Internet to generally become known as the “<a href="http://www.911truth.org/tag/truth-movement/" title="Truth Movement">9/11 skeptics</a>.” They presented <a href="http://www.911truth.org/category/evidence_and_research/" title="Evidence and Research">substantial bodies of evidence</a> to show that elements within the US government must have been involved in facilitating or orchestrating the attacks – in other words, that 9/11 was possibly a classic case of “false-flag” or synthetic terrorism, such as corrupt states have often perpetrated on their own citizens.<br />
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What motive would people in the <st1:country-region w:st="on">US</st1:country-region> government or establishment have to commit crimes of this magnitude? The outrage caused by September 11th allowed the <a href="http://www.911truth.org/tag/bush-administration/" title="Bush Administration">Bush administration</a> to instantly implement policies its members have long supported, but which were otherwise infeasible. 9/11 was exploited to launch an open-ended, perpetual “war on terror,” actually a war against any and all enemies the <st1:country-region w:st="on">US</st1:country-region> government may designate. The case of <a href="http://www.911truth.org/tag/iraq/" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> shows that the target countries of this war need have nothing whatsoever to do with 9/11.<br />
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The invasions of <a href="http://www.911truth.org/tag/iraq" title="View all articles about Iraq here">Iraq</a> and <a href="http://www.911truth.org/tag/afghanistan" title="View all articles about Afghanistan here">Afghanistan</a> were both planned and prepared in advance of September 11th, with the apparent motive of gaining geostrategic advantage and seizing vital resources. The architects of the <a href="http://www.911truth.org/tag/iraq" title="View all articles about Iraq here">Iraq</a> invasion within the Bush administration had earlier been members of the <a href="http://www.911truth.org/tag/pnac/" title="Project for the New American Century">Project for a New American Century</a>. In the <a href="http://www.911truth.org/tag/pnac" title="View all articles about PNAC here">PNAC</a>manifesto of September 2000 (“Rebuilding America’s Defenses”), they admitted that the American people would be unwilling to pay the stiff price for US global hegemony, full-spectrum military dominance, and the imposition of a new order in the <a href="http://www.911truth.org/tag/middle-east" title="View all articles about Middle East here">Middle East</a> – unwilling, that is, in the absence of a catalyzing event, an epochal lesson such as a “new <a href="http://www.911truth.org/tag/pearl-harbor" title="View all articles about Pearl Harbor here">Pearl Harbor</a>.”<br />
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9/11 put the nation on a permanent war footing, allowed the extension of secrecy doctrines, and temporarily deified the President. The unprecedented public fear was stoked and exploited to allow a roll-back of <a href="http://www.911truth.org/tag/civil-liberties/" title="Attacking Civil Liberties">domestic rights and liberties</a>, as had long been advocated by key members of the Bush administration (and their allies in both major parties). 9/11 allowed the designation of “enemy combatants” in violation of international law; preventive detention and the open use of torture; the activation of long-standing “shadow government” plans; the passage of measures officially undermining constitutional government; and a wholesale re-definition of <st1:country-region w:st="on">US</st1:country-region> geopolitics and American society itself.<br />
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Perhaps most important of all to potential conspirators, trillions of dollars in spending priorities were predictably shifted from “butter” to “guns” in the years after September 11th, unleashing a new wave of growth and profiteering in the war and security industries. 9/11 became a pretext for economic crisis management and transformation under the cover of war and counterterror.<br />
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From the beginning, those who doubted the official story saw the potential for achieving a different kind of global transformation. By exposing the great fraud to the public, the 9/11 dissidents hoped to reverse the policies adopted after September 11th; to end the wars; to reveal a long and sordid history of covert operations, black budgets and hidden economics; to wake up the American people to the reality of the globalist drive to corporate feudalism, which is destroying the natural environment and the lives of the planetary majority; and to motivate the people to act against this sea of troubles.<br />
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The first two years after September 11th saw the rise of the <a href="http://www.911truth.org/category/911-families/" title="9/11 Families">Families’ Movement</a>, which kept the issue of the “unanswered questions” alive, and which forced the creation of the official <a href="http://www.911truth.org/category/9-11_commission/" title="The 9/11 Commission">9/11 Commission</a>. The Bush administration acted to delay, stonewall and starve all official investigations – with the complicity of the mainstream media, who ignored the festering questions or at best ridiculed those who asked them.<br />
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Many signs confirmed that there was indeed a <a href="http://www.911truth.org/tag/cover-up/" title="9/11 Cover-Up">9/11 Cover-up</a>: outrageous <a href="http://www.911truth.org/tag/conflicts-of-interest/" title="Conflicts of Interest">conflicts of interest</a> within official investigating bodies, such as the appointment of Henry Kissinger and then <a href="http://www.911truth.org/tag/philip-zelikow/" title="Philip Zelikow">Philip Zelikow</a> to the 9/11 Commission;<a href="http://www.911truth.org/tag/destruction-of-evidence/" title="Destruction of Evidence">destruction of evidence</a>; the silencing of <a href="http://www.911truth.org/tag/whistleblowers/" title="Whistleblowers">whistleblowers</a>; and the <a href="http://www.911truth.org/tag/promoted-for-failure/" title="Promoted for Failure">promotion of the very officials</a> who were responsible for the supposed failures of September 11th. For many, the 9/11 cover-up itself became the smoking gun pointing to wrongdoing: the untenable excuses of massive serial incompetence; the endless coincidences; the insulting fairy tale that “no one could have imagined planes as weapons”; the omission and suppression of any evidence contradicting the official story.</div>
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<br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3003895380147156708.post-64248100342673139562015-09-05T06:00:00.000+02:002015-09-05T06:00:03.263+02:00Tech_Journal: Creation<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<a href="http://technischeredaktion.blogspot.com/2012/12/creation.html">Tech_Journal: Creation</a><br />
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Creation is the created order of creatures subject to the God who created them. Just as </span><a href="http://technischeredaktion.blogspot.com/2012/12/techjournal-giants-and-mans-sin-is.html" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">The giants and man's sin is the cause of the deluge</a><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> so is belief in evolution the evil cause of the evil apostasy from the true faith in the True God.</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Science is to be commanded by faith in the Holy Trinity Adorable Unity and NOT the other way around <a href="http://bellesheures.wordpress.com/2008/10/09/charity-prayer-and-humility/">Charity, Prayer and Humility « BellesHeures's Weblog</a></span><br />
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<a href="http://bellesheures.wordpress.com/eternal-faith-beliefs/"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Eternal Faith & Beliefs « BellesHeures's Weblog</span></a><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Science versus tautology (tautology is otherwise known as doublemindedness, the trademark of the Devil)</span><br />
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Tautology: the real definition of tautology is something that pretends to explain something else and seems to but really doesn’t. Modern day word smiths have redirected this into a tautology of a tautology; that indeed a tautology is nothing more than circular logic. If I start by saying that A=B then obviously B=A. But, again, the real classical definition of a tautology is given by the example of </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Persephone the Daughter of </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Demeter (the Myth of the Greek goddess of spring). In the myth, </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Persephone the Daughter of </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Demeter </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">escapes from the underworld every spring thereby causing spring to take place on the earth. The obvious fact is that there is no Demeter nor </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Persephone </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">(or if they were persons many centuries ago, they are both dead and </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Persephone is </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">not escaping periodically from the underworld; in Greek-Roman myth you could go there by the cave of Cumae on the shore of Lake Avernus in Italy. A real place which is rather drear looking). Given the classical definition, then, pagan mythology, Newtonian physics (with a lot of constant correctives it seems to function well enough) and especially evolution (including theistic evolution with its twin, intelligent design) are all tautologies. The modern tautologists would have us believe that the history of literal creation by God is a tautology, but it isn’t. The problem lies in the definition of science.</span><br />
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The definition of science: the word in English is from scientia (Latin), gnosis (Greek) and means simply “knowledge” – any knowledge. In the classical world in which St. Paul was as at home as he was in Israel, this included Metaphysics, Physics, Logic, Mathematics, natural investigations and theories tied to preternatural and supernal and supernatural causations as well as Art, Literature, Public exhortation, Morals, Architecture, Governance and Religion to mention a few, all of which were interrelated. The place of first honor went to religion, which was agreed by all cultures to be indispensable to the rest. The neo-modern definition of science is adapted by a cabal of socialist engineers of an interdisciplinary amalgamation with no real interrelatedness except a hatred of all traditional morals of all cultures. The root of this so-called definition is the French enlightenment’s encyclopaedists’ pigeon-holing of all knowledge they could misuse in their war on God (why are they so angry with Him? after all He gave them life). Their definition changes with time and is generally of a materialist atheist genre of deus ex machina, god from a machine; the machine is their presupposition of a mechanically self operated phenomenal self created random generated universe with no more spirit than a pretense to noumenal inclusion in materialism via atomistic energies being postulated. In short they have totally misdefined knowledge as only that “science” of theirs which adheres to the above dictatorial sturm und drang of their snide presupposition. It seems they worship the god Enlil, he of the hot air, self heated, no doubt. C.S. Lewis put it this way: that they would have us believe that everything started from nothing, accidentally, and all the little accidental atoms bumped around until they accidentally came together and continued to come up with different accidents until they (the little accidental atoms) inside my own head in my brain cells accidentally came to the conclusion it was all an accident. Oh me Oh my, my poor little aching head. By the way, this is not new, it is ancient Epicureanism. When the ancient gods are added (Stoicism etc.) then you have the world of the Antichrist.</span><br />
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Evolution, the theory of paganism prompted by the Devil (you too can be your own god, in hell). What we see from the above is that for anyone to embrace the above axiomatic anarchy paves the way to complete destruction of everything godly; if it is all an accident, who cares about morals. The only conclusion is that if anything goes, you are your own god and the only evolving you could further undergo is to further anarchy, read destruction. Therefore as hell is the definition of utter eternal destruction you will gladly embrace the true God telling you to go to hell. We’ll see, He said there will be wailing and gnashing of teeth.</span><br />
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The secret rapture: the ultimate atheistic materialism. In view of the above, the absurd idea that God would deny the resurrection of His Son Jesus Christ, in the flesh, and our own resurrection in our own flesh, by His power in the future, and substitute simply vanishing from the Earth (the actual basis is cabballa), would mean that the God-man Jesus Christ and His children that God has given Him (we who believe) would all vanish into the universe. If the God-man and all that witness to Him, then also God Himself would vanish into the same non-heroic materialism and presto there is no God and atheism reigns. Therefore, ipso facto, the secret rapture is the ultimate (final), atheistic (God being assigned a place in the historical tautologies and not really existing), materialism (the above little accidental atoms coming to a new conclusion). The next step, the profiteers of the false doctrine of the secret rapture tell us gleefully, is the coming of the Antichrist, whom they will greet with open arms as the proof of their doctrine of: God doesn’t like those who suffer (what does that say about Christ?) but really wants us to be devoted to the idolatry of mammon in this material world. In this rejection of God and His Christ, and with the Stoic and/or other addition of the ancient gods, Christ cast down at His Cross, to the above Epicurean mentioned world, the stage will not only be set, but will greet with raucous cheers the final false god, the man-god, the Antichrist.</span><br />
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The Gnostics in the first century A.D. were famous for taking over the doctrines and practices of the ancient Mesopotamian sorcery/magic and astrology as is fully recounted in the Church Fathers. The worst of all and the root, as St. Hippolytus warns us, is the Naasseni, the serpent worshipping Judeo-Gnostics.</span><br />
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From CCEL and the Church Fathers in the public domain with comments.</span><br />
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…This term has created the title “Ophites,” which may be regarded as the generic denomination for all the advocates of this phase of Gnosticism.</span><br />
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The heresy of the Naasseni (literally “Naas” is the word for serpent; cult of Jews who were Gnostic serpent worshipping Satanists) is adverted to by the other leading writers on heresy in the early age of the Church. See St. Irenaeus, i, 34: Origen, Contr. Cels., vi 28 (p. 291 et seq. ed. Spenc.); Tertullian, Proeser., c. 47 Theodoret, Haeretic. Fabul, i. 14; Epiphanius, Advers. Haereses., xxv. and xxxvii.: St. Augustine, De Haeres., xvii.; Jerome, Comment. Epist. ad Galat., lib. ii. The Abbe Cruice reminds his readers that the Naasseni carried their doctrines into India, and refers to the Asiatic Researches (vol. x. p. 39). It was from this that the main composers of Buddhist teachings, Nagarjuna (literally “wise snake”) and Ashvaghosha, got their ideas (early second century A.D.) which are at the real historical beginning of Buddhism and not the mythic beginning around 500 B.C. concurrent with Mahavira and Goshala.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">The Abbe Cruice mentions the following works as of authority among the Judeo-Gnostic Naasseni, and from whence they derived their system: The Gospel of Perfection, Gospel of Eve, The Questions of Mary, Concerning the Offspring of Mary, The Gospel of Philip, The Gospel according to (1) Thomas, (2) the Egyptians.</span><br />
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The Hebrew word is nachash. Hebrew for serpent and black magic and from whence comes the Indian word naga (serpent) and which is the same as nag in Nag Hammadi where the Gnostic writings were found a few decades ago and totally backed up everything that the Church Fathers said about the Gnostics.</span><br />
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paraton autoon logon. Bernaysius suggests for these words, patera too autoo logoo. Schneidewin regards the emendation as an error, and Bunsen partly so. The latter would read, patera ton autoon Logon, i.e., “The Naasseni honour the Father of all existent things, the Logos, as man and the Son of Man.” That is they honor: Satan as God the Father which is absolute blasphemy, and Jesus Christ as only man and only one example of the Logos and born of Mary and Joseph and not by the virgin birth, which is also absolute apostasy. It is true that Yahweh is the true God, but certainly not any part of serpent worship; that is totally apostate.</span><br />
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See Irenaeus, Haer.,</span><br />
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gnosis,-a term often alluded to by St. John, and which gives its name “Gnosticism” to the various forms of the Ophitic heresy. … In this and other instances it will be found that the system, however wild and incoherent in its theology, of the Naaseni and of some of the other Gnostic sects, was one which was constructed ….</span><br />
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(The Naaseni Gnostic Jesus is also a hermaphrodite male-female. See St. Hippolytus Ante-Nicene Fathers Vol. 5 Refutatiion of all Heresies.)</span><br />
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The following is the story associated with Nagarjuna:</span><br />
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Nagarjuna (raised a Hindu) entered a Buddhist monastery. In a mere ninety days he studied and mastered the whole of the Pali canon, the early writings of Buddhism. He left the monastery in search of more advanced teachings of the Buddha that he felt sure must exist. One day he was expounding upon the doctrine of the Buddha to a group of listeners and noticed that, following the lecture, two members of the audience disappeared into the ground. He followed them to what proved to be their home, the kingdom of the Nagas, a land inhabited by beneficent, half-divine, serpent- like beings. Here the Nagas presented Nagarjuna with occult teachings and with several volumes of sutras, canonical scriptures. These writings were the Prajnaparamitas, the “Perfection of Wisdom” sutras. (From the Person of Nagarjuna at http://bahai-library.com/personal/jw/other.pubs/nagarjuna/nag04.html)</span><br />
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In connection with Agni and the entire Hindu-Buddhist pantheon, Sarasvati, the goddess of wisdom (in Tibet Arya-Sarasvati – god-goddess/Satan platonic logos) is the goddess of speech knowledge and language (words). In China and Japan the Buddhist Kuan-yin is equivalent to her. See below for the same, in the original gnostic version, who they worshipped as Satan; the gnostic Satan-mother-goddess </span><br />
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“Thunder”:</span><br />
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I am the hearing which is attainable to everyone</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">and the speech which cannot be grasped. and great is my multitude of words.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">IN SHORT IT WAS THE APOSTATE SATAN WORSHIPPING GNOSTIC JEWS THAT CREATED BUDDHISM BY THEIR EXPORT OF THEIR BLACK MAGIC TO INDIA. IT IS TRUE THAT THE ALREADY PAGAN BASE OF HINDUISM WAS THE PAN HELLENIC – INDIAN (including earlier Mesopotamian) PAGANISM THAT IT WAS GRAFTED ONTO.</span><br />
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Both the Gnostic Jews and Gentiles are Satanists. Satanism and all those who follow that are damned by God.</span><br />
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From God</span><br />
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Dt:29:</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">1 ¶ These are the words of the covenant which the Lord commanded Moses to make with the children of Israel in the land of Moab: beside that covenant which he made with them in Horeb.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">2 And Moses called all Israel, and said to them: You have seen all the things that the Lord did before you in the land of Egypt to Pharao, and to all his servants, and to his whole land.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">3 The great temptations, which thy eyes have seen, those mighty signs and wonders,</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">4 And the Lord hath not given you a heart to understand, and eyes to see, and ears that may hear, unto this present day.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">5 He hath brought you forty years through the desert: your garments are not worn out, neither are the shoes of your feet consumed with age.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">6 You have not eaten bread, nor have you drunk wine or strong drink: that you might know that I am the Lord your God.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">7 And you came to this place: and Sehon king of Hesebon, and Og king of Basan, came out against us to fight. And we slew them.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">8 And took their land, and delivered it for a possession to Ruben and Gad, and the half tribe of Manasses.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">9 Keep therefore the words of this covenant, and fulfil them: that you may understand all that you do.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">10 ¶ You all stand this day before the Lord your God, your princes, and tribes, and ancients, and doctors, all the people of Israel,</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">11 Your children and your wives, and the stranger that abideth with thee in the camp, besides the hewers of wood, and them that bring water:</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">12 That thou mayst pass in the covenant of the Lord thy God, and in the oath which this day the Lord thy God maketh with thee.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">13 That he may raise thee up a people to himself, and he may be thy God as he hath spoken to thee, and as he swore to thy fathers Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">14 Neither with you only do I make this covenant, and confirm these oaths,</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">15 But with all that are present and that are absent.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">16 For you know how we dwelt in the land of Egypt, and how we have passed through the midst of nations, and passing through them,</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">17 You have seen their abominations and filth, that is to say, their idols, wood and stone, silver and gold, which they worshipped.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">18 Lest perhaps there should be among you a man or a woman, a family or a tribe, whose heart is turned away this day from the Lord our God, to go and serve the gods of those nations: and there should be among you a root bringing forth gall and bitterness.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">19 And when he shall hear the words of this oath, he should bless himself in his heart saying: I shall have peace, and will walk on in the naughtiness of my heart: and the drunken may consume the thirsty,</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">20 And the Lord should not forgive him: but his wrath and jealousy against that man should be exceedingly enkindled at that time, and all the curses that are written in this volume should light upon him: and the Lord should blot out his name from under heaven,</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">21 And utterly destroy him out of all the tribes of Israel, according to the curses that are contained in the book of this law and covenant:</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">22 And the following generation shall say, and the children that shall be born hereafter, and the strangers that shall come from afar, seeing the plagues of that land and the evils wherewith the Lord hath afflicted it,</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">23 Burning it with brimstone, and the heat of salt, so that it cannot be sown any more, nor any green thing grow therein, after the example of the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrha, Adama and Seboim, which the Lord destroyed in his wrath and indignation:</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">24 And all the nations shall say: Why hath the Lord done thus to this land? what meaneth this exceeding great heat of his wrath?</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">25 And they shall answer: Because they forsook the covenant of the Lord, which he made with their fathers, when he brought them out of the land of Egypt:</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">26 And they have served strange gods, and adored them, whom they knew not, and for whom they had not been assigned:</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">27 Therefore the wrath of the Lord was kindled against this land, to bring upon it all the curses that are written in this volume:</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">28 And he hath cast them out of their land, in anger and in wrath, and in very great indignation, and hath thrown them into a strange land, as it is seen this day.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">29 Secret (occult) things (belong) to the Lord our God: things that are manifest, to us and to our children for ever, that we may do all the words of this law.</span><br />
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Heb:6:</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">1 ¶ Wherefore, leaving the word of the beginning of Christ, let us go on to things more perfect: not laying again the foundation of penance from dead works and of faith towards God,</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">2 Of the doctrine of baptisms and imposition of hands, and of the resurrection of the dead, and of eternal judgment.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">3 And this will we do, if God permit.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">4 For it is impossible for those who were once illuminated, have tasted also the heavenly gift and were made partakers of the Holy Ghost,</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">5 Have moreover tasted the good word of God and the powers of the world to come,</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">6 And are fallen away: to be renewed again to penance, crucifying again to themselves the Son of God and making him a mockery.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">7 For the earth, that drinketh in the rain which cometh often upon it and bringeth forth herbs meet for them by whom it is tilled, receiveth blessing from God.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">8 But that which bringeth forth thorns and briers is reprobate and very near unto a curse: whose end is to be burnt.</span><br />
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Christ is our only Priest, all baptized believers are His priesthood.</span><br />
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True faith </span><br />
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Mt:9:2:</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">2 And behold they brought to him one sick of the palsy lying in a bed. And Jesus, seeing their faith, said to the man sick of the palsy: Be of good heart, son, thy sins are forgiven thee. (DRV)</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">False faith Lk:9:41:</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">41 And Jesus, answering:, said: O faithless and perverse generation, how long shall I be with you and suffer you? Bring hither thy son. (DRV)</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">True disciples.</span><br />
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Mk:9:</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">1 ¶ (8-39) And he said to them: Amen I say to you that there are some of them that stand here who shall not taste death till they see the kingdom of God coming in power.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">2 (9-1) And after six days, Jesus taketh with him Peter and James and John, and leadeth them up into an high mountain apart by themselves, and was transfigured before them.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">3 (9-2) And his garments became shining and exceeding white as snow, so as no fuller upon earth can make white.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">4 (9-3) And there appeared to them Elias with Moses: and they were talking with Jesus.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">5 (9-4) And Peter answering, said to Jesus: Rabbi, it is good for us to be here. And let us make three tabernacles, one for thee, and one for Moses, and one for Elias.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">6 (9-5) For he knew not what he said: for they were struck with fear.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">7 (9-6) And there was a cloud overshadowing them. And a voice came out of the cloud, saying: This is my most beloved Son. Hear ye him.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">8 (9-7) And immediately looking about, they saw no man any more, but Jesus only with them.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">9 (9-8 ) And as they came down from the mountain, he charged them not to tell any man what things they had seen, till the Son of man shall be risen again from the dead.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">10 (9-9) And they kept the word to themselves; questioning together what that should mean, when he shall be risen from the dead.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">11 (9-10) And they asked him, saying: Why then do the Pharisees and scribes say that Elias must come first?</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">12 (9-11) Who answering, said to then: Elias, when he shall come first, shall restore all things; and as it is written of the Son of man that he must suffer many things and be despised.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">13 (9-12) But I say to you that Elias also is come (and they have done to him whatsoever they would), as it is written of him.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">14 ¶ (9-13) And coming to his disciples he saw a great multitude about them and the scribes disputing with them.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">15 (9-14) And presently all the people, seeing Jesus, were astonished and struck with fear: and running to him, they saluted him.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">16 (9-15) And he asked them: What do you question about among you?</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">17 (9-16) And one of the multitude, answering, said: Master, I have brought my son to thee, having a dumb spirit.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">18 (9-17) Who, wheresoever he taketh him, dasheth him: and he foameth and gnasheth with the teeth and pineth away. And I spoke to thy disciples to cast him out: and they could not.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">19 (9-18 ) Who answering them, said: O incredulous generation, how long shall I be with you? How long shall I suffer you? Bring him unto me.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">20 (9-19) And they brought him. And when he had seen him, immediately the spirit troubled him and being thrown down upon the ground, he rolled about foaming.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">21 (9-20) And he asked his father: How long time is it since this hath happened unto him? But he said: From his infancy.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">22 (9-21) And oftentimes hath he cast him into the fire and into the waters to destroy him. But if thou canst do any thing, help us, having compassion on us.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">23 (9-22) And Jesus saith to him: If thou canst believe, all things are possible to him that believeth.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">24 (9-23) And immediately the father of the boy crying out, with tears said: I do believe, Lord. Help my unbelief.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">25 (9-24) And when Jesus saw the multitude running together, he threatened the unclean spirit, saying to him: Deaf and dumb spirit, I command thee, go out of him and enter not any more into him.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">26 (9-25) And crying out and greatly tearing him, he went out of him. And he became as dead, so that many said: He is dead.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">27 (9-26) But Jesus taking him by the hand, lifted him up. And he arose.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">28 (9-27) And when he was come into the house, his disciples secretly asked him: Why could not we cast him out?</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">29 (9-28 ) And he said to them: This kind can go out by nothing, but by prayer and fasting.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">30 ¶ (9-29) And departing from thence, they passed through Galilee: and he would not that any man should know it.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">31 (9-30) And he taught his disciples and said to them: The Son of man shall be betrayed into the hands of men, and they shall kill him; and after that he is killed, he shall rise again the third day.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">32 (9-31) But they understood not the word: and they were afraid to ask him.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">33 (9-32) And they came to Capharnaum. And when they were in the house, he asked them: What did you treat of in the way?</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">34 (9-33) But they held their peace, for in the way they had disputed among themselves, which of them should be the greatest.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">35 (9-34) And sitting down, he called the twelve and saith to them: If any man desire to be first, he shall be the last of all and be minister of all.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">36 (9-35) And taking a child, he set him in the midst of them. Whom when he had embraced, he saith to them:</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">37 (9-36) Whosoever shall receive one such child as this in my name receiveth me. And whosoever shall receive me receiveth not me but him that sent me.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">38 (9-37) John answered him, saying: Master, we saw one casting out devils in thy name, who followeth not us: and we forbade him.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">39 (9-38 ) But Jesus said: Do not forbid him. For there is no man that doth a miracle in my name and can soon speak ill of me.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">40 (9-39) For he that is not against you is for you.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">41 ¶ (9-40) For whosoever shall give you to drink a cup of water in my name, because you belong to Christ: amen I say to you, he shall not lose his reward.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">42 (9-41) And whosoever shall scandalize one of these little ones that believe in me: it were better for him that a millstone were hanged about his neck and he were cast into the sea.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">43 (9-42) And if thy hand scandalize thee, cut it off: it is better for thee to enter into life, maimed, than having two hands to go into hell, into unquenchable fire:</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">44 (9-43) Where their worm dieth not, and the fire is not extinguished.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">45 (9-44) And if thy foot scandalize thee, cut it off: it is better for thee to enter lame into life everlasting than having two feet to be cast into the hell of unquenchable fire:</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">46 (9-45) Where their worm dieth not, and the fire is not extinguished.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">47 (9-46) And if thy eye scandalize thee, pluck it out: it is better for thee with one eye to enter into the kingdom of God than having two eyes to be cast into the hell of fire:</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">48 (9-47) Where their worm dieth not, and the fire is not extinguished.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">49 (9-48 ) For every one shall be salted with fire: and every victim shall be salted with salt.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">50 (9-49) Salt is good. But if the salt become unsavoury, wherewith will you season it? Have salt in you: and have peace among you.</span></blockquote>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><a href="http://traditional-catholic-prayers.blogspot.com/2012/03/prayer-instead-of-evil.html">Traditional
Catholic Prayers: Prayer instead of evil</a></span></div>
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</span><br />
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</span>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Holy Holy Holy Lord
God Pantocrator</span></div>
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</span>
<br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Who is and was and is
to come</span></div>
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</span>
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</span>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="color: red;">Prayer of the Cross<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="color: red;">+<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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Christ Jesus Our Only
Lord and Saviour by Your Most Holy Cross Holy Blood Holy Spirit of the Father
and the Son Jesus Christ Our Only Lord and Saviour covering the whole world and
cleansing the whole universe the only first born from the dead in the flesh the
only one Resurrected Ascended Assumed Bodily in the flesh and sitteth on the
right hand of God Our Father in the third heaven in the unity and power and
bond of love of the Holy Spirit our Paraclete Holy Holy Holy Lord God
Pantocrator with and by the prayer and company of the same all Your elect
angels and saints for and with us unceasingly especially St. Michael and St.
Gabriel, St. Enoch in the flesh and St. Elijah in the flesh Your holy prophets
yet to return, the Holy Family blessed St. Joseph, the blessed virgin Mary
mother of You Christ Jesus Our Only Lord and Saviour, Jesus Christ Our Only
Lord and Saviour the Only Mediator between God and man in the flesh in the
unity and power and bond of love of the Holy Spirit our Paraclete, Most Holy
Angel of Almighty Counsel All Holy Almighty All Powerful Captain of the hosts
of the Lord going before us unto all salvation and sanctification and
deliverance and victory in everything at all times with all Your elect Doxas
especially St. Michael and St. Gabriel, Your brothers and sisters Christ Jesus
Our Only Lord and Saviour, all Your elect angels and saints for and with us
unceasingly with all thanksgiving we love You for You first loved us with all
thanksgiving unceasingly and now and always and unto the endless ages of ages
to come, we beseech You hear us</div>
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deliver us from all
tribulation. Amen<br />
<br />
<br /></div>
</span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">See: <a href="http://123sayyidah-parousia.blogspot.com/2011/12/traditional-catholic-prayers-hymn-for.html">Parousia of Jesus Christ Our Lord: Christmas - Joy to the world and peace to men of good will</a></span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">ALL OF THE CHURCH FATHERS TAUGHT LITERAL
CREATION. FROM ONE OF THE MOST WELL KNOWN OF THE CHURCH FATHERS, ST. AUGUSTINE
OF HIPPO, IN HIS "THE CITY OF GOD" (written from 412 A.D. to
426A.D.):<br />
<br />
<br />
BOOK XVIII.<br />
<br />
CHAP. 40.—SINCE IT IS ONLY LESS THAN SIX THOUSAND YEARS FROM CREATION BY GOD IT
IS ONLY DUE TO THE MOST MENDACIOUS VANITY OF THE EGYPTIANS, THAT THEY ASCRIBE
TO THEIR SCIENCE AN ANTIQUITY OF A HUNDRED THOUSAND YEARS.<br />
<br />
In vain, then, do some babble with most empty presumption, who say that
Egyptian astronomy has a history of more than a hundred thousand years! For in
what books have they collected that number who learned letters from Isis their
mistress, not much more than two thousand years ago? Varro, who has declared
this, is no small authority in history, and it does not disagree with the truth
of the divine books. For since six thousand years have not yet elapsed from the
days of Adam, the first man, are not those to be ridiculed rather than refuted
who try to persuade us of anything regarding a space of time so different from,
and contrary to, the ascertained truth?<br />
<br />
<br />
As for Einstein, who was a Talmudic Jew, he was the worst fake trying to pass
as a mathematician there ever was. His theory of relativity is false and has
been shown as false, but the politically correct insist on it because they
think it lets them live in an evolutionary universe where they can disregard
God’s laws on morality with impugnity. Also, the politically correct do in fact
like their “St. Einstein” because he gives them an excuse to believe in the
“Jewish Holocaust” and ignore the real holocaust that the Jews under Lenin and
Stalin and that Hitler – perpetrated against the Christian Slavic peoples in
order to murder them BECAUSE they were Christian, into the tens of millions!<br />
<br />
The so-called gassing with no bodies because of little backyard crematoria is a
total fabrication and out and out lies. Physically, it could not have happened.
Also, gassing without seals is a total bad joke. It is impossible. You would
kill those administering the gas. The Jews who claimed to have witnessed the
gassing and burning in ovens always insisted that there were no seals for the
gassing and the guards sat there just feet away with no breathing protection.
The Zyklon B was in fact used elsewhere for fumigating insects. Those Jews also
insisted that millions of people were incinerated in ovens (which ovens were
actually planted there after the war by Stalin and not there during the war).
Those ovens could not have handled even a tiny fraction of the people the Jews
lie and say were incinerated. The fake incineration is very convenient as it
gives them an excuse to ignore all the Jews that Hitler helped get out of <st1:country-region w:st="on">Germany</st1:country-region> and to <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Palestine</st1:place></st1:city> during the war. The reason for the
fake Jewish Holocaust was part of the Jews plan to invade <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Palestine</st1:place></st1:city> and set up the kingdom of their
false god, the Antichrist. So far they are successful. The German cover up
about statements in Mein Kampf to supposedly prove the holocaust by Germany
against the Jews are actually ghost written by a Jesuit to help the Jewish
Antichrist movement in order to gain power for the Jesuit interests.<br />
<br />
The actual physics that works is Newtonian (actually the product of the
Bernoullis, but the English had the political power so Isaac Newton, an early
freemason, got the credit).<br />
<br />
<br />
All the pagan and especially the Talmudic (which is total diabolic blaspheming
of God) systems are evolutionary. The evolutionary system is Talmudic. We know
better than to put any credence in that, as it blasphemes God.</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">St. Francis of <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Assisi</st1:place></st1:city></span></div>
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</span>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><b>Mira Circa Nos<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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</span>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">The Bull of Pope
Gregory IX canonizing St. Francis of <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Assisi</st1:city></st1:place>:</span></div>
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July 16, 1228</div>
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1. How wondrously considerate of us is God's pity! How
priceless a love of charity which would sacrifice a Son to redeem a slave! God
neither neglected the gifts of his mercy nor failed to protect uninterruptedly
the vineyard planted by his hand. He sent laborers into it at the eleventh hour
to cultivate it, and with their hoes and plowshares to uproot the thorns and
thistles, as did Samgar when he killed 600 Philistines (Judges 3: 31). After
the copious branches were pruned and the sucker roots with the briars were
pulled out, this vineyard will produce a luscious, appetizing fruit, one
capable of storage in the wine cellar of eternity, once purified in the
wine-press of patience. Wickedness had indeed blazed like fire, and the human
heart had grown cold, so as to destroy the wall surrounding this vineyard, just
as the attacking Philistines were destroyed by the poison of worldly pleasures.</div>
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2. Behold how the Lord, when he destroyed the earth by water, saved the just
man with a contemptible piece of wood (Wis. 10:4), did not allow the scepter of
the ungodly to fall upon the lot of the just (Ps 124:3). Now, at the eleventh
hour, he has called forth his servant, Blessed Francis, a man after his own
heart (I Sam 13: 14). This man was a light, despised by the rich, nonetheless
prepared for the appointed moment. Him the Lord sent into his vineyard to
uproot the thorns and thistles. God cast down this lamp before the attacking
Philistines, thus illumining his own land and with earnest exhortation warning
it to be reconciled with God.</div>
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3. On hearing within his soul his friend's voice of invitation Francis without
hesitation arose, and as another Samson strengthened by God's grace, shattered
the fetters of a flattering world. Filled with the zeal of the Spirit and seizing
the jawbone of an ass, he conquered not only a thousand, but many thousands of
Philistines (Judges 15: 15-16) by his simple preaching, unadorned with the
persuasive words of human wisdom (I Cor 1:17), and made forceful by the power
of God, who chooses the weak of this world to confound the strong (I Cor 1:17).
With the help of God he accomplished this: God who touches mountains and they
smoke (Ps 103:32), so bringing to spiritual service those who were once slaves
to the allurements of the flesh. For those who died to sin and live only for
God and not for themselves (namely, whose worse part has died), there flowed
from this jawbone an abundant stream of water: refreshing, cleansing, rendering
fruitful the fallen, downtrodden and thirsty. This river of water reaching unto
eternal life (Jn 7: 38), might be purchased without silver and without cost (Is
55:1), and like branches far and wide its rivulets watered the vineyard whose
branches extended unto the sea and its boughs unto the river (Ps 79:12).</div>
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4. After the example of our father Abraham, this man forgot not only his
country and acquaintances, but also his father's house, to go to a land which
the Lord had shown him by divine inspiration (Gen 12). Pushing aside any
obstacle he pressed on to win the prize of his heavenly call (Phil. 3:14).
Conforming himself to Him (Rom 8:29) who, though rich, for our sake became poor
(II Cor 8:9), he unburdened himself of a heavy load of material possessions so
as to pass easily through the narrow gate (Mt 7:13). He disbursed his wealth to
the poor, so that his justice might endure forever (Ps 111:9).</div>
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Nearing the land of vision he offered his own body as a
holocaust to the Lord upon one of the mountains indicated to him (Gen 22:2),
the mountain which is the excellence of faith. His flesh, which now and then
had tricked him, he sacrificed as Jephte his only daughter (Judges 11:34),
lighting under it the fire of love, punishing it with hunger, thirst, cold,
nakedness and with many fasts and vigils. When it had been crucified with its
vices and concupiscences (Gal 5:24), he could say with the Apostle: "I
live now, not I, but Christ lives in me" (Gal 2:20). For he really did not
live for himself any longer, but rather for Christ, who died for our sins and
rose for our justification (Rom 4:25), that we might no longer be slaves to sin
(Rom 6:6).</div>
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Uprooting his vices and like Jacob arising at the Lord's
command (Gen 35:1-11) he renounced wife and farm and oxen and all which might
distract those invited to the great feast (Lk 14:15-20), and took up the battle
with the world, the flesh and the spiritual forces of wickedness on high. And
as he had received the sevenfold grace of the Spirit and the help of the eight
beatitudes of the Gospel, he journeyed to <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Bethel</st1:place></st1:city>, the house of God, on a path which he
had traced in the fifteen steps of the virtues mystically represented in the
psalter (gradual psalms). After he had made of his heart an altar for the Lord,
he offered upon it the incense of devout prayers to be taken up to the Lord at
the hands of angels whose company he would soon join.</div>
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5. But that he might not be the only one to enjoy the blessings of the
mountain, clinging exclusively to the embraces of Rachel, as it were to a life
of contemplation lovely but sterile, he descended to the forbidden house of
Leah to lead into the desert the flock fertile with twins (Cant 4:2) and
seeking pastures of life Gen 29). There, where the manna of heavenly sweetness
restores all who have been separated from the noisy world, he would be seated
with the princes of his people and crowned with the crown of justice. Sowing
his seed in tears, he would come back rejoicing carrying his sheaves to the
storehouse of eternity (Ps 125:5-6).</div>
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Surely he sought not his own interests (Phil 2:21), but
those of Christ, serving Him zealously like the proverbial bee. As the morning
star in the midst of a cloud, and as the moon at the full (Eccles. 50,6), he
took in his hands a lamp with which to draw the humble by the example of his
glorious deeds, and a trumpet wherewith to recall the shameless with stern and
fearsome warnings from their wicked abandon.</div>
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Thus strengthened by charity he courageously took possession
of the Midianite camp (Judges 7:16-22), that is, the camp of those who
contemptuously disregard the teaching of the Church, with the support of Him
who encompassed the whole world by His authority, even while still cloistered
in the Virgin's womb. He captured the weapons on which the well-armed man
trusted while guarding his house and parceling out his spoils (Lk 11:21-22),
and he led captivity captive in submission to Jesus Christ (Eph 4:8).</div>
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6. After defeating the threefold earthly enemy, he did violence to the kingdom
of heaven and seized it by force (Mt 11:12). After many glorious battles in
this life he triumphed over the world, and he who was knowingly unlettered and
wisely foolish, happily returned to the Lord to take the first place before
many others more learned.</div>
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7. Plainly a life such as his, so holy, so passionate, so brilliant, was enough
to win him a place in the Church Triumphant. Yet, because the Church Militant,
which can only observe the outer appearances, does not presume to judge on its
own authority those not sharing its actual state, it proposes for veneration as
Saints only those whose lives on earth merited such, especially because an angel
of Satan sometimes transforms himself into an angel of light (II Cor 11:14). In
his generosity the omnipotent and merciful God has provided that the
aforementioned Servant of Christ did come and serve Him worthily and
commendably. Not permitting so great a light to remain hidden under a bushel,
but wishing to put it on a lampstand to console those dwelling in the house of
light (Mt 5:15), God declared through many brilliant miracles that his life has
been acceptable to God and his memory should be honored by the Church Militant.</div>
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8. Therefore, since the wondrous events of his glorious life are quite well
known to us because of the great familiarity he had with us while we still
occupied a lower rank, and since we are fully convinced by reliable witnesses
of the many brilliant miracles, we and the flock entrusted to us, by the mercy
of God, are confident of being assisted at his intercession and of having in
heaven a patron whose friendship we enjoyed on earth. With the consultation and
approval of our Brothers, we have decreed that he be enrolled in the catalogue
of saints worthy of veneration.</div>
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9. We decree that his birth be celebrated worthily and solemnly by the
universal Church on the fourth of October, the day on which he entered the
kingdom of heaven, freed from the prison of the flesh.</div>
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10. Hence, in the Lord we beg, admonish and exhort all of you, we command you
by this apostolic letter, that on this day reserved to honor his memory, you
dedicate yourselves more intensely to the divine praises, and humbly to implore
his patronage, so that through his intercession and merits you might be found
worthy of joining his company with the help of Him who is blessed forever. Amen.</div>
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<i>Given at <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Perugia</st1:place></st1:city>, on the fourteenth calends of August,
in the second year of our pontificate.<o:p></o:p></i></div>
</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: black;"><br /></span></i>
</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: black;">Pope Gregory IX quoted by Pope Pius X</span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: black;"><br /></span></i></span>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Gregory IX, addressed to some theologians of his time: “Some among you, puffed up like bladders with the spirit of vanity strive by profane novelties to cross the boundaries fixed by the Fathers, twisting the meaning of the sacred text…to the philosophical teaching of the rationalists, not for the profit of their hearer but to make a show of science…these men, led away by various and strange doctrines, turn the head into the tail and force the queen to serve the handmaid.”[10]</span></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br />10. Gregory IX Epist. ad Magistros theol. <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">paris</st1:place></st1:city>. July 7, 1223.</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Saint Francis of <st1:city w:st="on">Assisi</st1:city>, 1181 – October 3, 1226, brother of Catholics and Muslims, blessed peacemaker, worshipper of the true God Holy Trinity Adorable Unity Who created all that has been created, left the legacy of a restored faith in Europe and the <st1:place w:st="on">Middle East. That</st1:place> restored faith is that which lasted through the centuries and which allowed Pope Pius X to firmly declare the truth quoting Pope Gregory IX in doing so and show that evolution of religion and science and history are all condemned:</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">PASCENDI DOMINICI GREGIS</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">ON THE DOCTRINE OF THE MODERNISTS</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">ENCYCLICAL OF POPE PIUS X, SEPTEMBER 8, 1907</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">VENERABLE BRETHREN, HEALTH AND THE APOSTOLIC BLESSING:</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">1. One of the primary obligations assigned by Christ to the office divinely committed to Us of feeding the Lord's flock is that of guarding with the greatest vigilance the deposit of the faith delivered to the saints, rejecting the profane novelties of words and the gainsaying of knowledge falsely so called. There has never been a time when this watchfulness of the supreme pastor was not necessary to the Catholic body, for owing to the efforts of the enemy of the human race, there have never been lacking "men speaking perverse things,"1 "vain talkers and seducers,"2 "erring and driving into error."3 It must, however, be confessed that these latter days have witnessed a notable increase in the number of the enemies of the Cross of Christ, who, by arts entirely new and full of deceit, are striving to destroy the vital energy of the Church, and, as far as in them lies, utterly to subvert the very Kingdom of Christ. Wherefore We may no longer keep silence, lest We should seem to fail in Our most sacred duty, and lest the kindness that, in the hope of wiser counsels, We have hitherto shown them, should be set down to lack of diligence in the discharge of Our office.</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">2. That We should act without delay in this matter is made imperative especially by the fact that the partisans of error are to be sought not only among the Church's open enemies; but, what is to be most dreaded and deplored, in her very bosom, and are the more mischievous the less they keep in the open. We allude, Venerable Brethren, to many who belong to the Catholic laity, and, what is much more sad, to the ranks of the priesthood itself, who, animated by a false zeal for the Church, lacking the solid safeguards of philosophy and theology, nay more, thoroughly imbued with the poisonous doctrines taught by the enemies of the Church, and lost to all sense of modesty, put themselves forward as reformers of the Church; and, forming more boldly into line of attack, assail all that is most sacred in the work of Christ, not sparing even the Person of the Divine Redeemer, whom, with sacrilegious audacity, they degrade to the condition of a simple and ordinary man.</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">3. Although they express their astonishment that We should number them amongst the enemies of the Church, no one will be reasonably surprised that We should do so, if, leaving out of account the internal disposition of the soul, of which God alone is the Judge, he considers their tenets, their manner of speech, and their action. Nor indeed would he be wrong in regarding them as the most pernicious of all the adversaries of the Church. For, as We have said, they put into operation their designs for her undoing, not from without but from within. Hence, the danger is present almost in the very veins and heart of the Church, whose injury is the more certain from the very fact that their knowledge of her is more intimate. Moreover, they lay the ax not to the branches and shoots, but to the very root, that is, to the faith and its deepest fibers. And once having struck at this root of immortality, they proceed to diffuse poison through the whole tree, so that there is no part of Catholic truth which they leave untouched, none that they do not strive to corrupt. Further, none is more skillful, none more astute than they, in the employment of a thousand noxious devices; for they play the double part of rationalist and Catholic, and this so craftily that they easily lead the unwary into error; and as audacity is their chief characteristic, there is no conclusion of any kind from which they shrink or which they do not thrust forward with pertinacity and assurance To this must be added the fact, which indeed is well calculated to deceive souls, that they lead a life of the greatest activity, of assiduous and ardent application to every branch of learning, and that they possess, as a rule, a reputation for irreproachable morality. Finally, there is the fact which is all hut fatal to the hope of cure that their very doctrines have given such a bent to their minds, that they disdain all authority and brook no restraint; and relying upon a false conscience, they attempt to ascribe to a love of truth that which is in reality the result of pride and obstinacy.</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Once indeed We had hopes of recalling them to a better mind, and to this end We first of all treated them with kindness as Our children, then with severity; and at last We have had recourse, though with great reluctance, to public reproof. It is known to you, Venerable Brethren, how unavailing have been Our efforts. For a moment they have bowed their head, only to lift it more arrogantly than before. If it were a matter which concerned them alone, We might perhaps have overlooked it; but the security of the Catholic name is at stake. Wherefore We must interrupt a silence which it would be criminal to prolong, that We may point out to the whole Church, as they really are, men who are badly disguised.</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">4. It is one of the cleverest devices of the Modernists (as they are commonly and rightly called) to present their doctrines without order and systematic arrangement, in a scattered and disjointed manner, so as to make it appear as if their minds were in doubt or hesitation, whereas in reality they are quite fixed and steadfast. For this reason it will be of advantage, Venerable Brethren, to bring their teachings together here into one group, and to point out their interconnection, and thus to pass to an examination of the sources of the errors, and to prescribe remedies for averting the evil results.</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">5. To proceed in an orderly manner in this somewhat abstruse subject, it must first of all be noted that the Modernist sustains and includes within himself a manifold personality; he is a philosopher, a believer, a theologian, an historian, a critic, an apologist, a reformer. These roles must be clearly distinguished one from another by all who would accurately understand their system and thoroughly grasp the principles and the outcome of their doctrines.</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">6. We begin, then, with the philosopher. Modernists place the foundation of religious philosophy in that doctrine which is commonly called Agnosticism. According to this teaching human reason is confined entirely within the field of phenomena, that is to say, to things that appear, and in the manner in which they appear: it has neither the right nor the power to overstep these limits. Hence it is incapable of lifting itself up to God, and of recognizing His existence, even by means of visible things. From this it is inferred that God can never be the direct object of science, and that, as regards history, He must not be considered as an historical subject. Given these premises, everyone will at once perceive what becomes of Natural Theology, of the motives of credibility, of external revelation. The modernists simply sweep them entirely aside; they include them in Intellectualism, which they denounce as a system which is ridiculous and long since defunct. Nor does the fact that the Church has formally condemned these portentous errors exercise the slightest restraint upon them. Yet the Vatican Council has defined, "If anyone says that the one true God, our Creator and Lord, cannot be known with certainty by the natural light of human reason by means of the things that are made, let him be anathema";4 and also, "If anyone says that it is not possible or not expedient that man be taught, through the medium of divine revelation, about God and the worship to be paid Him, let him be anathema'';5 and finally, "If anyone says that divine revelation cannot be made credible by external signs, and that therefore men should be drawn to the faith only by their personal internal experience or by private inspiration, let him be anathema."6 It may be asked, in what way do the Modernists contrive to make the transition from Agnosticism, which is a state of pure nescience, to scientific and historic Atheism, which is a doctrine of positive denial; and consequently, by what legitimate process of reasoning, they proceed from the fact of ignorance as to whether God has in fact intervened in the history of the human race or not, to explain this history, leaving God out altogether, as if He really had not intervened. Let him answer who can. Yet it is a fixed and established principle among them that both science and history must be atheistic: and within their boundaries there is room for nothing but phenomena; God and all that is divine are utterly excluded. We shall soon see clearly what, as a consequence of this most absurd teaching, must be held touching the most sacred Person of Christ, and the mysteries of His life and death, and of His Resurrection and Ascension into Heaven.</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">7. However, this Agnosticism is only the negative part of the system of the Modernists: the positive part consists in what they call vital immanence. Thus they advance from one to the other. Religion, whether natural or supernatural, must, like every other fact, admit of some explanation. But when natural theology has been destroyed, and the road to revelation closed by the rejection of the arguments of credibility, and all external revelation absolutely denied, it is clear that this explanation will be sought in vain outside of man himself. It must, therefore, be looked for in man; and since religion is a form of life, the explanation must certainly be found in the life of man. In this way is formulated the principle of religious immanence. Moreover, the first actuation, so to speak, of every vital phenomenon -- and religion, as noted above, belongs to this category -- is due to a certain need or impulsion; but speaking more particularly of life, it has its origin in a movement of the heart, which movement is called a sense. Therefore, as God is the object of religion, we must conclude that faith, which is the basis and foundation of all religion, must consist in a certain interior sense, originating in a need of the divine. This need of the divine, which is experienced only in special and favorable circumstances. cannot of itself appertain to the domain of consciousness, but is first latent beneath consciousness, or, to borrow a term from modern philosophy, in the subconsciousness, where also its root lies hidden and undetected.</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">It may perhaps be asked how it is that this need of the divine which man experiences within himself resolves itself into religion? To this question the Modernist reply would be as follows: Science and history are confined within two boundaries, the one external, namely, the visible world, the other internal, which is consciousness. When one or other of these limits has been reached, there can be no further progress, for beyond is the unknowable. In presence of this unknowable, whether it is outside man and beyond the visible world of nature, or lies hidden within the subconsciousness, the need of the divine in a soul which is prone to religion excites -- according to the principles of Fideism, without any previous advertence of the mind -- a certain special sense, and this sense possesses, implied within itself both as its own object and as its intrinsic cause, the divine reality itself, and in a way unites man with God. It is this sense to which Modernists give the name of faith, and this is what they hold to be the beginning of religion.</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">8. But we have not yet reached the end of their philosophizing, or, to speak more accurately, of their folly. Modernists find in this sense not only faith, but in and with faith, as they understand it, they affirm that there is also to be found revelation. For, indeed, what more is needed to constitute a revelation? Is not that religious sense which is perceptible in the conscience, revelation, or at least the beginning of revelation? Nay, is it not God Himself manifesting Himself, indistinctly, it is true, in this same religious sense, to the soul? And they add: Since God is both the object and the cause of faith, this revelation is at the same time of God and from God, that is to say, God is both the Revealer and the Revealed.</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">From this, Venerable Brethren, springs that most absurd tenet of the Modernists, that every religion, according to the different aspect under which it is viewed, must be considered as both natural and supernatural. It is thus that they make consciousness and revelation synonymous. From this they derive the law laid down as the universal standard, according to which religious consciousness is to be put on an equal footing with revelation, and that to it all must submit, even the supreme authority of the Church, whether in the capacity of teacher, or in that of legislator in the province of sacred liturgy or discipline.</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">9. In all this process, from which, according to the Modernists, faith and revelation spring, one point is to be particularly noted, for it is of capital importance on account of the historicocritical corollaries which they deduce from it. The unknowable they speak of does not present itself to faith as something solitary and isolated; hut on the contrary in close conjunction with some phenomenon, which, though it belongs to the realms of science or history, yet to some extent exceeds their limits. Such a phenomenon may be a fact of nature containing within itself something mysterious; or it may be a man, whose character, actions, and words cannot, apparently, be reconciled with the ordinary laws of history. Then faith, attracted by the unknowable which is united with the phenomenon, seizes upon the whole phenomenon, and, as it were, permeates it with its own life. From this two things follow. The first is a sort of transfiguration of the phenomenon, by its elevation above its own true conditions, an elevation by which it becomes more adapted to clothe itself with the form of the divine character which faith will bestow upon it. The second consequence is a certain disfiguration -- so it may be called -- of the same phenomenon, arising from the fact that faith attributes to it, when stripped of the circumstances of place and time, characteristics which it does not really possess; and this takes place especially in the case of the phenomena of the past, and the more fully in the measure of their antiquity. From these two principles the Modernists deduce two laws, which, when united with a third which they have already derived from agnosticism, constitute the foundation of historic criticism. An example may be sought in the Person of Christ. In the Person of Christ, they say, science and history encounter nothing that is not human. Therefore, in virtue of the first canon deduced from agnosticism, whatever there is in His history suggestive of the divine must be rejected. Then, according to the second canon, the historical Person of Christ was transfigured by faith; therefore everything that raises it above historical conditions must be removed. Lastly, the third canon, which lays down that the Person of Christ has been disfigured by faith, requires that everything should be excluded, deeds and words and all else, that is not in strict keeping with His character, condition, and education, and with the place and time in which He lived. A method of reasoning which is passing strange, but in it we have the Modernist criticism.</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">10. It is thus that the religious sense, which through the agency of vital immanence emerges from the lurking-places of the subconsciousness, is the germ of all religion, and the explanation of everything that has been or ever will be in any religion. This sense, which was at first only rudimentary and almost formless, under the influence of that mysterious principle from which it originated, gradually matured with the progress of human life, of which, as has been said, it is a certain form. This, then, is the origin of all. even of supernatural religion. For religions are mere developments of this religious sense. Nor is the Catholic religion an exception; it is quite on a level with the rest; for it was engendered, by the process of vital immanence, and by no other way, in the consciousness of Christ, who was a man of the choicest nature, whose like has never been, nor will be. In hearing these things we shudder indeed at so great an audacity of assertion and so great a sacrilege. And yet, Venerable Brethren, these are not merely the foolish babblings of unbelievers. There are Catholics, yea, and priests too, who say these things openly; and they boast that they are going to reform the Church by these ravings! The question is no longer one of the old error which claimed for human nature a sort of right to the supernatural. It has gone far beyond that, and has reached the point when it is affirmed that our most holy religion, in the man Christ as in us, emanated from nature spontaneously and of itself. Nothing assuredly could be more utterly destructive of the whole supernatural order. For this reason the Vatican Council most justly decreed: "If anyone says that man cannot be raised by God to a knowledge and perfection which surpasses nature, but that he can and should, by his own efforts and by a constant development, attain finally to the possession of all truth and good, let him be anathema."7</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">11. So far, Venerable Brethren, there has been no mention of the intellect. It also, according to the teaching of the Modernists, has its part in the act of faith. And it is of importance to see how. In that sense of which We have frequently spoken, since sense is not knowledge, they say God, indeed, presents Himself to man, but in a manner so confused and indistinct that He can hardly be perceived by the believer. It is therefore necessary that a certain light should be cast upon this sense so that God may clearly stand out in relief and be set apart from it. This is the task of the intellect, whose office it is to reflect and to analyze; and by means of it, man first transforms into mental pictures the vital phenomena which arise within him, and then expresses them in words. Hence the common saying of Modernists: that the religious man must think his faith. The mind then, encountering this .sense, throws itself upon it, and works in it after the manner of a painter who restores to greater clearness the lines of a picture that have been dimmed with age. The simile is that of one of the leaders of Modernism. The operation of the mind in this work is a double one: first, by a natural and spontaneous act it expresses its concept in a simple, popular statement; then, on reflection and deeper consideration, or, as they say, by elaborating its thought, it expresses the idea in secondary propositions, which are derived from the first, but are more precise and distinct. These secondary propositions, if they finally receive the approval of the supreme magisterium of the Church, constitute dogma.</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">12. We have thus reached one of the principal points in the Modernist's system, namely, the origin and the nature of dogma. For they place the origin of dogma in those primitive and simple formulas, which, under a certain aspect, are necessary to faith; for revelation, to be truly such, requires the clear knowledge of God in the consciousness. But dogma itself, they apparently hold, strictly consists in the secondary formulas .</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">To ascertain the nature of dogma, we must first find the relation which exists between the religious formulas and the religious sense. This will be readily perceived by anyone who holds that these formulas have no other purpose than to furnish the believer with a means of giving to himself an account of his faith. These formulas therefore stand midway between the believer and his faith; in their relation to the faith they are the inadequate expression of its object, and are usually called symbols; in their relation to the believer they are mere instruments.</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Hence it is quite impossible to maintain that they absolutely contain the truth: for, in so far as they are symbols, they are the images of truth, and so must be adapted to the religious sense in its relation to man; and as instruments, they are the vehicles of truth, and must therefore in their turn be adapted to man in his relation to the religious sense. But the object of the religious sense, as something contained in the absolute, possesses an infinite variety of aspects, of which now one, now another, may present itself. In like manner he who believes can avail himself of varying conditions. Consequently, the formulas which we call dogma must be subject to these vicissitudes, and are, therefore, liable to change. Thus the way is open to the intrinsic evolution of dogma. Here we have an immense structure of sophisms which ruin and wreck all religion.</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">13. Dogma is not only able, but ought to evolve and to be changed. This is strongly affirmed by the Modernists, and clearly flows from their principles. For among the chief points of their teaching is the following, which they deduce from the principle of vital immanence, namely, that religious formulas if they are to be really religious and not merely intellectual speculations, ought to be living and to live the life of the religious sense. This is not to be understood to mean that these formulas, especially if merely imaginative, were to be invented for the religious sense. Their origin matters nothing, any more than their number or quality. What is necessary is that the religious sense -- with some modification when needful -- should vitally assimilate them. In other words, it is necessary that the primitive formula be accepted and sanctioned by the heart; and similarly the subsequent work from which are brought forth the .secondary formulas must proceed under the guidance of the heart. Hence it comes that these formulas, in order to be living, should be, and should remain, adapted to the faith and to him who believes. Wherefore, if for any reason this adaptation should cease to exist, they lose their first meaning and accordingly need to be changed. In view of the fact that the character and lot of dogmatic formulas are so unstable, it is no wonder that Modernists should regard them so lightly and in such open disrespect, and have no consideration or praise for anything but the religious sense and for the religious life. In this way, with consummate audacity, they criticize the Church, as having strayed from the true path by failing to distinguish between the religious and moral sense of formulas and their surface meaning, and by clinging vainly and tenaciously to meaningless formulas, while religion itself is allowed to go to ruin. "Blind'- they are, and "leaders of the blind" puffed up with the proud name of science, they have reached that pitch of folly at which they pervert the eternal concept of truth and the true meaning of religion; in introducing a new system in which "they are seen to be under the sway of a blind and unchecked passion for novelty, thinking not at all of finding some solid foundation of truth, but despising the holy and apostolic traditions, they embrace other and vain, futile, uncertain doctrines, unapproved by the Church, on which, in the height of their vanity, they think they can base and maintain truth itself."8</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">14. Thus far, Venerable Brethren, We have considered the Modernist as a philosopher. Now if We proceed to consider him as a believer, and seek to know how the believer, according to Modernism, is marked off from the philosopher, it must be observed that, although the philosopher recognizes the reality of the divine as the object of faith, still this reality is not to be found by him but in the heart of the believer, as an object of feeling and affirmation, and therefore confined within the sphere of phenomena; but the question as to whether in itself it exists outside that feeling and affirmation is one which the philosopher passes over and neglects. For the Modernist believer, on the contrary, it is an established and certain fact that the reality of the divine does really exist in itself and quite independently of the person who believes in it. If you ask on what foundation this assertion of the believer rests, he answers: In the personal experience of the individual. On this head the Modernists differ from the Rationalists only to fall into the views of the Protestants and pseudo-mystics. The following is their manner of stating the question: In the religious sense one must recognize a kind of intuition of the heart which puts man in immediate contact with the reality of God, and infuses such a persuasion of God's existence and His action both within and without man as far to exceed any scientific conviction. They assert, therefore, the existence of a real experience, and one of a kind that surpasses all rational experience. If this experience is denied by some, like the Rationalists, they say that this arises from the fact that such persons are unwilling to put themselves in the moral state necessary to produce it. It is this experience which makes the person who acquires it to be properly and truly a believer.</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">How far this position is removed from that of Catholic teaching! We have already seen how its fallacies have been condemned by the Vatican Council. Later on, we shall see how these errors, combined with those which we have already mentioned, open wide the way to Atheism. Here it is well to note at once that, given this doctrine of experience united with that of symbolism, every religion, even that of paganism, must be held to be true. What is to prevent such experiences from being found in any religion? In fact, that they are so is maintained by not a few. On what grounds can Modernists deny the truth of an experience affirmed by a follower of Islam? Will they claim a monopoly of true experiences for Catholics alone? Indeed, Modernists do not deny, but actually maintain, some confusedly, others frankly, that all religions are true. That they cannot feel otherwise is obvious. For on what ground, according to their theories, could falsity be predicated of any religion whatsoever? Certainly it would be either on account of the falsity of the religious .sense or on account of the falsity of the formula pronounced by the mind. Now the religious sense, although it maybe more perfect or less perfect, is always one and the same; and the intellectual formula, in order to be true, has but to respond to the religious sense and to the believer, whatever be the intellectual capacity of the latter. In the conflict between different religions, the most that Modernists can maintain is that the Catholic has more truth because it is more vivid, and that it deserves with more reason the name of Christian because it corresponds more fully with the origins of Christianity. No one will find it unreasonable that these consequences flow from the premises. But what is most amazing is that there are Catholics and priests, who, We would fain believe, abhor such enormities, and yet act as if they fully approved of them. For they lavish such praise and bestow such public honor on the teachers of these errors as to convey the belief that their admiration is not meant merely for the persons, who are perhaps not devoid of a certain merit, but rather for the sake of the errors which these persons openly profess and which they do all in their power to propagate.</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">15. There is yet another element in this part of their teaching which is absolutely contrary to Catholic truth. For what is laid down as to experience is also applied with destructive effect to tradition, which has always been maintained by the Catholic Church. Tradition, as understood by the Modernists, is a communication with others of an original experience, through preaching by means of the intellectual formula. To this formula, in addition to its representative value they attribute a species of suggestive efficacy which acts firstly in the believer by stimulating the religious sense, should it happen to have grown sluggish, and by renewing the experience once acquired, and secondly, in those who do not yet believe by awakening in them for the first time the religious sense and producing the experience. In this way is religious experience spread abroad among the nations; and not merely among contemporaries by preaching, but among future generations both by books and by oral transmission from one to another. Sometimes this communication of religious experience takes root and thrives, at other times it withers at once and dies. For the Modernists, to live is a proof of truth, since for them life and truth are one and the same thing. Thus we are once more led to infer that all existing religions are equally true, for otherwise they would not survive.</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">16. We have proceeded sufficiently far, Venerable Brethren, to have before us enough, and more than enough, to enable us to see what are the relations which Modernists establish between faith and science -- including, as they are wont to do under that name, history. And in the first place it is to be held that the object-matter of the one is quite extraneous to and separate from the object-matter of the other. For faith occupies itself solely with something which science declares to be for it unknowable. Hence each has a separate scope assigned to it: science is entirely concerned with phenomena, into which faith does not at all enter; faith, on the contrary, concerns itself with the divine, which is entirely unknown to science. Thus it is contended that there can never be any dissension between faith and science, for if each keeps on its own ground they can never meet and therefore never can be in contradiction. And if it be objected that in the visible world there are some things which appertain to faith, such as the human life of Christ, the Modernists reply by denying this. For though such things come within the category of phenomena, still in as far as they are lived by faith and in the way already described have been by faith transfigured and disfigured, they have been removed from the world of sense and transferred into material for the divine. Hence should it be further asked whether Christ has wrought real miracles, and made real prophecies, whether He rose truly from the dead and ascended into Heaven, the answer of agnostic science will be in the negative and the answer of faith in the affirmative yet there will not be, on that account, any conflict between them. For it will be denied by the philosopher as a philosopher speaking to philosophers and considering Christ only in historical reality; and it will be affirmed by the believer as a believer speaking to believers and considering the life of Christ as lived again by the faith and in the faith.</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">17. It would be a great mistake, nevertheless, to suppose that, according to these theories, one is allowed to believe that faith and science are entirely independent of each other. On the side of science that is indeed quite true and correct, but it is quite otherwise with regard to faith, which is subject to science, not on one but on three grounds. For in the first place it must be observed that in every religious fact, when one takes away the divine reality and the experience of it which the believer possesses, everything else, and especially the religious formulas, belongs to the sphere of phenomena and therefore falls under the control of science. Let the believer go out of the world if he will, but so long as he remains in it, whether he like it or not, he cannot escape from the laws, the observation, the judgments of science and of history. Further, although it is contended that God is the object of faith alone, the statement refers only to the divine reality, not to the idea of God. The latter also is subject to science which, while it philosophizes in what is called the logical order, soars also to the absolute and the ideal. It is therefore the right of philosophy and of science to form its knowledge concerning the idea of God, to direct it in its evolution and to purify it of any extraneous elements which may have entered into it. Hence we have the Modernist axiom that the religious evolution ought to be brought into accord with the moral and intellectual, or as one whom they regard as their leader has expressed it, ought to be subject to it. Finally, man does not suffer a dualism to exist in himself, and the believer therefore feels within him an impelling need so to harmonize faith with science that it may never oppose the general conception which science sets forth concerning the universe.</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Thus it is evident that science is to be entirely independent of faith, while on the other hand, and notwithstanding that they are supposed to be strangers to each other, faith is made subject to science. All this, Venerable Brethren, is in formal opposition to the teachings of Our predecessor, Pius IX, where he lays it down that: "In matters of religion it is the duty of philosophy not to command but to serve, not to prescribe what is to be believed, but to embrace what is to be believed with reasonable obedience, not to scrutinize the depths of the mysteries of God, but to venerate them devoutly and humbly."9</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">The Modernists completely invert the parts, and of them may be applied the words which another of Our predecessors Gregory IX, addressed to some theologians of his time: "Some among you, puffed up like bladders with the spirit of vanity strive by profane novelties to cross the boundaries fixed by the Fathers, twisting the meaning of the sacred text...to the philosophical teaching of the rationalists, not for the profit of their hearer but to make a show of science...these men, led away by various and strange doctrines, turn the head into the tail and force the queen to serve the handmaid."10</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">18. This will appear more clearly to anybody who studies the conduct of Modernists, which is in perfect harmony with their teachings. In their writings and addresses they seem not unfrequently to advocate doctrines which are contrary one to the other, so that one would be disposed to regard their attitude as double and doubtful. But this is done deliberately and advisedly, and the reason of it is to be found in their opinion as to the mutual separation of science and faith. Thus in their books one finds some things which might well be approved by a Catholic, but on turning over the page one is confronted by other things which might well have been dictated by a rationalist. When they write history they make no mention of the divinity of Christ, but when they are in the pulpit they profess it clearly; again, when they are dealing with history they take no account of the Fathers and the Councils, but when they catechize the people, they cite them respectfully. In the same way they draw their distinctions between exegesis which is theological and pastoral and exegesis which is scientific and historical. So, too, when they treat of philosophy, history, and criticism, acting on the principle that science in no way depends upon faith, they feel no especial horror in treading in the footsteps of Luther11 and are wont to display a manifold contempt for Catholic doctrines, for the Holy Fathers, for the Ecumenical Councils, for the ecclesiastical magisterium; and should they be taken to task for this, they complain that they are being deprived of their liberty. Lastly, maintaining the theory that faith must be subject to science, they continuously and openly rebuke the Church on the ground that she resolutely refuses to submit and accommodate her dogmas to the opinions of philosophy; while they, on their side, having for this purpose blotted out the old theology, endeavor to introduce a new theology which shall support the aberrations of philosophers.</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">19. At this point, Venerable Brethren, the way is opened for us to consider the Modernists in the theological arena -- a difficult task, yet one that may be disposed of briefly. It is a question of effecting the conciliation of faith with science, but always by making the one subject to the other. In this matter the Modernist theologian takes exactly the same principles which we have seen employed by the Modernist philosopher -- the principles of immanence and symbolism -- and applies them to the believer. The process is an extremely simple one. The philosopher has declared: The principle of faith is immanent; the believer has added: This principle is God; and the theologian draws the conclusion: God is immanent in man. Thus we have theological immanence. So, too, the philosopher regards it as certain that the representations of the object of faith are merely symbolical; the believer has likewise affirmed that the object of faith is God in himself; and the theologian proceeds to affirm that: The representations of the divine reality are symbolical. And thus we have theological symbolism. These errors are truly of the gravest kind and the pernicious character of both will be seen clearly from an examination of their consequences. For, to begin with symbolism, since symbols are but symbols in regard to their objects and only instruments in regard to the believer, it is necessary first of all, according to the teachings of the Modernists, that the believer does not lay too much stress on the formula, as formula, but avail himself of it only for the purpose of uniting himself to the absolute truth which the formula at once reveals and conceals, that is to say, endeavors to express but without ever succeeding in doing so. They would also have the believer make use of the formulas only in as far as they are helpful to him, for they are given to be a help and not a hindrance; with proper regard, however, for the social respect due to formulas which the public magisterium has deemed suitable for expressing the common consciousness until such time as the same magisterium shall provide otherwise. Concerning immanence it is not easy to determine what Modernists precisely mean by it, for their own opinions on the subject vary. Some understand it in the sense that God working in man is more intimately present in him than man is even in himself; and this conception, if properly understood, is irreproachable. Others hold that the divine action is one with the action of nature, as the action of the first cause is one with the action of the secondary cause; and this would destroy the supernatural order. Others, finally, explain it in a way which savors of pantheism, and this, in truth, is the sense which best fits in with the rest of their doctrines.</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">20. With this principle of immanence is connected another which may be called the principle of divine permanence. It differs from the first in much the same way as the private experience differs from the experience transmitted by tradition. An example illustrating what is meant will be found in the Church and the sacraments. The Church and the sacraments according to the Modernists, are not to be regarded as having been instituted by Christ Himself. This is barred by agnosticism, which recognizes in Christ nothing more than a man whose religious consciousness has been, like that of all men, formed by degrees; it is also barred by the law of immanence, which rejects what they call external application; it is further barred by the law of evolution, which requires, for the development of the germs, time and a certain series of circumstances; it is finally, barred by history, which shows that such in fact has been the course of things. Still it is to he held that both Church and sacraments have been founded mediately by Christ. But how? In this way: All Christian consciences were, they affirm, in a manner virtually included in the conscience of Christ as the plant is included in the seed. But as the branches live the life of the seed, so, too, all Christians are to be said to live the life of Christ. But the life of Christ, according to faith, is divine, and so, too, is the life of Christians. And if this life produced, in the course of ages, both the Church and the sacraments, it is quite right to say that their origin is from Christ and is divine. In the same way they make out that the Holy Scriptures and the dogmas are divine. And in this, the Modernist theology may be said to reach its completion. A slender provision, in truth, but more than enough for the theologian who professes that the conclusions of science, whatever they may be, must always be accepted! No one will have any difficulty in making the application of these theories to the other points with which We propose to deal.</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">21. Thus far We have touched upon the origin and nature of faith. But as faith has many branches, and chief among them the Church, dogma, worship, devotions, the Books which we call "sacred," it concerns us to know what the Modernists teach concerning them. To begin with dogma, We have already indicated its origin and nature. Dogma is born of a sort of impulse or necessity by virtue of which the believer elaborates his thought so as to render it clearer to his own conscience and that of others. This elaboration consists entirely in the process of investigating and refining the primitive mental formula, not indeed in itself and according to any logical explanation, but according to circumstances, or vitally as the Modernists somewhat less intelligibly describe it. Hence it happens that around this primitive formula secondary formulas, as We have already indicated, gradually continue to be formed, and these subsequently grouped into one body, or one doctrinal construction and further sanctioned by the public magisterium as responding to the common consciousness, are called dogma. Dogma is to be carefully distinguished from the speculations of theologians which, although not alive with the life of dogma, are not without their utility as serving both to harmonize religion with science and to remove opposition between them, and to illumine and defend religion from without, and it may be even to prepare the matter for future dogma. Concerning worship there would not be much to be said, were it not that under this head are comprised the sacraments, concerning which the Modernist errors are of the most serious character. For them the sacraments are the resultant of a double impulse or need -- for, as we have seen, everything in their system is explained by inner impulses or necessities. The first need is that of giving some sensible manifestation to religion; the second is that of expressing it, which could not be done without some sensible form and consecrating acts, and these are called sacraments. But for the Modernists, sacraments are bare symbols or signs, though not devoid of a certain efficacy -- an efficacy, they tell us, like that of certain phrases vulgarly described as having caught the popular ear, inasmuch as they have the power of putting certain leading ideas into circulation, and of making a marked impression upon the mind. What the phrases are to the ideas, that the sacraments are to the religious sense, that and nothing more. The Modernists would express their mind more clearly were they to affirm that the sacraments are instituted solely to foster the faith but this is condemned by the Council of Trent: If anyone says that these sacraments are instituted solely to foster the faith, let him be anathema.12</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">22. We have already touched upon the nature and origin of the Sacred Books. According to the principles of the Modernists they may be rightly described as a summary of experiences, not indeed of the kind that may now and again come to anybody, but those extraordinary and striking experiences which are the possession of every religion. And this is precisely what they teach about our books of the Old and New Testament. But to suit their own theories they note with remarkable ingenuity that, although experience is something belonging to the present, still it may draw its material in like manner from the past and the future inasmuch as the believer by memory lives the past over again after the manner of the present, and lives the future already by anticipation. This explains how it is that the historical and apocalyptic books are included among the Sacred Writings. God does indeed speak in these books through the medium of the believer, but according to Modernist theology, only by immanence and vital permanence. We may ask, what then becomes of inspiration? Inspiration, they reply, is in nowise distinguished from that impulse which stimulates the believer to reveal the faith that is in him by words of writing, except perhaps by its vehemence. It is something like that which happens in poetical inspiration, of which it has been said: There is a God in us, and when he stirreth he sets us afire. It is in this sense that God is said to be the origin of the inspiration of the Sacred Books. The Modernists moreover affirm concerning this inspiration, that there is nothing in the Sacred Books which is devoid of it. In this respect some might be disposed to consider them as more orthodox than certain writers in recent times who somewhat restrict inspiration, as, for instance, in what have been put forward as so-called tacit citations. But in all this we have mere verbal conjuring. For if we take the Bible, according to the standards of agnosticism, namely, as a human work, made by men for men, albeit the theologian is allowed to proclaim that it is divine by immanence, what room is there left in it for inspiration? The Modernists assert a general inspiration of the Sacred Books, but they admit no inspiration in the Catholic sense.</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">23. A wider field for comment is opened when we come to what the Modernist school has imagined to be the nature of the Church. They begin with the supposition that the Church has its birth in a double need; first, the need of the individual believer to communicate his faith to others, especially if he has had some original and special experience, and secondly, when the faith has become common to many, the need of the collectivity to form itself into a society and to guard, promote, and propagate the common good. What, then, is the Church? It is the product of the collective conscience, that is to say, of the association of individual consciences which, by virtue of the principle of vital permanence, depend all on one first believer, who for Catholics is Christ. Now every society needs a directing authority to guide its members towards the common end, to foster prudently the elements of cohesion, which in a religious society are doctrine and worship. Hence the triple authority in the Catholic Church, disciplinary, dogmatic, liturgical. The nature of this authority is to be gathered from its origin, and its rights and duties from its nature. In past times it was a common error that authority came to the Church from without, that is to say directly from God; and it was then rightly held to be autocratic. But this conception has now grown obsolete. For in the same way as the Church is a vital emanation of the collectivity of consciences, so too authority emanates vitally from the Church itself. Authority, therefore, like the Church, has its origin in the religious conscience, and, that being so, is subject to it. Should it disown this dependence it becomes a tyranny. For we are living in an age when the sense of liberty has reached its highest development. In the civil order the public conscience has introduced popular government. Now there is in man only one conscience, just as there is only one life. It is for the ecclesiastical authority, therefore, to adopt a democratic form, unless it wishes to provoke and foment an intestine conflict in the consciences of mankind. The penalty of refusal is disaster. For it is madness to think that the sentiment of liberty, as it now obtains, can recede. Were it forcibly pent up and held in bonds, the more terrible would be its outburst, sweeping away at once both Church and religion. Such is the situation in the minds of the Modernists, and their one great anxiety is, in consequence, to find a way of conciliation between the authority of the Church and the liberty of the believers.</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">24. But it is not only within her own household that the Church must come to terms. Besides her relations with those within, she has others with those who are outside. The Church does not occupy the world all by herself; there are other societies in the world., with which she must necessarily have dealings and contact. The rights and duties of the Church towards civil societies must, therefore, be determined, and determined, of course, by her own nature, that, to wit, which the Modernists have already described to us. The rules to be applied in this matter are clearly those which have been laid down for science and faith, though in the latter case the question turned upon the object, while in the present case we have one of ends. In the same way, then, as faith and science are alien to each other by reason of the diversity of their objects, Church and State are strangers by reason of the diversity of their ends, that of the Church being spiritual while that of the State is temporal. Formerly it was possible to subordinate the temporal to the spiritual and to speak of some questions as mixed, conceding to the Church the position of queen and mistress in all such, because the Church was then regarded as having been instituted immediately by God as the author of the supernatural order. But this doctrine is today repudiated alike by philosophers and historians. The state must, therefore, be separated from the Church, and the Catholic from the citizen. Every Catholic, from the fact that he is also a citizen, has the right and the duty to work for the common good in the way he thinks best, without troubling himself about the authority of the Church, without paying any heed to its wishes, its counsels, its orders -- nay, even in spite of its rebukes. For the Church to trace out and prescribe for the citizen any line of action, on any pretext whatsoever, is to be guilty of an abuse of authority, against which one is bound to protest with all one's might. Venerable Brethren, the principles from which these doctrines spring have been solemnly condemned by Our predecessor, Pius VI, in his Apostolic Constitution Auctorem fidei.13</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">25. But it is not enough for the Modernist school that the State should be separated from the Church. For as faith is to be subordinated to science as far as phenomenal elements are concerned, so too in temporal matters the Church must be subject to the State. This, indeed, Modernists may not yet say openly, but they are forced by the logic of their position to admit it. For granted the principle that in temporal matters the State possesses the sole power, it will follow that when the believer, not satisfied with merely internal acts of religion, proceeds to external acts -- such for instance as the reception or administration of the sacraments -- these will fall under the control of the State. What will then become of ecclesiastical authority, which can only be exercised by external acts? Obviously it will be completely under the dominion of the State. It is this inevitable consequence which urges many among liberal Protestants to reject all external worship -- nay, all external religious fellowship, and leads them to advocate what they call individual religion. If the Modernists have not yet openly proceeded so far, they ask the Church in the meanwhile to follow of her own accord in the direction in which they urge her and to adapt herself to the forms of the State. Such are their ideas about disciplinary authority. But much more evil and pernicious are their opinions on doctrinal and dogmatic authority. The following is their conception of the magisterium of the Church: No religious society, they say, can be a real unit unless the religious conscience of its members be one, and also the formula which they adopt. But this double unity requires a kind of common mind whose office is to find and determine the formula that corresponds best with the common conscience; and it must have, moreover, an authority sufficient to enable it to impose on the community the formula which has been decided upon. From the combination and, as it were, fusion of these two elements, the common mind which draws up the formula and the authority which imposes it, arises, according to the Modernists, the notion of the ecclesiastical magisterium. And, as this magisterium springs, in its last analysis, from the individual consciences and possesses its mandate of public utility for their benefit, it necessarily follows that the ecclesiastical magisterium must be dependent upon them, and should therefore be made to bow to the popular ideals. To prevent individual consciences from expressing freely and openly the impulses they feel, to hinder criticism from urging forward dogma in the path of its necessary evolution, is not a legitimate use but an abuse of a power given for the public weal. So too a due method and measure must be observed in the exercise of authority. To condemn and proscribe a work without the knowledge of the author, without hearing his explanations, without discussion, is something approaching to tyranny. And here again it is a question of finding a way of reconciling the full rights of authority on the one hand and those of liberty on the other. In the meantime the proper course for the Catholic will be to proclaim publicly his profound respect for authority, while never ceasing to follow his own judgment. Their general direction for the Church is as follows: that the ecclesiastical authority, since its end is entirely spiritual, should strip itself of that external pomp which adorns it in the eyes of the public. In this, they forget that while religion is for the soul, it is not exclusively for the soul, and that the honor paid to authority is reflected back on Christ who instituted it.</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">26. To conclude this whole question of faith and its various branches, we have still to consider, Venerable Brethren, what the Modernists have to say about the development of the one and the other. First of all they lay down the general principle that in a living religion everything is subject to change, and must in fact be changed. In this way they pass to what is practically their principal doctrine, namely, evolution. To the laws of evolution everything is subject under penalty of death -- dogma, Church, worship, the Books we revere as sacred, even faith itself. The enunciation of this principle will not be a matter of surprise to anyone who bears in mind what the Modernists have had to say about each of these subjects. Having laid down this law of evolution, the Modernists themselves teach us how it operates. And first, with regard to faith. The primitive form of faith, they tell us, was rudimentary and common to all men alike, for it had its origin in human nature and human life. Vital evolution brought with it progress, not by the accretion of new and purely adventitious forms from without, but by an increasing perfusion of the religious sense into the conscience. The progress was of two kinds: negative, by the elimination of all extraneous elements, such, for example, as those derived from the family or nationality; and positive, by that intellectual and moral refining of man, by means of which the idea of the divine became fuller and clearer, while the religious sense became more acute. For the progress of faith the same causes are to be assigned as those which are adduced above to explain its origin. But to them must be added those extraordinary men whom we call prophets -- of whom Christ was the greatest -- both because in their lives and their words there was something mysterious which faith attributed to the divinity, and because it fell to their lot to have new and original experiences fully in harmony with the religious needs of their time. The progress of dogma is due chiefly to the fact that obstacles to the faith have to be surmounted, enemies have to be vanquished, and objections have to be refuted. Add to this a perpetual striving to penetrate ever more profoundly into those things which are contained in the mysteries of faith. Thus, putting aside other examples, it is found to have happened in the case of Christ: in Him that divine something which faith recognized in Him was slowly and gradually expanded in such a way that He was at last held to be God. The chief stimulus of the evolution of worship consists in the need of accommodation to the manners and customs of peoples, as well as the need of availing itself of the value which certain acts have acquired by usage. Finally, evolution in the Church itself is fed by the need of adapting itself to historical conditions and of harmonizing itself with existing forms of society. Such is their view with regard to each. And here, before proceeding further, We wish to draw attention to this whole theory of necessities or needs, for beyond all that we have seen, it is, as it were, the base and foundation of that famous method which they describe as historical.</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">27. Although evolution is urged on by needs or necessities, yet, if controlled by these alone, it would easily overstep the boundaries of tradition, and thus, separated from its primitive vital principle, would make for ruin instead of progress. Hence, by those who study more closely the ideas of the Modernists, evolution is described as a resultant from the conflict of two forces, one of them tending towards progress, the other towards conservation. The conserving force exists in the Church and is found in tradition; tradition is represented by religious authority, and this both by right and in fact. By right, for it is in the very nature of authority to protect tradition: and in fact, since authority, raised as it is above the contingencies of life, feels hardly, or not at all, the spurs of progress. The progressive force, on the contrary, which responds to the inner needs, lies in the individual consciences and works in them -- especially in such of them as are in more close and intimate contact with life. Already we observe, Venerable Brethren, the introduction of that most pernicious doctrine which would make of the laity the factor of progress in the Church. Now it is by a species of covenant and compromise between these two forces of conservation and progress, that is to say between authority and individual consciences, that changes and advances take place. The individual consciences, or some of them, act on the collective conscience, which brings pressure to bear on the depositories of authority to make terms and to keep to them.</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">With all this in mind, one understands how it is that the Modernists express astonishment when they are reprimanded or punished. What is imputed to them as a fault they regard as a sacred duty. They understand the needs of consciences better than anyone else, since they come into closer touch with them than does the ecclesiastical authority. Nay, they embody them, so to speak, in themselves. Hence, for them to speak and to write publicly is a bounden duty. Let authority rebuke them if it pleases -- they have their own conscience on their side and an intimate experience which tells them with certainty that what they deserve is not blame but praise. Then they reflect that, after all, there is no progress without a battle and no battle without its victims; and victims they are willing to be like the prophets and Christ Himself. They have no bitterness in their hearts against the authority which uses them roughly, for after all they readily admit that it is only doing its duty as authority. Their sole grief is that it remains deaf to their warnings, for in this way it impedes the progress of souls, but the hour will most surely come when further delay will be impossible, for if the laws of evolution may be checked for a while they cannot be finally evaded. And thus they go their way, reprimands and condemnations not withstanding, masking an incredible audacity under a mock semblance of humility. While they make a pretense of bowing their heads, their minds and hands are more boldly intent than ever on carrying out their purposes. And this policy they follow willingly and wittingly, both because it is part of their system that authority is to be stimulated but not dethroned, and because it is necessary for them to remain within the ranks of the Church in order that they may gradually transform the collective conscience. And in saying this, they fail to perceive that they are avowing that the collective conscience is not with them, and that they have no right to claim to be its interpreters.</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">28. It is thus, Venerable Brethren, that for the Modernists, whether as authors or propagandists, there is to be nothing stable, nothing immutable in the Church. Nor, indeed, are they without forerunners in their doctrines, for it was of these that Our predecessor Pius IX wrote: "These enemies of divine revelation extol human progress to the skies, and with rash and sacrilegious daring would have it introduced into the Catholic religion as if this religion were not the work of God but of man, or some kind of philosophical discovery susceptible of perfection by human efforts."14 On the subject of revelation and dogma in particular, the doctrine of the Modernists offers nothing new. We find it condemned in the Syllabus of Pius IX, where it is enunciated in these terms: ''Divine revelation is imperfect, and therefore subject to continual and indefinite progress, corresponding with the progress of human reason";15 and condemned still more solemnly in the Vatican Council: ''The doctrine of the faith which God has revealed has not been proposed to human intelligences to be perfected by them as if it were a philosophical system, but as a divine deposit entrusted to the Spouse of Christ to be faithfully guarded and infallibly interpreted. Hence also that sense of the sacred dogmas is to be perpetually retained which our Holy Mother the Church has once declared, nor is this sense ever to be abandoned on plea or pretext of a more profound comprehension of the truth."16 Nor is the development of our knowledge, even concerning the faith, barred by this pronouncement; on the contrary, it is supported and maintained. For the same Council continues: "Let intelligence and science and wisdom, therefore, increase and progress abundantly and vigorously in individuals, and in the mass, in the believer and in the whole Church, throughout the ages and the centuries -- but only in its own kind, that is, according to the same dogma, the same sense, the same acceptation."17</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">29. We have studied the Modernist as philosopher, believer, and theologian. It now remains for us to consider him as historian, critic, apologist, and reformer.</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">30. Some Modernists, devoted to historical studies, seem to be deeply anxious not to be taken for philosophers. About philosophy they profess to know nothing whatever, and in this they display remarkable astuteness, for they are particularly desirous not to be suspected of any prepossession in favor of philosophical theories which would lay them open to the charge of not being, as they call it, objective. And yet the truth is that their history and their criticism are saturated with their philosophy, and that their historico-critical conclusions are the natural outcome of their philosophical principles. This will be patent to anyone who reflects. Their three first laws are contained in those three principles of their philosophy already dealt with: the principle of agnosticism, the theorem of the transfiguration of things by faith, and that other which may be called the principle of disfiguration. Let us see what consequences flow from each of these. Agnosticism tells us that history, like science, deals entirely with phenomena, and the consequence is that God, and every intervention of God in human affairs, is to be relegated to the domain of faith as belonging to it alone. Wherefore in things where there is combined a double element, the divine and the human, as, for example, in Christ, or the Church, or the sacraments, or the many other objects of the same kind, a division and separation must be made and the human element must he left to history while the divine will he assigned to faith. Hence we have that distinction, so current among the Modernists, between the Christ of history and the Christ of faith; the Church of history and the Church of faith; the sacraments of history and the sacraments of faith, and so in similar matters. Next we find that the human element itself, which the historian has to work on, as it appears in the documents, is to be considered as having been transfigured by faith, that is to say, raised above its historical conditions. It becomes necessary, therefore, to eliminate also the accretions which faith has added, to relegate them to faith itself and to the history of faith. Thus, when treating of Christ, the historian must set aside all that surpasses man in his natural condition, according to what psychology tells us of him, or according to what we gather from the place and period of his existence. Finally, they require, by virtue of the third principle, that even those things which are not outside the sphere of history should pass through the sieve, excluding all and relegating to faith everything which, in their judgment, is not in harmony with what they call the logic of facts or not in character with the persons of whom they are predicated. Thus, they will not allow that Christ ever uttered those things which do not seem to be within the capacity of the multitudes that listened to Him. Hence they delete from His real history and transfer to faith all the allegories found in His discourses. We may peradventure inquire on what principle they make these divisions? Their reply is that they argue from the character of the man, from his condition of life, from his education, from the complexus of the circumstances under which the facts took place; in short, if We understand them aright, on a principle which in the last analysis is merely .subjective. Their method is to put themselves into the position and person of Christ, and then to attribute to Him what they would have done under like circumstances. In this way, absolutely a priori and acting on philosophical principles which they hold but which they profess to ignore, they proclaim that Christ, according to what they call His real history, was not God and never did anything divine, and that as man He did and said only what they, judging from the time in which He lived, consider that He ought to have said or done.</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">31. As history takes its conclusions from philosophy, so too criticism takes its conclusions from history. The critic on the data furnished him by the historian, makes two parts of all his documents. Those that remain after the triple elimination above described go to form the real history; the rest is attributed to the history of the faith or, as it is styled, to internal history. For the Modernists distinguish very carefully between these two kinds of history, and it is to be noted that they oppose the history of the faith to real history precisely as real. Thus, as we have already said, we have a twofold Christ: a real Christ, and a Christ, the one of faith, who never really existed; a Christ who has lived at a given time and in a given place, and a Christ who never lived outside the pious meditations of the believer -- the Christ, for instance, whom we find in the Gospel of St. John, which, according to them, is mere meditation from beginning to end.</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">32. But the dominion of philosophy over history does not end here. Given that division, of which We have spoken, of the documents into two parts, the philosopher steps in again with his dogma of vital immanence, and shows how everything in the history of the Church is to be explained by vital emanation. And since the cause or condition of every vital emanation whatsoever is to be found in some need or want, it follows that no fact can be regarded as antecedent to the need which produced it -- historically the fact must be posterior to the need. What, then, does the historian do in view of this principle? He goes over his documents again, whether they be contained in the Sacred Books or elsewhere, draws up from them his list of the particular needs of the Church, whether relating to dogma, or liturgy, or other matters which are found in the Church thus related, and then he hands his list over to the critic. The critic takes in hand the documents dealing with the history of faith and distributes them, period by period, so that they correspond exactly with the list of needs, always guided by the principle that the narration must follow the facts, as the facts follow the needs. It may at times happen that some parts of the Sacred Scriptures, such as the Epistles, themselves constitute the fact created by the need. Even so, the rule holds that the age of any document can only be determined by the age in which each need has manifested itself in the Church. Further, a distinction must be made between the beginning of a fact and its development, for what is born in one day requires time for growth. Hence the critic must once more go over his documents, ranged as they are through the different ages, and divide them again into two parts, separating those that regard the origin of the facts from those that deal with their development, and these he must again arrange according to their periods.</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">33. Then the philosopher must come in again to enjoin upon the historian the obligation of following in all his studies the precepts and laws of evolution. It is next for the historian to scrutinize his documents once more, to examine carefully the circumstances and conditions affecting the Church during the different periods, the conserving force she has put forth, the needs both internal and external that have stimulated her to progress, the obstacles she has had to encounter, in a word, everything that helps to determine the manner in which the laws of evolution have been fulfilled in her. This done, he finishes his work by drawing up a history of the development in its broad lines. The critic follows and fits in the rest of the documents. He sets himself to write. The history is finished. Now We ask here: Who is the author of this history? The historian? The critic? Assuredly neither of these but the philosopher. From beginning to end everything in it is a priori, and an apriorism that reeks of heresy. These men are certainly to be pitied, of whom the Apostle might well say: "They became vain in their thoughts...professing themselves to be wise, they became fools.''18 At the same time, they excite resentment when they accuse the Church of arranging and confusing the texts after her own fashion, and for the needs of her cause. In this they are accusing the Church of something for which their own conscience plainly reproaches them.</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">34. The result of this dismembering of the records, and this partition of them throughout the centuries is naturally that the Scriptures can no longer be attributed to the authors whose names they bear. The Modernists have no hesitation in affirming generally that these books, and especially the Pentateuch and the first three Gospels, have been gradually formed from a primitive brief narration, by additions, by interpolations of theological or allegorical interpretations, or parts introduced only for the purpose of joining different passages together. This means, to put it briefly and clearly, that in the Sacred Books we must admit a vital evolution, springing from and corresponding with the evolution of faith. The traces of this evolution, they tell us, are so visible in the books that one might almost write a history of it. Indeed, this history they actually do write, and with such an easy assurance that one might believe them to have seen with their own eyes the writers at work through the ages amplifying the Sacred Books. To aid them in this they call to their assistance that branch of criticism which they call textual, and labor to show that such a fact or such a phrase is not in its right place, adducing other arguments of the same kind. They seem, in fact, to have constructed for themselves certain types of narration and discourses, upon which they base their assured verdict as to whether a thing is or is not out of place. Let him who can judge how far they are qualified in this way to make such distinctions. To hear them descant of their works on the Sacred Books, in which they have been able to discover so much that is defective, one would imagine that before them nobody ever even turned over the pages of Scripture. The truth is that a whole multitude of Doctors, far superior to them in genius, in erudition, in sanctity, have sifted the Sacred Books in every way, and so far from finding in them anything blameworthy have thanked God more and more heartily the more deeply they have gone into them, for His divine bounty in having vouchsafed to speak thus to men. Unfortunately. these great Doctors did not enjoy the same aids to study that are possessed by the Modernists for they did not have for their rule and guide a philosophy borrowed from the negation of God, and a criterion which consists of themselves .</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">We believe, then, that We have set forth with sufficient clearness the historical method of the Modernists. The philosopher leads the way, the historian follows, and then in due order come the internal and textual critics. And since it is characteristic of the primary cause to communicate its virtue to causes which are secondary, it is quite clear that the criticism with which We are concerned is not any kind of criticism, but that which is rightly called agnostic, immanentist, and evolutionist criticism. Hence anyone who adopts it and employs it makes profession thereby of the errors contained in it, and places himself in opposition to Catholic teaching. This being so, it is much a matter for surprise that it should have found acceptance to such an extent among certain Catholics. Two causes may be assigned for this: first, the close alliance which the historians and critics of this school have formed among themselves independent of all differences of nationality or religion; second, their boundless effrontery by which, if one then makes any utterance, the others applaud him in chorus, proclaiming that science has made another step forward, while if an outsider should desire to inspect the new discovery for himself, they form a coalition against him. He who denies it is decried as one who is ignorant, while he who embraces and defends it has all their praise. In this way they entrap not a few, who, did they but realize what they are doing, would shrink back with horror. The domineering overbearance of those who teach the errors, and the thoughtless compliance of the more shallow minds who assent to them, create a corrupted atmosphere which penetrates everywhere, and carries infection with it. But let Us pass to the apologist.</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">35. The Modernist apologist depends in two ways on the philosopher. First, indirectly, inasmuch as his subject-matter is history -- history dictated, as we have seen, by the philosopher; and, secondly, directly, inasmuch as he takes both his doctrines and his conclusions from the philosopher. Hence that common axiom of the Modernist school that in the new apologetics controversies in religion must be determined by psychological and historical research. The Modernist apologists, then, enter the arena, proclaiming to the rationalists that, though they are defending religion, they have no intention of employing the data of the sacred books or the histories in current use in the Church, and written upon the old lines, but real history composed on modern principles and according to the modern method. In all this they assert that they are not using an argumentum ad hominem, because they are really of the opinion that the truth is to be found only in this kind of history. They feel that it is not necessary for them to make profession of their own sincerity in their writings. They are already known to and praised by the rationalists as fighting under the same banner, and they not only plume themselves on these encomiums, which would only provoke disgust in a real Catholic, but use them as a counter-compensation to the reprimands of the Church. Let us see how the Modernist conducts his apologetics. The aim he sets before himself is to make one who is still without faith attain that experience of the Catholic religion which, according to the system, is the sole basis of faith. There are two ways open to him, the objective and the subjective. The first of them starts from agnosticism. It tends to show that religion, and especially the Catholic religion, is endowed with such vitality as to compel every psychologist and historian of good faith to recognize that its history hides some element of the unknown. To this end it is necessary to prove that the Catholic religion, as it exists today, is that which was founded by Jesus Christ; that is to say, that it is nothing else than the progressive development of the germ which He brought into the world. Hence it is imperative first of all to establish what this germ was, and this the Modernist claims to he able to do by the following formula: Christ announced the coming of the kingdom of God, which was to be realized within a brief lapse of time and of which He was to become the Messias, the divinely-given founder and ruler. Then it must be shown how this germ, always immanent and permanent in the Catholic religion, has gone on slowly developing in the course of history, adapting itself successively to the different circumstances through which it has passed, borrowing from them by vital assimilation all the doctrinal, cultural, ecclesiastical forms that served its purpose; whilst, on the other hand, it surmounted all obstacles, vanquished all enemies, and survived all assaults and all combats. Anyone who well and duly considers this mass of obstacles, adversaries, attacks, combats, and the vitality and fecundity which the Church has shown throughout them all, must admit that if the laws of evolution are visible in her life they fail to explain the whole of her history -- the unknown rises forth from it and presents itself before Us. Thus do they argue, not perceiving that their determination of the primitive germ is only an a priori assumption of agnostic and evolutionist philosophy, and that the germ itself has been gratuitously defined so that it may fit in with their contention.</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">36. But while they endeavor by this line of reasoning to prove and plead for the Catholic religion, these new apologists are more than willing to grant and to recognize that there are in it many things which are repulsive. Nay, they admit openly, and with ill-concealed satisfaction, that they have found that even its dogma is not exempt from errors and contradictions. They add also that this is not only excusable but -- curiously enough -- that it is even right and proper. In the Sacred Books there are many passages referring to science or history where, according to them, manifest errors are to he found. But, they say, the subject of these books is not science or history, but only religion and morals. In them history and science serve only as a species of covering to enable the religious and moral experiences wrapped Up in them to penetrate more readily among the masses. The masses understood science and history as they are expressed in these books, and it is clear that the expression of science and history in a more perfect form would have proved not so much a help as a hindrance. Moreover, they add, the Sacred Books, being essentially religious, are necessarily quick with life. Now life has its own truths and its own logic -- quite different from rational truth and rational logic, belonging as they do to a different order, viz., truth of adaptation and of proportion both with what they call the medium in which it lives and with the end for which it lives. Finally, the Modernists, losing all sense of control, go so far as to proclaim as true and legitimate whatever is explained by life.</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">We, Venerable Brethren, for whom there is but one and only one truth, and who hold that the Sacred Books, "written under the inspiration of the Holy Ghost, have God for their author''19 declare that this is equivalent to attributing to God Himself the lie of utility or officious lie, and We say with St. Augustine: "In an authority so high, admit but one officious lie, and there will not remain a single passage of those apparently difficult to practice or to believe, which on the same most pernicious rule may not be explained as a lie uttered by the author willfully and to serve a purpose."20 And thus it will come about, the holy Doctor continues, that "everybody will believe and refuse to believe what he likes or dislikes in them," namely, the Scriptures. But the Modernists pursue their way eagerly. They grant also that certain arguments adduced in the Sacred Books in proof of a given doctrine, like those, for example, which are based on the prophecies, have no rational foundation to rest on. But they defend even these as artifices of preaching, which are justified by life. More than that. They are ready to admit, nay, to proclaim that Christ Himself manifestly erred in determining the time when the coming of the Kingdom of God was to take place; and they tell us that we must not be surprised at this since even He Himself was subject to the laws of life! After this what is to become of the dogmas of the Church? The dogmas bristle with flagrant contradictions, but what does it matter since, apart from the fact that vital logic accepts them, they are not repugnant to symbolical truth. Are we not dealing with the infinite, and has not the infinite an infinite variety of aspects? In short, to maintain and defend these theories they do not hesitate to declare that the noblest homage that can be paid to the Infinite is to make it the object of contradictory statements! But when they justify even contradictions, what is it that they will refuse to justify?</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">37. But it is not solely by objective arguments that the non-believer may be disposed to faith. There are also those that are subjective, and for this purpose the modernist apologists return to the doctrine of immanence. They endeavor, in fact, to persuade their non-believer that down in the very depths of his nature and his life lie hidden the need and the desire for some religion, and this not a religion of any kind, but the specific religion known as Catholicism, which, they say, is absolutely postulated by the perfect development of life. And here again We have grave reason to complain that there are Catholics who, while rejecting immanence as a doctrine, employ it as a method of apologetics, and who do this so imprudently that they seem to admit, not merely a capacity and a suitability for the supernatural, such as has at all times been emphasized, within due limits, by Catholic apologists, but that there is in human nature a true and rigorous need for the supernatural order. Truth to tell, it is only the moderate Modernists who make this appeal to an exigency for the Catholic religion. As for the others, who might he called integralists, they would show to the non-believer, as hidden in his being, the very germ which Christ Himself had in His consciousness, and which He transmitted to mankind. Such, Venerable Brethren, is a summary description of the apologetic method of the Modernists, in perfect harmony with their doctrines -- methods and doctrines replete with errors, made not for edification but for destruction, not for the making of Catholics but for the seduction of those who are Catholics into heresy; and tending to the utter subversion of all religion.</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">38. It remains for Us now to say a few words about the Modernist as reformer. From all that has preceded, it is abundantly clear how great and how eager is the passion of such men for innovation. In all Catholicism there is absolutely nothing on which it does not fasten. They wish philosophy to be reformed, especially in the ecclesiastical seminaries. They wish the scholastic philosophy to be relegated to the history of philosophy and to be classed among absolute systems, and the young men to be taught modern philosophy which alone is true and suited to the times in which we live. They desire the reform of theology: rational theology is to have modern philosophy for its foundation, and positive theology is to be founded on the history of dogma. As for history, it must be written and taught only according to their methods and modern principles. Dogmas and their evolution, they affirm, are to be harmonized with science and history. In the Catechism no dogmas are to be inserted except those that have been reformed and are within the capacity of the people. Regarding worship, they say, the number of external devotions is to he reduced, and steps must be taken to prevent their further increase, though, indeed, some of the admirers of symbolism are disposed to be more indulgent on this head. They cry out that ecclesiastical government requires to be reformed in all its branches, but especially in its disciplinary and dogmatic departments They insist that both outwardly and inwardly it must be brought into harmony with the modern conscience which now wholly tends towards democracy; a share in ecclesiastical government should therefore be given to the lower ranks of the clergy and even to the laity and authority which is too much concentrated should be decentralized The Roman Congregations and especially the index and the Holy Office, must be likewise modified The ecclesiastical authority must alter its line of conduct in the social and political world; while keeping outside political organizations it must adapt itself to them in order to penetrate them with its spirit. With regard to morals, they adopt the principle of the Americanists, that the active virtues are more important than the passive, and are to be more encouraged in practice. They ask that the clergy should return to their primitive humility and poverty, and that in their ideas and action they should admit the principles of Modernism; and there are some who, gladly listening to the teaching of their Protestant masters, would desire the suppression of the celibacy of the clergy. What is there left in the Church which is not to be reformed by them and according to their principles?</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">39. It may, perhaps, seem to some, Venerable Brethren, that We have dealt at too great length on this exposition of the doctrines of the Modernists. But it was necessary that We should do so, both in order to meet their customary charge that We do not understand their ideas, and to show that their system does not consist in scattered and unconnected theories, but, as it were, in a closely connected whole, so that it is not possible to admit one without admitting all. For this reason, too, We have had to give to this exposition a somewhat didactic form, and not to shrink from employing certain unwonted terms which the Modernists have brought into use. And now with Our eyes fixed upon the whole system, no one will be surprised that We should define it to be the synthesis of all heresies. Undoubtedly, were anyone to attempt the task of collecting together all the errors that have been broached against the faith and to concentrate into one the sap and substance of them all, he could not succeed in doing so better than the Modernists have done. Nay, they have gone farther than this, for, as We have already intimated, their system means the destruction not of the Catholic religion alone, but of all religion. Hence the rationalists are not wanting in their applause, and the most frank and sincere among them congratulate themselves on having found in the Modernists the most valuable of all allies.</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Let us turn for a moment, Venerable Brethren, to that most disastrous doctrine of agnosticism. By it every avenue to God on the side of the intellect is barred to man, while a better way is supposed to be opened from the side of a certain sense of the soul and action. But who does not see how mistaken is such a contention? For the sense of the soul is the response to the action of the thing which the intellect or the outward senses set before it. Take away the intelligence, and man, already inclined to follow the senses, becomes their slave. Doubly mistaken, from another point of view, for all these fantasies of the religious sense will never be able to destroy common sense, and common sense tells us that emotion and everything that leads the heart captive proves a hindrance instead of a help to the discovery of truth. We speak of truth in itself -- for that other purely subjective truth, the fruit of the internal sense and action, if it serves its purpose for the play of words, is of no benefit to the man who wants above all things to know whether outside himself there is a God into whose hands he is one day to fall. True, the Modernists call in experience to eke out their system, but what does this experience add to that sense of the soul? Absolutely nothing beyond a certain intensity and a proportionate deepening of the conviction of the reality of the object. But these two will never make the sense of the soul into anything but sense, nor will they alter its nature, which is liable to deception when the intelligence is not there to guide it; on the contrary, they but confirm and strengthen this nature, for the more intense the sense is the more it is really sense. And as we are here dealing with religious sense and the experience involved in it, it is known to you, Venerable Brethren, how necessary in such a matter is prudence, and the learning by which prudence is guided. You know it from your own dealings with souls, and especially with souls in whom sentiment predominates; you know it also from your reading of works of ascetical theology -- works for which the Modernists have but little esteem, but which testify to a science and a solidity far greater than theirs, and to a refinement and subtlety of observation far beyond any which the Modernists take credit to themselves for possessing. It seems to Us nothing short of madness, or at the least consummate temerity to accept for true, and without investigation, these incomplete experiences which are the vaunt of the Modernist. Let Us for a moment put the question: If experiences have so much force and value in their estimation, why do they not attach equal weight to the experience that so many thousands of Catholics have that the Modernists are on the wrong path? Is it that the Catholic experiences are the only ones which are false and deceptive? The vast majority of mankind holds and always will hold firmly that sense and experience alone, when not enlightened and guided by reason, cannot reach to the knowledge of God. What, then, remains but atheism and the absence of all religion? Certainly it is not the doctrine of .symbolism that will save us from this. For if all the intellectual elements, as they call them, of religion are nothing more than mere symbols of God, will not the very name of God or of divine personality be also a symbol, and if this be admitted, the personality of God will become a matter of doubt and the gate will be opened to pantheism? And to pantheism pure and simple that other doctrine of the divine immanence leads directly. For this is the question which We ask: Does or does not this immanence leave God distinct from man? If it does, in what does it differ from the Catholic doctrine, and why does it reject the doctrine of external revelation? If it does not, it is pantheism. Now the doctrine of immanence in the Modernist acceptation holds and professes that every phenomenon of conscience proceeds from man as man. The rigorous conclusion from this is the identity of man with God, which means pantheism. The distinction which Modernists make between science and faith leads to the same conclusion. The object of science, they say, is the reality of the knowable; the object of faith, on the contrary, is the reality of the unknowable. Now, what makes the unknowable unknowable is the fact that there is no proportion between its object and the intellect -- a defect of proportion which nothing whatever, even in the doctrine of the Modernist, can suppress. Hence the unknowable remains and will eternally remain unknowable to the believer as well as to the philosopher. Therefore if any religion at all is possible, it can only be the religion of an unknowable reality. And why this might not be that soul of the universe, of which certain rationalists speak, is something which certainly does not seem to Us apparent. These reasons suffice to show superabundantly by how many roads Modernism leads to atheism and to the annihilation of all religion. The error of Protestantism made the first step on this path; that of Modernism makes the second; atheism makes the next.</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">40. To penetrate still deeper into the meaning of Modernism and to find a suitable remedy for so deep a sore, it behooves Us, Venerable Brethren, to investigate the causes which have engendered it and which foster its growth. That the proximate and immediate cause consists in an error of the mind cannot be open to doubt. We recognize that the remote causes may be reduced to two: curiosity and pride. Curiosity by itself, if not prudently regulated, suffices to account for all errors. Such is the opinion of Our predecessor, Gregory XVI, who wrote: "A lamentable spectacle is that presented by the aberrations of human reason when it yields to the spirit of novelty, when against the warning of the Apostle it seeks to know beyond what it is meant to know, and when relying too much on itself it thinks it can find the truth outside the Catholic Church wherein truth is found without the slightest shadow of error."21</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">But it is pride which exercises an incomparably greater sway over the soul to blind it and lead it into error, and pride sits in Modernism as in its own house, finding sustenance everywhere in its doctrines and lurking in its every aspect. It is pride which fills Modernists with that self-assurance by which they consider themselves and pose as the rule for all. It is pride which puffs them up with that vainglory which allows them to regard themselves as the sole possessors of knowledge, and makes them say, elated and inflated with presumption, "We are not as the rest of men," and which, lest they should seem as other men, leads them to embrace and to devise novelties even of the most absurd kind. It is pride which rouses in them the spirit of disobedience and causes them to demand a compromise between authority and liberty. It is owing to their pride that they seek to be the reformers of others while they forget to reform themselves, and that they are found to be utterly wanting in respect for authority, even for the supreme authority. Truly there is no road which leads so directly and so quickly to Modernism as pride. When a Catholic layman or a priest forgets the precept of the Christian life which obliges us to renounce ourselves if we would follow Christ and neglects to tear pride from his heart, then it is he who most of all is a fully ripe subject for the errors of Modernism. For this reason, Venerable Brethren, it will be your first duty to resist such victims of pride, to employ them only in the lowest and obscurest offices. The higher they try to rise, the lower let them be placed, so that the lowliness of their position may limit their power of causing damage. Examine most carefully your young clerics by yourselves and by the directors of your seminaries, and when you find the spirit of pride among them reject them without compunction from the priesthood. Would to God that this had always been done with the vigilance and constancy which were required!</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">41. If we pass on from the moral to the intellectual causes of Modernism, the first and the chief which presents itself is ignorance. Yes, these very Modernists who seek to be esteemed as Doctors of the Church, who speak so loftily of modern philosophy and show such contempt for scholasticism, have embraced the one with all its false glamour, precisely because their ignorance of the other has left them without the means of being able to recognize confusion of thought and to refute sophistry. Their whole system, containing as it does errors so many and so great, has been born of the union between faith and false philosophy.</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">42. Would that they had but displayed less zeal and energy in propagating it! But such is their activity and such their unwearying labor on behalf of their cause, that one cannot but be pained to see them waste such energy in endeavoring to ruin the Church when they might have been of such service to her had their efforts been better directed. Their artifices to delude men's minds are of two kinds, the first to remove obstacles from their path, the second to devise and apply actively and patiently every resource that can serve their purpose. They recognize that the three chief difficulties which stand in their way are the scholastic method of philosophy, the authority and tradition of the Fathers, and the magisterium of the Church, and on these they wage unrelenting war. Against scholastic philosophy and theology they use the weapons of ridicule and contempt. Whether it is ignorance or fear, or both, that inspires this conduct in them, certain it is that the passion for novelty is always united in them with hatred of scholasticism, and there is no surer sign that a man is tending to Modernism than when he begins to show his dislike for the scholastic method. Let the Modernists and their admirers remember the proposition condemned by Pius IX: "The method and principles which have served the ancient doctors of scholasticism when treating of theology no longer correspond with the exigencies of our time or the progress of science."22 They exercise all their ingenuity in an effort to weaken the force and falsify the character of tradition, so as to rob it of all its weight and authority. But for Catholics nothing will remove the authority of the second Council of Nicea, where it condemns those "who dare, after the impious fashion of heretics, to deride the ecclesiastical traditions, to invent novelties of some kind...or endeavor by malice or craft to overthrow any one of the legitimate traditions of the Catholic Church"; nor that of the declaration of the fourth Council of Constantinople: "We therefore profess to preserve and guard the rules bequeathed to the Holy Catholic and Apostolic Church, by the Holy and most illustrious Apostles, by the orthodox Councils, both general and local, and by everyone of those divine interpreters, the Fathers and Doctors of the Church." Wherefore the Roman Pontiffs, Pius IV and Pius IX, ordered the insertion in the profession of faith of the following declaration: "I most firmly admit and embrace the apostolic and ecclesiastical traditions and other observances and constitutions of the Church.''</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">The Modernists pass judgment on the holy Fathers of the Church even as they do upon tradition. With consummate temerity they assure the public that the Fathers, while personally most worthy of all veneration, were entirely ignorant of history and criticism, for which they are only excusable on account of the time in which they lived. Finally, the Modernists try in every way to diminish and weaken the authority of the ecclesiastical magisterium itself by sacrilegiously falsifying its origin, character, and rights, and by freely repeating the calumnies of its adversaries. To the entire band of Modernists may be applied those words which Our predecessor sorrowfully wrote: "To bring contempt and odium on the mystic Spouse of Christ, who is the true light, the children of darkness have been wont to cast in her face before the world a stupid calumny, and perverting the meaning and force of things and words, to depict her as the friend of darkness and ignorance, and the enemy of light, science, and progress.''23 This being so, Venerable Brethren, there is little reason to wonder that the Modernists vent all their bitterness and hatred on Catholics who zealously fight the battles of the Church. There is no species of insult which they do not heap upon them, but their usual course is to charge them with ignorance or obstinacy. When an adversary rises up against them with an erudition and force that renders them redoubtable, they seek to make a conspiracy of silence around him to nullify the effects of his attack. This policy towards Catholics is the more invidious in that they belaud with admiration which knows no bounds the writers who range themselves on their side, hailing their works, exuding novelty in every page, with a chorus of applause. For them the scholarship of a writer is in direct proportion to the recklessness of his attacks on antiquity, and of his efforts to undermine tradition and the ecclesiastical magisterium. When one of their number falls under the condemnations of the Church the rest of them, to the disgust of good Catholics, gather round him, loudly and publicly applaud him, and hold him up in veneration as almost a martyr for truth. The young, excited and confused by all this clamor of praise and abuse, some of them afraid of being branded as ignorant, others ambitious to rank among the learned, and both classes goaded internally by curiosity and pride, not infrequently surrender and give themselves up to Modernism.</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">43. And here we have already some of the artifices employed by Modernists to exploit their wares. What efforts do they not make to win new recruits! They seize upon professorships in the seminaries and universities, and gradually make of them chairs of pestilence. In sermons from the pulpit they disseminate their doctrines, although possibly in utterances which are veiled. In congresses they express their teachings more openly. In their social gatherings they introduce them and commend them to others. Under their own names and under pseudonyms they publish numbers of books, newspapers, reviews, and sometimes one and the same writer adopts a variety of pseudonyms to trap the incautious reader into believing in a multitude of Modernist writers. In short, with feverish activity they leave nothing untried in act, speech, and writing. And with what result? We have to deplore the spectacle of many young men, once full of promise and capable of rendering great services to the Church, now gone astray. It is also a subject of grief to Us that many others who, while they certainly do not go so far as the former, have yet been so infected by breathing a poisoned atmosphere, as to think, speak, and write with a degree of laxity which ill becomes a Catholic. They are to be found among the laity, and in the ranks of the clergy, and they are not wanting even in the last place where one might expect to meet them, in religious communities If they treat of biblical questions, it is upon Modernist principles; if they write history, they carefully, and with ill-concealed satisfaction, drag into the light, on the plea of telling the whole truth, everything that appears to cast a stain upon the Church. Under the sway of certain a priori conceptions they destroy as far as they can the pious traditions of the people, and bring into disrespect certain relics highly venerable from their antiquity. They are possessed by the empty desire of having their names upon the lips of the public, and they know they would never succeed in this were they to say only what has always been said by all men. Meanwhile it may be that they have persuaded themselves that in all this they are really serving God and the Church. In reality they only offend both, less perhaps by their works in themselves than by the spirit in which they write, and by the encouragement they thus give to the aims of the Modernists.</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">44. Against this host of grave errors, and its secret and open advance, Our predecessor Leo Xlll, of happy memory, worked strenuously, both in his words and his acts, especially as regards the study of the Bible. But, as we have seen, the Modernists are not easily deterred by such weapons. With an affectation of great submission and respect, they proceeded to twist the words of the Pontiff to their own sense, while they described his action as directed against others than themselves. Thus the evil has gone on increasing from day to day. We, therefore, Venerable Brethren, have decided to suffer no longer delay, and to adopt measures which are more efficacious. We exhort and conjure you to see to it that in this most grave matter no one shall be in a position to say that you have been in the slightest degree wanting in vigilance, zeal, or firmness. And what We ask of you and expect of you, We ask and expect also of all other pastors of souls, of all educators and professors of clerics, and in a very special way of the superiors of religious communities.</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">45. In the first place, with regard to studies, We will and strictly ordain that scholastic philosophy be made the basis of the sacred sciences. It goes without saying that "if anything is met with among the scholastic doctors which may be regarded as something investigated with an excess of subtlety, or taught without sufficient consideration; anything which is not in keeping with the certain results of later times; anything, in short, which is altogether destitute of probability, We have no desire whatever to propose it for the imitation of present generations."24 And let it be clearly understood above all things that when We prescribe scholastic philosophy We understand chiefly that which the Angelic Doctor has bequeathed to us, and We, therefore, declare that all the ordinances of Our predecessor on this subject continue fully in force, and, as far as may be necessary, We do decree anew, and confirm, and order that they shall be strictly observed by all. In seminaries where they have been neglected it will be for the Bishops to exact and require their observance in the future; and let this apply also to the superiors of religious orders. Further, We admonish professors to bear well in mind that they cannot set aside St. Thomas, especially in metaphysical questions, without grave disadvantage.</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">46. On this philosophical foundation the theological edifice is to be carefully raised. Promote the study of theology, Venerable Brethren, by all means in your power, so that your clerics on leaving the seminaries may carry with them a deep admiration and love of it, and always find in it a source of delight. For "in the vast and varied abundance of studies opening before the mind desirous of truth, it is known to everyone that theology occupies such a commanding place, that according to an ancient adage of the wise it is the duty of the other arts and sciences to serve it, and to wait upon it after the manner of handmaidens."25 We will add that We deem worthy of praise those who with full respect for tradition, the Fathers, and the ecclesiastical magisterium, endeavor, with well-balanced judgment, and guided by Catholic principles (which is not always the case), to illustrate positive theology by throwing upon it the light of true history. It is certainly necessary that positive theology should be held in greater appreciation than it has been in the past, but this must be done without detriment to scholastic theology; and those are to be disapproved as Modernists who exalt positive theology in such a way as to seem to despise the scholastic.</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">47. With regard to secular studies, let it suffice to recall here what our predecessor has admirably said: ''Apply yourselves energetically to the study of natural sciences: in which department the things that have been so brilliantly discovered, and so usefully applied, to the admiration of the present age, will be the object of praise and commendation to those who come after us."26 But this is to be done without interfering with sacred studies, as Our same predecessor prescribed in these most weighty words: "If you carefully search for the cause of those errors you will find that it lies in the fact that in these days when the natural sciences absorb so much study, the more severe and lofty studies have been proportionately neglected -- some of them have almost passed into oblivion, some of them are pursued in a half-hearted or superficial way, and, sad to say, now that the splendor of the former estate is dimmed, they have been disfigured by perverse doctrines and monstrous errors."27 We ordain, therefore, that the study of natural sciences in the seminaries be carried out according to this law.</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">48. All these prescriptions, both Our own and those of Our predecessor, are to be kept in view whenever there is question of choosing directors and professors for seminaries and Catholic Universities. Anyone who in any way is found to be tainted with Modernism is to be excluded without compunction from these offices, whether of government or of teaching, and those who already occupy them are to be removed. The same policy is to be adopted towards those who openly or secretly lend countenance to Modernism either by extolling the Modernists and excusing their culpable conduct, or by carping at scholasticism, and the Fathers, and the magisterium of the Church, or by refusing obedience to ecclesiastical authority in any of its depositories; and towards those who show a love of novelty in history, archaeology, biblical exegesis; and finally towards those who neglect the sacred sciences or appear to prefer to them the secular. In all this question of studies, Venerable Brethren, you cannot be too watchful or too constant, but most of all in the choice of professors, for as a rule the students are modeled after the pattern of their masters. Strong in the consciousness of your duty, act always in this matter with prudence and with vigor.</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">49. Equal diligence and severity are to be used in examining and selecting candidates for Holy Orders. Far, far from the clergy be the love of novelty! God hateth the proud and the obstinate mind. For the future the doctorate of theology and canon law must never be conferred on anyone who has not first of all made the regular course of scholastic philosophy; if conferred, it shall be held as null and void. The rules laid down in 1896 by the Sacred Congregation of Bishops and Regulars for the clerics, both secular and regular, of Italy, concerning the frequenting of the Universities, We now decree to be extended to all nation.28 Clerics and priests inscribed in a Catholic Institute or University must not in the future follow in civil Universities those courses for which there are chairs in the Catholic Institutes to which they belong. If this has been permitted anywhere in the past, We ordain that it be not allowed for the future. Let the Bishops who form the Governing Board of such Catholic Institutes or Universities watch with all care that these Our commands be constantly observed.</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">50. It is also the duty of the Bishops to prevent writings of Modernists, or whatever savors of Modernism or promotes it, from being read when they have been published, and to hinder their publication when they have not. No books or papers or periodicals whatever of this kind are to be permitted to seminarists or university students. The injury to them would be not less than that which is caused by immoral reading -- nay, it would be greater, for such writings poison Christian life at its very fount. The same decision is to be taken concerning the writings of some Catholics, who, though not evilly disposed themselves, are ill-instructed in theological studies and imbued with modern philosophy, and strive to make this harmonize with the faith, and, as they say, to turn it to the profit of the faith. The name and reputation of these authors cause them to read without suspicion, and they are, therefore, all the more dangerous in gradually preparing the way for Modernism.</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">51. To add some more general directions, Venerable Brethren, in a matter of such moment, We order that you do everything in your power to drive out of your dioceses, even by solemn interdict, any pernicious books that may be in circulation there. The Holy See neglects no means to remove writings of this kind, but their number has now grown to such an extent that it is hardly possible to subject them all to censure. Hence it happens sometimes that the remedy arrives too late, for the disease has taken root during the delay. We will, therefore, that the Bishops putting aside all fear and the prudence of the flesh, despising the clamor of evil men, shall, gently, by all means, but firmly, do each his own part in this work, remembering the injunctions of Leo XIII in the Apostolic Constitution Officiorum: "Let the Ordinaries, acting in this also as Delegates of the Apostolic See, exert themselves to proscribe and to put out of reach of the faithful injurious books or other writings printed or circulated in their dioceses."29 In this passage the Bishops, it is true, receive an authorization, but they have also a charge laid upon them. Let no Bishop think that he fulfills his duty by denouncing to Us one or two books, while a great many others of the same kind are being published and circulated. Nor are you to be deterred by the fact that a book has obtained elsewhere the permission which is commonly called the Imprimatur, both because this may be merely simulated, and because it may have been granted through carelessness or too much indulgence or excessive trust placed in the author, which last has perhaps sometimes happened in the religious orders. Besides, just as the same food does not agree with everyone, it may happen that a book, harmless in one place, may, on account of the different circumstances, be hurtful in another. Should a Bishop, therefore, after having taken the advice of prudent persons, deem it right to condemn any of such books in his diocese, We give him ample faculty for the purpose and We lay upon him the obligation of doing so. Let all this be done in a fitting manner, and in certain cases it will suffice to restrict the prohibition to the clergy; but in all cases it will be obligatory on Catholic booksellers not to put on sale books condemned by the Bishop. And while We are treating of this subject, We wish the Bishops to see to it that booksellers do not, through desire for gain, engage in evil trade. It is certain that in the catalogs of some of them the books of the Modernists are not infrequently announced with no small praise. If they refuse obedience, let the Bishops, after due admonition, have no hesitation in depriving them of the title of Catholic booksellers. This applies, and with still more reason, to those who have the title of Episcopal booksellers. If they have that of Pontifical booksellers, let them be denounced to the Apostolic See. Finally, We remind all of Article XXVI of the above-mentioned Constitution Officiorum: "All those who have obtained an apostolic faculty to read and keep forbidden books, are not thereby authorized to read and keep books and periodicals forbidden by the local Ordinaries unless the apostolic faculty expressly concedes permission to read and keep books condemned by anyone whomsoever."</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">52. It is not enough to hinder the reading and the sale of bad books -- it is also necessary to prevent them from being published. Hence, let the Bishops use the utmost strictness in granting permission to print. Under the rules of the Constitution Officiorum, many publications require the authorization of the Ordinary, and in certain dioceses (since the Bishop cannot personally make himself acquainted with them all) it has been the custom to have a suitable number of official censors for the examination of writings. We have the highest esteem for this institution of censors, and We not only exhort, but We order that it be extended to all dioceses. In all episcopal Curias, therefore, let censors be appointed for the revision of works intended for publication, and let the censors be chosen from both ranks of the clergy -- secular and regular -- men whose age, knowledge, and prudence will enable them to follow the safe and golden means in their judgments. It shall be their office to examine everything which requires permission for publication according to Articles XLI and XLII of the above-mentioned Constitution. The censor shall give his verdict in writing. If it be favorable, the Bishop will give the permission for publication by the word Imprimatur, which must be preceded by the Nihil obstat and the name of the censor. In the Roman Curia official censors shall be appointed in the same way as elsewhere, and the duty of nominating them shall appertain to the Master of the Sacred Palace, after they have been proposed to the Cardinal Vicar and have been approved and accepted by the Sovereign Pontiff. It will also be the office of the Master of the Sacred Palace to select the censor for each writing. Permission for publication will be granted by him as well as by the Cardinal Vicar or his Vicegerent, and this permission, as above prescribed, must he preceded by the Nihil obstat and the name of the censor. Only on a very rare and exceptional occasion, and on the prudent decision of the Bishop, shall it be possible to omit mention of the censor. The name of the censor shall never be made known to the authors until he shall have given a favorable decision, so that he may not have to suffer inconvenience either while he is engaged in the examination of a writing or in case he should withhold his approval. Censors shall never be chosen from the religious orders until the opinion of the Provincial, or in Rome, of the General, has been privately obtained, and the Provincial or the General must give a conscientious account of the character, knowledge, and orthodoxy of the candidate. We admonish religious superiors of their most solemn duty never to allow anything to be published by any of their subjects without permission from themselves and from the Ordinary. Finally, We affirm and declare that the title of censor with which a person may be honored has no value whatever, and can never be adduced to give credit to the private opinions of him who holds it.</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">53. Having said this much in general, We now ordain in particular a more careful observance of Article XLII of the above-mentioned Constitution Officiorum, according to which "it is forbidden to secular priests, without the previous consent of the Ordinary, to undertake the editorship of papers or periodicals." This permission shall be withdrawn from any priest who makes a wrong use of it after having received an admonition thereupon. With regard to priests who are correspondents or collaborators of periodicals, as it happens not infrequently that they contribute matter infected with Modernism to their papers or periodicals, let the Bishops see to it that they do not offend in this manner; and if they do, let them warn the offenders and prevent them from writing. We solemnly charge in like manner the superiors of religious orders that they fulfill the same duty, and should they fail in it, let the Bishops make due provision with authority from the Supreme Pontiff. Let there be, as far as this is possible, a special censor for newspapers and periodicals written by Catholics. It shall be his office to read in due time each number after it has been published, and if he find anything dangerous in it let him order that it be corrected as soon as possible. The Bishop shall have the same right even when the censor has seen nothing objectionable in a publication.</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">54. We have already mentioned congresses and public gatherings as among the means used by the Modernists to propagate and defend their opinions. In the future, Bishops shall not permit congresses of priests except on very rare occasions. When they do permit them it shall only be on condition that matters appertaining to the Bishops or the Apostolic See be not treated in them, and that no resolutions or petitions be allowed that would imply a usurpation of sacred authority, and that absolutely nothing be said in them which savors of Modernism, presbyterianism, or laicism. At congresses of this kind, which can only be held after permission in writing has been obtained in due time and for each case it shall not be lawful for priests of other dioceses to be present without the written permission of their Ordinary. Further, no priest must lose sight of the solemn recommendation of Leo XIII: "Let priests hold as sacred the authority of their pastors, let them take it for certain that the sacerdotal ministry, if not exercised under the guidance of the Bishops, can never be either holy, or very fruitful, or worthy of respect.''30</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">55. But of what avail, Venerable Brethren, will be all Our commands and prescriptions if they be not dutifully and firmly carried out? In order that this may be done it has seemed expedient to us to extend to all dioceses the regulations which the Bishops of Umbria, with great wisdom, laid down for theirs many years ago. "In order," they say, ''to extirpate the errors already propagated and to prevent their further diffusion, and to remove those teachers of impiety through whom the pernicious effects of such diffusion are being perpetuated, this sacred Assembly, following the example of St. Charles Borromeo, has decided to establish in each of the dioceses a Council consisting of approved members of both branches of the clergy, which shall be charged with the task of noting the existence of errors and the devices by which new ones are introduced and propagated, and to inform the Bishop of the whole, so that he may take counsel with them as to the best means for suppressing the evil at the outset and preventing it spreading for the ruin of souls or, worse still, gaining strength and growth."31 We decree, therefore, that in every diocese a council of this kind, which We are pleased to name the "Council of Vigilance,'' be instituted without delay. The priests called to form part in it shall be chosen somewhat after the manner above prescribed for the censors, and they shall meet every two months on an appointed day in the presence of the Bishop. They shall be bound to secrecy as to their deliberations and decisions, and in their functions shall be included the following: they shall watch most carefully for every trace and sign of Modernism both in publications and in teaching, and to preserve the clergy and the young from it they shall take all prudent, prompt, and efficacious measures. Let them combat novelties of words, remembering the admonitions of Leo XIII: "It is impossible to approve in Catholic publications a style inspired by unsound novelty which seems to deride the piety of the faithful and dwells on the introduction of a new order of Christian life, on new directions of the Church, on new aspirations of the modern soul, on a new social vocation of the clergy, on a new Christian civilization, and many other things of the same kind."32 Language of the kind here indicated is not to be tolerated either in books or in lectures. The Councils must not neglect the books treating of the pious traditions of different places or of sacred relics. Let them not permit such questions to be discussed in journals or periodicals destined to foster piety, either with expressions savoring of mockery or contempt, or by dogmatic pronouncements, especially when, as is often the case, what is stated as a certainty either does not pass the limits of probability or is based on prejudiced opinion. Concerning sacred relics, let this be the rule: if Bishops, who alone are judges in such matters, know for certain that a relic is not genuine, let them remove it at once from the veneration of the faithful; if the authentications of a relic happen to have been lost through civil disturbances, or in any other way, let it not be exposed for public veneration until the Bishop has verified it. The argument of prescription or well-founded presumption is to have weight only when devotion to a relic is commendable by reason of its antiquity, according to the sense of the Decree issued in 1896 by the Congregation of Indulgences and Sacred Relics: "Ancient relics are to retain the veneration they have always enjoyed except when in individual instances there are clear arguments that they are false or superstitious." In passing judgment on pious traditions let it always be borne in mind that in this matter the Church uses the greatest prudence, and that she does not allow traditions of this kind to be narrated in books except with the utmost caution and with the insertion of the declaration imposed by Urban VIII; and even then she does not guarantee the truth of the fact narrated; she simply does not forbid belief in things for which human evidence is not wanting. On this matter the Sacred Congregation of Rites, thirty years ago, decreed as follows: "These apparitions or revelations have neither been approved nor condemned by the Holy See, which has simply allowed them to be believed on purely human faith, on the tradition which they relate, corroborated by testimony and documents worthy of credence."33 Anyone who follows this rule has no cause to fear. For the devotion based on any apparition, in so far as it regards the fact itself, that is to say, in so far as the devotion is relative, always implies the condition of the fact being true; while in so far as it is absolute, it is always based on the truth, seeing that its object is the persons of the saints who are honored. The same is true of relics. Finally, We entrust to the Councils of Vigilance the duty of overlooking assiduously and diligently social institutions as well as writings on social questions so that they may harbor no trace of Modernism, but obey the prescriptions of the Roman Pontiffs.</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">56. Lest what We have laid down thus far should pass into oblivion, We will and ordain that the Bishops of all dioceses, a year after the publication of these letters and every three years thenceforward, furnish the Holy See with a diligent and sworn report on the things which have been decreed in this Our Letter, and on the doctrines that find currency among the clergy, and especially in the seminaries and other Catholic institutions, those not excepted which are not subject to the Ordinary, and We impose the like obligation on the Generals of religious orders with regard to those who are under them.</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">57. This, Venerable Brethren, is what We have thought it Our duty to write to you for the salvation of all who believe. The adversaries of the Church will doubtless abuse what We have said to refurbish the old calumny by which We are traduced as the enemy of science and of the progress of humanity. As a fresh answer to such accusations, which the history of the Christian religion refutes by never-failing evidence, it is Our intention to establish by every means in our power a special Institute in which, through the co-operation of those Catholics who are most eminent for their learning, the advance of science and every other department of knowledge may be promoted under the guidance and teaching of Catholic truth. God grant that We may happily realize Our design with the assistance of all those who bear a sincere love for the Church of Christ. But of this We propose to speak on another occasion.</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Meanwhile, Venerable Brethren, fully confident in your zeal and energy, We beseech for you with Our whole heart the abundance of heavenly light, so that in the midst of this great danger to souls from the insidious invasions of error upon every hand, you may see clearly what ought to be done, and labor to do it with all your strength and courage. May Jesus Christ, the author and finisher of our faith, be with you in His power; and may the Immaculate Virgin, the destroyer of all heresies, be with you by her prayers and aid. And We, as a pledge of Our affection and of the Divine solace in adversity, most lovingly grant to you, your clergy and people, the Apostolic Benediction.</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">58. Given at St. Peter's, Rome, September 8, 1907, in the fifth year of Our Pontificate. PIUS X, POPE</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">REFERENCES</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">1. Acts 20:30.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">2. Titus 1:10.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">3. ii Tim. 3:13.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">4. De Revelatione, can. 1.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">5. Ibid., can. 2.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">6. De Fide, can. 3. 7. De Revelatione, can. 3.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">8. Gregory XVI, encyclical of June 25, 1834, Singulari Nos.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">9. Brief to the Bishop of Breslau, June 15, 1857.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">10. Gregory IX Epist. ad Magistros theol. paris. July 7, 1223.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">11. Proposition 29, condemned by Leo X in the bull of May 16, 1520, Exsurge Domine: Via nobis facta est enervandi auctoritatem Conciliorum et libere contradicendi eorum gestis et iudicandi eorum decreta, at confidenter confitendi quidquid verum videtur, sive probatum fuerit, sive reprobatum a quocumque Concilio.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">12. Sess. Vll, De Sacramentis in genere, can. 5.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">13. Proposition 2: "Propositio, quae statuit, potestatem a Deo Datam Ecclesiae ut communicaretur Pastoribus, qui sunt eius ministri pro salute animarum; sic intellecta, ut a communitate fidelium in Pastores derivetur ecclesiastici ministerii ac regiminis potestas: haeretica." Proposition 3: "Insuper, quae .statuit Romanun Pontificem esse caput ministeriale; sic explicata ut Romanus Pontifex non a Christo in persona beati Petri, sed ab Ecclesia potestatem ministerii accipiat, qua velut Petri successor, verus Christi vicarius ac totius Ecclesiae caput pollet in universa Ecclesia: haerectica."</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">14. Pius IX,encyclical of November 9, 1846, Qui pluribus.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">15. Syllabus, Prop. 5.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">16. Constitution Dei Filius, cap. 4.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">17. Loc. cit.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">18. Rom. 1:21-22.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">19. Vatican Council, De Revelatione con. 2.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">20. Epist. 28.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">21. Gregory XVI, encyclical of June 25, 1834, Singulari Nos.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">22. Syllabus, Prop. 13.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">23. Motu Proprio of March 14, 1891, Ut mysticam.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">24. Leo Xlll, encyclical of August 4, 1879, Aeterni Patris.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">25. Leo Xlll, Apostolic letter of December 10, 1889, In magna.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">26. Leo Xlll, allocution of March 7, 1880.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">27. Loc. cit.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">28. Cf. ASS, 29:359ff</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">29. Cf. ASS, 30:39ff.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">30. Leo Xlll, encyclical of February 10, 1884, Nobilissima Gallorum.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">31. Acts of the Congress of the Bishops of Umbria, November, 1849, tit. 2, art. 6</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">32. Instruction of the Sacred Congregation of Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs, January 27, 1902.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">33. Decree of May 2, 1877.</span><br />
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3003895380147156708.post-37235180058942361692015-09-04T06:00:00.000+02:002015-09-04T06:00:00.511+02:00Creation was Created by God through Jesus Christ Our Lord<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
All the pagan accounts of creation are summed up in the woe-begone theory of evolution. It was done that way on purpose to defame the Bible by secularists who were loath to admit the supernatural. Evolution is simply extremely false and bad pagan religion.<br />
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Real Creation by God, which is the very reality we live in, is the truth.<br />
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Real science is commanded by God's truth to speak the truth.<br />
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No one nor anything, including any kind of science, commands God nor sets any standards by which to judge God and His truth. God is not judged. God is the judge of all. God is the creator and ruler over all. God has existed from before all time and creation and will exist unto all eternity - by His own power and authority which He derives from Himself and no other source.<br />
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<a href="http://parousia-qiyamah.blogspot.com/2015/02/as-in-days-of-noah-look-up-your_14.html">Parousia of Jesus Christ Our Lord: As in the days of Noah: Look up, your redemption is at hand: Noah, a preacher of Righteousness - Parousia of 'Isa al-Maseeh</a><br />
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<a href="http://asitwasinthedaysofnoah.blogspot.com/2012/05/look-up-your-redemption-is-at-hand-noah.html">As in the days of Noah: Look up, your redemption is at hand: Noah, a preacher of Righteousness - Return of 'Isa al-Maseeh</a><br />
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<a href="http://lookupyourredemptionisathand.blogspot.com/2011/01/noah-preacher-of-righteousness-sayyidah.html">Look up, your redemption is at hand: Noah, a preacher of Righteousness - Nuzul i Isa al-Maseeh</a><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiv2VryQwJmddgUlBWeM1jn_3jmNiCnxPq2nRXGWfYu32B0RHq7XH172BNxlJ48emJZPPfneFAq9DYLyoJuM5Ed-nKvUetyYuTjrDK51wNn9ESB14gOPwhRDWW14hnfU1CtFaNakoX1vpE/s1600/UP_MT_ARARAT.jpg"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5558595541521002770" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiv2VryQwJmddgUlBWeM1jn_3jmNiCnxPq2nRXGWfYu32B0RHq7XH172BNxlJ48emJZPPfneFAq9DYLyoJuM5Ed-nKvUetyYuTjrDK51wNn9ESB14gOPwhRDWW14hnfU1CtFaNakoX1vpE/s400/UP_MT_ARARAT.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; height: 256px; width: 400px;" /></span></a><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Mount Ararat where Noah landed</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiv2VryQwJmddgUlBWeM1jn_3jmNiCnxPq2nRXGWfYu32B0RHq7XH172BNxlJ48emJZPPfneFAq9DYLyoJuM5Ed-nKvUetyYuTjrDK51wNn9ESB14gOPwhRDWW14hnfU1CtFaNakoX1vpE/s1600/UP_MT_ARARAT.jpg"></a><br /></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrYjhPrx4H5qXcv1yrPnKb-rkCV2Jaz8KMewRtevV9RiaCejMrI9OrPox4wFDPadeXiIVhE0PFBy-1c7G3f0ajXiPOZ_TxOXm3g3w0xO3tLZCI9FOxlogQYz4QkUPGR5rA2RACrCrQfo4/s1600/STS102-344-23_lrg.jpg"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5558595535665804818" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrYjhPrx4H5qXcv1yrPnKb-rkCV2Jaz8KMewRtevV9RiaCejMrI9OrPox4wFDPadeXiIVhE0PFBy-1c7G3f0ajXiPOZ_TxOXm3g3w0xO3tLZCI9FOxlogQYz4QkUPGR5rA2RACrCrQfo4/s400/STS102-344-23_lrg.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; height: 257px; width: 400px;" /></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Ararat from space</span></div>
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<span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial, Arial, Helvetica;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"></span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic';"><span style="font-family: 'Copperplate Gothic Bold';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"></span><a href="http://www.islam101.com/history/people/prophets/nuh.htm"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">PROPHET Noah (Nuh)</span></a></span><a href="http://www.islam101.com/history/people/prophets/nuh.htm"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></a></span><span style="font-family: 'Copperplate Gothic Bold';"><a href="http://www.islam101.com/history/people/prophets/nuh.htm"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">(peace be upon him)</span></a></span></span><br />
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<b><u><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Moral Degradation:</span></u></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><br />The Prophet Adam (peace be upon him) had left his progeny in a state of social and moral health but gradually they began to forget the teachings of Allah. They adopted the wrong path and indulged in corruption and depravity. They became mean, evil-doers and greedy. They cheated and hurt one another. They began to worship idols and forgot to pray to Almighty Allah. The entire society had been split up into different sections and this state of affairs had given birth to oppression and injustice.</span><br />
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<b><u><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">The Advent of Prophet Nuh:</span></u></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><br />Under these circumstances Allah, the Most Merciful, wanted the people to be good again. He sent Nuh as His apostle for the reclamation of the depraved humanity dwelling in that part of the earth which is called 'Iraq in the present era. Those people believed in Allah but they associated other gods with Allah, the Supreme. The priests of these deities exercised great control over all affairs. The people offered sacrifices in the name of their deities to please them. They spent the money lavishly and thus their condition became miserable. The Prophet Nuh (peace be upon him) like other prophets was sincere, pious, patient and trustworthy. He was strong in his will and determination. Angel Gabriel (Jibra'il) conveyed him the teachings from Allah. He was commanded to reform the people who had been led astray by the Satan. He kept on preaching the faith of Allah and directed the people to pray to One God. He advised them to refrain from doing evil deeds. The Holy Qur'an affirms his endeavours to reform his people in the following Verses:</span><br />
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<b><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">"He (Nuh) said: 0' my people! serve Allah. There is no god other than Him. If you refuse, verily I fear for you chastisement of a grievous day. The Chiefs of his people said: Most certainly we perceive you in clear error. He said: O' my people! There is no error in me but I am an Apostle from the lord of the worlds. I deliver to you the message of my Lord and I counsel you right (7: 59,60)</span></i></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"></span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Again in the following Verses the Prophet Nuh (peace be upon him) warned his people by declaring:</span><br />
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<b><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">"O' my people! Surely I am a plain warner to you bidding you to serve Allah and be mindful of your duty to Him, and obey me so that He may forgive your faults." (71:2-4)</span></i></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span><br />
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<b><u><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">The Prophet Nuh was opposed:</span></u></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><br />Most of the people did not believe in the Prophet Nuh (peace be upon him). They made fun of him and ridiculed him as a mad man. Whenever he tried to convey the message of Allah to them, they began to thrust their fingers into their ears. They persisted in their infidelity and proudly disdained his counsel to do good deeds. The people were so stubborn under the influence of their priests that they paid no heed to the message of Allah and their aversion rapidly increased. At last in sheer disgust the Prophet Nuh (peace be upon him) had to cry out:</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">"My Lord! Leave not upon land any dweller from among the disbelievers. For surely if You leave them, they will lead astray Your servants and will not beget any but immoral ungrateful offspring.</span><br />
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<b><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">My Lord! Forgive me and my parents and him who enters my house believing, and the believing males and females and do not increase the unjust in aught but destruction." (71: 26-28)</span></i></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span><br />
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<b><u><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Preparation of an Ark:</span></u></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><br />Consequently Almighty Allah answered the prayer of Prophet Nuh (peace be upon him) by asking him to build an ark (a very big boat). The Prophet Nuh (peace be upon him) knew that Allah planned to drown all those sinners who had rejected His Commandments. He began to build the ark with the help of his followers. They went on working constantly from dawn to dusk. When the boat began to take shape, the disbelievers made fun of them. The transgressors thought that the Prophet Nuh (peace be upon him) and his followers were becoming crazy and were losing their balance of mind. The Holy Qur'an says:</span><b><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">"And he began to build the ark and whenever the chiefs among his people passed by him, they deride him but he said: Though you scoff at us now, we will scoff at you in Hereafter." (11:38)</span></i></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span><br />
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<b><u><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Calamity befalls:</span></u></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><br />When the big ark was completed, the sky became cloudy. It started to rain in torrents. The streams became bulging with water. The Valleys were in the grip of food. There was water everywhere. The lightning was frightening and the thunder made the hearts pound fast. Every one was scared and worried except the Prophet Nuh (peace be upon him) and his Followers. The Holy Qur'an gives the description of this terrible deluge in the following Verses:</span><br />
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<b><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">"So We opened the gates of the heavens with water pouring down and We caused the earth to gush forth its springs, so the water of the heavens and the earth gathered together according to measure already ordained." (54: 11, 12)</span></i></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"></span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">The Prophet Nuh (peace be upon trim) called on his family and followers to embark the boat. They came rushing to the ark. There was a special place in the boat for all the animates including human beings and their animals. The ark sailed amid waves like mountains while the streams of water were rising fast and filling many houses with water through the windows and the doors. Many houses collapsed and dashed to the ground. Some of them tried to swim but in vain. They were in a pathetic condition but they deserved it. The son of Nuh was separated from him because he was an evil-doer. The Prophet Nuh (peace be upon him) prayed to his Lord and said:</span><br />
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<b><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">"Surely, my son belongs to my family and Your promise is true. Allah said: Surely, he is not of your family. He is of evil conduct, therefore ask not of Me that of which you have no knowledge." (11:45, 46)</span></i></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"></span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">In the meantime the water rose higher and higher. The whole area was under the sway of flood and all the disbelievers were drowned. The Prophet Nuh (peace be upon him) and his followers were safe and sound in the ark which was floating without any obstruction of huge waves. Finally the rain stopped and the water abated. The sky became clear.</span><br />
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<b><u><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">The Prophet Nuh and his followers Remain Safe:</span></u></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><br />The Prophet Nuh (peace be upon him) and his believers sheltered in a safe place. They built new houses and worked hard in the fields. The next generation which sprang up from the survived believers included God-fearing persons. They worshipped one God and acted according to His teachings. The Prophet Nuh (peace be upon him) lived for about 950 years. After this dreadful destruction the people abstained from committing sins for sometime. Afterwards they began to be loose in their actions.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">'Isa al-Maseeh said</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Gospel According to Saint Matthew</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Chapter 24<br /><br />37 And as in the days of Noe, so shall also the coming of the Son of man ['Isa ben Maryam] be.</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">38 For as in the days before the flood, they were eating and drinking, marrying and giving in marriage, even till that day in which Noe entered into the ark,</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">39 And they knew not till the flood came, and took them all away; so also shall the coming of the Son of man be.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">St. Irenaeus (180 A.D.), Against Heresies - Book V.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Chapter XXVII.-The Future Judgment by Christ. Communion with and Separation from the Divine Being. The Eternal Punishment of Unbelievers.<br /><br />1. If the Father, then, does not exercise judgment, [it follows] that judgment does not belong to Him, or that He consents to all those actions which take place; and if He does not judge, all persons will be equal, and accounted in the same condition. The advent of Christ will therefore be without an object, yea, absurd, inasmuch as [in that case] He exercises no judicial power. For "He came to divide a man against his father, and the daughter against the mother, and the daughter-in-law against the mother-in-law; "235 and when two are in one bed, to take the one, and to leave the other; and of two women grinding at the mill, to take one and leave the other:236 [also] at the time of the end, to order the reapers to collect first the tares together, and bind them in bundles, and burn them with unquenchable fire, but to gather up the wheat into the barn;237 and to call the lambs into the kingdom prepared for them, but to send the goats into everlasting fire, which has been prepared by His Father for the devil and his angels.238 And why is this? Has the Word come for the ruin and for the resurrection of many? For the ruin, certainly, of those who do not believe Him, to whom also He has threatened a greater damnation in the judgment-day than that of Sodom and Gomorrah;239 but for the resurrection of believers, and those who do the will of His Father in heaven. If then the advent of the Son comes indeed alike to all, but is for the purpose of judging, and separating the believing from the unbelieving, since, as those who believe do His will agreeably to their own choice, and as, [also] agreeably to their own choice, the disobedient do not consent to His doctrine; it is manifest that His Father has made all in a like condition, each person having a choice of his own, and a free understanding; and that He has regard to all things, and exercises a providence over all, "making His sun to rise upon the evil and on the good, and sending rain upon the just and unjust."240</span></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><br />Chapter XXIX.-All Things Have Been Created for the Service of Man. The Deceits, Wickedness, and Apostate Power of Antichrist. This Was Prefigured at the Deluge, as Afterwards by the Persecution of Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego.<br /><br />1. In the previous books I have set forth the causes for which God permitted these things to be made, and have pointed out that all such have been created for the benefit of that human nature which is saved, ripening for immortality that which is [possessed] of its own free will and its own power, and preparing and rendering it more adapted for eternal subjection to God. And therefore the creation is suited to [the wants of] man; for man was not made for its sake, but creation for the sake of man. Those nations however, who did not of themselves raise up their eyes unto heaven, nor returned thanks to their Maker, nor wished to behold the light of truth, but who were like blind mice concealed in the depths of ignorance, the word justly reckons "as waste water from a sink, and as the turning-weight of a balance-in fact, as nothing; "250 so far useful and serviceable to the just, as stubble conduces towards the growth of the wheat, and its straw, by means of combustion, serves for working gold. And therefore, when in the end the Church shall be suddenly caught up from this [the resurrection of the just at Jesus Christ's Parousia is referred to - not any secret rapture, secret rapture is heresy. The tribulation referred to is before that resurrection.], it is said, "There shall be tribulation such as has not been since the beginning, neither shall be."251 For this is the last contest of the righteous, in which, when they overcome they are crowned with incorruption.<br /><br />2. And there is therefore in this beast, when he comes, a recapitulation made of all sorts of iniquity and of every deceit, in order that all apostate power, flowing into and being shut up in him, may be sent into the furnace of fire. Fittingly, therefore, shall his name possess the number six hundred and sixty-six, since he sums up in his own person all the commixture of wickedness which took place previous to the deluge, due to the apostasy of the angels. For Noah was six hundred years old when the deluge came upon the earth, sweeping away the rebellious world, for the sake of that most infamous generation which lived in the times of Noah. And [Antichrist] also sums up every error of devised idols since the flood, together with the slaying of the prophets and the cutting off of the just. For that image which was set up by Nebuchadnezzar had indeed a height of sixty cubits, while the breadth was six cubits; on account of which Ananias, Azarias, and Misael, when they did not worship it, were cast into a furnace of fire, pointing out prophetically, by what happened to them, the wrath against the righteous which shall arise towards the [time of the] end. For that image, taken as a whole, was a prefiguring of this man's coming, decreeing that he should undoubtedly himself alone be worshipped by all men. Thus, then, the six hundred years of Noah, in whose time the deluge occurred because of the apostasy, and the number of the cubits of the image for which these just men were sent into the fiery furnace, do indicate the number of the name of that man in whom is concentrated the whole apostasy of six thousand years, and unrighteousness, and wickedness, and false prophecy, and deception; for which things' sake a cataclysm of fire shall also come [upon the earth].</span><br />
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<a href="http://technischeredaktion.blogspot.com/2015/09/techjournal-giants-and-mans-sin-is.html">Tech_Journal: The giants and man's sin is the cause of the deluge</a><br />
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<a href="http://bellesheures.wordpress.com/eternal-faith-beliefs/">Eternal Faith & Beliefs « BellesHeures's Weblog</a><br />
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<a href="http://1amendmentcont.blogspot.com/2012/03/koran-and-creation.html">God and His Messiah Jesus Christ our Lord - our right and duty to witness to Him: THE KORAN AND CREATION</a><br />
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<b><span style="color: red; font-size: medium;">THE KORAN AND CREATION</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><i>Note: I make no pretence of being either a pupil or a scholar</i><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><i>where the Koran [Qur’an]--the holy book of Islam--is concerned.</i><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><i>I have merely read carefully thru the 1966 revised edition</i><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><i>of N.J. Dawood’s translation published by Penguin Books, Ltd.</i><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><i>My purpose was to make notes on the number of</i><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><i>references to some twenty-three pre-selected subjects.</i><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><i>In keeping with the presentation of a variety of evidences of all sorts</i><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><i>on my web domain <a href="http://www.fixedearth.com/">www.fixedearth.com</a>, which evidences challenge</i><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><i>the universally accepted Copernican hypothesis of an earth rotating daily</i><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><i>on an “axis” and orbiting the sun annually, I thought it pertinent to see</i><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><i>if the official Holy Book of over a billion Moslems, the Koran,</i><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><i>agreed or disagreed on this aspect of Creation with the</i><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><i>official Holy Book of over a billion Christians, The Bible.</i><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><i>This is what I found:</i><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><u><span style="color: purple; font-size: medium;">The Koran--Like the Bible--Refutes Copernicanism</span></u><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 10pt;"></span></b><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><b></b></span><b></b><span style="font-size: small;"><b>As in the Bible, the Koran describes the sun as a body that rises and sets, that has a course it follows like the moon has a course it follows, and that the sun’s course is an orbit that produces day and night on the Earth. Since the earth orbiting the sun and the sun orbiting the earth at the same time is not possible, one of these motions must be the Truth of the matter and one must be a deception--a clever one to be sure--but still a deception.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><b>Other presentations on the <i>fixedearth.com</i> web page maintain that Copernicanism is a mega-lie and demonstrably so. If that be the case, then the Koran’s agreement with the Bible on this creation matter pits the Moslems, Christians--and those Jews who follow the Creation accounts in the Bible--against those who--knowingly or unknowingly--are following the Creation account in the mystic Kabbala (Cabala).</b></span></div>
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<b></b><span style="font-size: small;"><b>The Kabbala account plainly sets forth a Big Bang, Expanding Universe concept which operates on Einstein’s mathematical “fantasies” </b></span><b><span style="font-size: x-small;">(his own description: Earth book, p.129)</span><span style="font-size: small;">. These Kabbalist inspired foundational “facts” of modern cosmological “science” now determine how the universe came to be. Add to this the fact that NASA’s multi-billion dollar “Origins Program” is inextricably connected and dependent upon the Kabbalistic Big Bang Paradigm, and it can be readily seen that the strategy for destroying Biblical and Koranic Creationism for Christians, Moslems, and believing Jews is in its final phase. The evidence for these assertions and<u>much more that is related</u> can be seen <i><u><a href="http://www.fixedearth.com/nasas_agenda.htm">HERE</a></u></i> & <i><u><a href="http://www.fixedearth.com/nasas_hanky-panky.htm">HERE</a></u></i> & <u><i><a href="http://www.fixedearth.com/nasas_spiritual_roots.htm">HERE</a></i> </u>& <a href="http://www.fixedearth.com/kabbala%20VI.htm">HERE</a>....</span></b><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 10pt;"></span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">The relevant passages and page numbers I found in the translation of the Koran cited above are as follows:</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b><br />
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<b><span style="font-size: small;"><u>The Merciful</u></span> -p.19 - “The sun and the moon pursue their ordered course.”</b></blockquote>
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<b><span style="font-size: small;"><u>The Cave</u></span> - p.91 - “You might have seen the rising sun decline to the right of their cavern, and, as it set, go past them on the left, while they stayed within...”</b></blockquote>
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<b><u><span style="font-size: small;">Abraham</span></u> <span style="font-size: small;">- p.101 - “He has created rivers for your benefit, and the sun and the moon, which steadfastly pursue their courses....”</span></b></blockquote>
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<b><span style="font-size: small;"><u>Thunder</u></span> - p.140 - “Allah...forced the sun and the moon into His service, each pursuing an appointed course....”</b></blockquote>
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<b><span style="font-size: small;"><u>Ya Sin</u></span> - p.172 #1 - “The sun hastens to its resting place: its course is laid for it by the Mighty One, the All-knowing.”</b></blockquote>
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<b><span style="font-size: small;"><u>Ya Sin</u></span> - p.172 #2 - “The sun is not allowed to overtake the moon.... Each in its own orbit runs.”</b></blockquote>
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<b><span style="font-size: small;"><u>The Creator</u></span> - p.176 - “He has forced the sun and the moon into His service, each running for an appointed term.”</b></blockquote>
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<b><span style="font-size: small;"><u>Luqman</u></span> - p.187 - “He has forced the sun and the moon into His service, each running for an appointed term.” (Same as written in The Creator, p.176.)</b></blockquote>
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<b><span style="font-size: small;"><u>The Hordes</u></span> - p.273 - “He made the sun and the moon obedient to Him, each running for an appointed term.”</b></blockquote>
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<b><span style="font-size: small;"><u>The Prophets</u></span> - p.292 - “It was He who created the night and the day, the sun and the moon: each moves swiftly in an orbit of its own.”</b></blockquote>
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<b><span style="font-size: small;"><u>The Cow</u></span> - p.352 - “Allah brings the sun up from the east....”</b></blockquote>
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<b><span style="font-size: small;"><u>The Cessation</u></span> - (implied) p.17 - “I swear by the turning planets and by the stars that rise and set.”</b></blockquote>
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<b><span style="font-size: 10pt;">From beginning to end, the Bible also presents what all known science confirms, viz., that the Earth is stationary with the sun going around it every 24 hours. The following Scriptural references in the order given are all to be found with comments in Chapter I of <u><a com="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=8244123646989798628&postID=6429934219067551908" the_bible_and_y2k="">The Earth Is Not Moving:</a><o:p> (<a href="http://www.fixedearth.com/the_bible/coperniciansales.html">HERE</a>)</o:p></u></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;"><b>Joshua 10,12,13; I Chronicles 16:30; Psalm 93:1; Job 26:7; Ecclesiastes 1:5; II Kings 20:9-11; Isaiah 38:7,8; Job 9:7; Habakkuk 3:11; Isaiah 13:10; Psalm 104:19;<o:p></o:p></b></span><b> </b><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><b>Psalm 19:1, 4-6.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 10pt;">In addition to these, there are many other references in the Bible to the sun rising and setting, etc.<o:p> (<a href="http://www.fixedearth.com/sixty-seven%20references.htm">HERE</a>)</o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 10pt;"></span><span style="font-size: small;">In short, both the Bible and the Koran describe a stationary Earth with the sun and stars going around...just as everyone has always seen them go, and just as all non-theoretical scientific evidence and logic says they are going... “science falsely so-called” </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">(I Timothy 6:21,22)</span><span style="font-size: small;">, i.e., Kabbala-inspired “science” notwithstanding....<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<a href="http://technischeredaktion.blogspot.com/search/label/The%20giants%20and%20man%27s%20sin%20is%20the%20cause%20of%20the%20deluge">Tech_Journal: The giants and man's sin is the cause of the deluge</a><br />
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<a href="http://youtu.be/THaFH60wmT4">Giant Humans Found in Israel</a><br />
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<b>CHRISTIAN BELIEF</b></div>
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<a href="http://eternalfaithandbeliefs.blogspot.com/2012/05/christian-belief-1.html">Christian Belief 1</a></div>
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<a href="http://eternalfaithandbeliefs.blogspot.com/search/label/Agni">Agni</a>,</div>
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<a href="http://eternalfaithandbeliefs.blogspot.com/search/label/Buddhism">Buddhism</a>,</div>
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<a href="http://eternalfaithandbeliefs.blogspot.com/search/label/Christ%20our%20only%20High%20Priest">Christ our only High Priest</a>,</div>
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<a href="http://eternalfaithandbeliefs.blogspot.com/search/label/Christian%20Belief">Christian Belief</a>,</div>
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<a href="http://eternalfaithandbeliefs.blogspot.com/search/label/Evolution">Evolution</a>,</div>
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<a href="http://eternalfaithandbeliefs.blogspot.com/search/label/Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a>,</div>
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<a href="http://eternalfaithandbeliefs.blogspot.com/search/label/god%20of%20the%20air">god of the air</a>,</div>
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<a href="http://eternalfaithandbeliefs.blogspot.com/search/label/Hinduism">Hinduism</a>,</div>
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<a href="http://eternalfaithandbeliefs.blogspot.com/search/label/Mars%27%20hill">Mars' hill</a>,</div>
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<a href="http://eternalfaithandbeliefs.blogspot.com/search/label/Nagarjuna">Nagarjuna</a>,</div>
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<a href="http://eternalfaithandbeliefs.blogspot.com/search/label/Sarasvati">Sarasvati</a>,</div>
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<a href="http://eternalfaithandbeliefs.blogspot.com/search/label/Satan">Satan</a>,</div>
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<a href="http://eternalfaithandbeliefs.blogspot.com/search/label/Tautology">Tautology</a>,</div>
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<a href="http://eternalfaithandbeliefs.blogspot.com/search/label/true%20disciples">true disciples</a></div>
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<a href="http://eternalfaithandbeliefs.blogspot.com/2012/05/christian-belief-2-section-one-through.html">Christian Belief 2 Section One through Five</a></div>
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<a href="http://eternalfaithandbeliefs.blogspot.com/search/label/Aether">Aether</a>,</div>
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<a href="http://eternalfaithandbeliefs.blogspot.com/search/label/Buddhism">Buddhism</a>,</div>
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<a href="http://eternalfaithandbeliefs.blogspot.com/search/label/Chaldaea">Chaldaea</a>,</div>
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<a href="http://eternalfaithandbeliefs.blogspot.com/search/label/Christian%20Belief">Christian Belief</a>,</div>
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<a href="http://eternalfaithandbeliefs.blogspot.com/search/label/Cosmocratoras">Cosmocratoras</a>,</div>
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<a href="http://eternalfaithandbeliefs.blogspot.com/search/label/Devil">Devil</a>,</div>
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<a href="http://eternalfaithandbeliefs.blogspot.com/search/label/elements">elements</a>,</div>
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<a href="http://eternalfaithandbeliefs.blogspot.com/search/label/Enlil">Enlil</a>,</div>
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<a href="http://eternalfaithandbeliefs.blogspot.com/search/label/Evolution">Evolution</a>,</div>
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<a href="http://eternalfaithandbeliefs.blogspot.com/search/label/Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a>,</div>
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<a href="http://eternalfaithandbeliefs.blogspot.com/search/label/god%20of%20the%20air">god of the air</a>,</div>
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<a href="http://eternalfaithandbeliefs.blogspot.com/search/label/Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>,</div>
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<a href="http://eternalfaithandbeliefs.blogspot.com/search/label/Nammu">Nammu</a>,</div>
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<a href="http://eternalfaithandbeliefs.blogspot.com/search/label/paganism">paganism</a>,</div>
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<a href="http://eternalfaithandbeliefs.blogspot.com/search/label/Pantheist%2FMonist">Pantheist/Monist</a>,</div>
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<a href="http://eternalfaithandbeliefs.blogspot.com/search/label/Reincarnation">Reincarnation</a>,</div>
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<a href="http://eternalfaithandbeliefs.blogspot.com/search/label/Satan">Satan</a>,</div>
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<a href="http://eternalfaithandbeliefs.blogspot.com/search/label/Theism">Theism</a></div>
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<a href="http://eternalfaithandbeliefs.blogspot.com/2012/05/christian-belief-3.html">Christian Belief 3</a></div>
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<a href="http://eternalfaithandbeliefs.blogspot.com/search/label/Babylon">Babylon</a>,</div>
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<a href="http://eternalfaithandbeliefs.blogspot.com/search/label/Bowl%20Judgments">Bowl Judgments</a>,</div>
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<a href="http://eternalfaithandbeliefs.blogspot.com/search/label/Christian%20Belief">Christian Belief</a>,</div>
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<a href="http://eternalfaithandbeliefs.blogspot.com/search/label/upholding%20baptismal%20vows">upholding baptismal vows</a></div>
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<a href="http://eternalfaithandbeliefs.blogspot.com/search/label/upholding%20baptismal%20vows"></a></div>
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<b>PANTHEISTIC EVOLUTION</b></div>
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<a href="http://www.icr.org/article/pantheistic-evolution/">Pantheistic Evolution</a><br />
<h1>
Pantheistic Evolution</h1>
<h2 class="ByLine">
by Henry Morris, Ph.D.</h2>
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Ever since Darwin, the concept of natural selection has dominated evolutionary thought, providing a "naturalistic" explanation for the origin of species, and thus (as Julian Huxley used to say) eliminating the need for God. In recent years, however, there has been a strong reaction against Darwinian evolution in many places. Unfortunately, the change has not caused these scientists to return to creationism, but instead, to pre-Darwinian evolutionism. That is, they are abandoning atheistic evolution and returning to pantheistic evolution. In fact, this is the pseudo-scientific rationale underlying the so-called New Age Movement which is sweeping over the world today.</div>
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<strong>Evolution in Antiquity</strong></div>
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Evolutionism is not a modern scientific theory at all, but is as old as human rebellion against the Creator.</div>
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<blockquote>
In fact, the belief that life had its origins in a single basic substance is so widespread among the various peoples of the world, primitive or civilized, that it can be considered one of the few universal themes in the history of ideas.[1]</blockquote>
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That "basic substance" out of which all things have evolved is said to have been the primeval watery chaos which had existed from eternity. From this evolved the gods and goddesses who produced everything else. This universal belief of antiquity is not just primitive mythology, of course.</div>
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But these deities are . . . actually personifications of Nature and their activities, predictable and unpredictable, determine what life will be like on Earth.[2]</blockquote>
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Dr. Stanley Jaki, with doctorates in both physics and theology and author of 32 books, confirms the universality of ancient pagan evolutionism:</div>
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All of these ancients were pagan. The essence of paganism, old and new, is that the universe is eternal, that its motions are without beginning and without end. Belief in creation out of nothing is the very opposite of paganism.[3]</blockquote>
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As far as the post-Flood world is concerned, this pagan evolutionism originated in ancient Babylon, in the land of Sumer, but then spread around the world with the dispersion, as described in Genesis 11. It came to full flower in Greece, especially through the writings of Homer and Hesiod.</div>
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The earth itself was known as the mother of all living things. The Greek goddess of the earth, Gaia (with equivalent names in other ethnic religions), soon became recognized as "Mother Earth" or "Mother Nature."</div>
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How did we reach our present secular humanist world? In times that are ancient by human measure, as far back as the earliest artifacts can be found, it seems that the Earth was worshipped as a goddess and believed to be alive. The myth of the great Mother is part of most early religions.[4]</blockquote>
<strong>Return to Gaia</strong></div>
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The author cited above is a brilliant scientist and is one of the leaders in developing the modern "Gaian Hypothesis," which views the earth as an actual living organism, evolving itself while controlling the geological evolution of its crust and the biological evolution of its plants and animals.</div>
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The evolution of the species and the evolution of their environment are rightly coupled together as a single and inseparable process.[5]</blockquote>
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Lovelock and other leading Gaians do not think of Gaia as a real woman living on Mount Olympus or somewhere, but as a living, intelligent "being" comprising the earth and all its evolving organisms and other systems.</div>
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Another distinguished scientist advocating evolutionary pantheism is Rupert Sheldrake with a Ph.D. from Cambridge University, and later director of studies in cell biology there.</div>
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<blockquote>
But today, with the rise of the green movement, Mother Nature is reasserting herself, whether we like it or not. In particular, the acknowledgment that our planet is a living organisms, Gaia, Mother Earth, strikes a responsive chord in millions of people.[6]</blockquote>
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As Dr. Sheldrake indicates, the modern "green movement," which is rapidly growing all over the world, is largely committed to this concept of pantheistic evolution. In fact, the environmental activists in politics, both local and national, are strongly influenced by such ideas.</div>
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Lovelock's musings have had two consequences. They have inspired a quasi-political movement based in London, complete with a publishing arm, that now includes thousands of adherents throughout the U.S. and Western Europe. Indeed, Gaia has almost become the official ideology of "Green" parties in Europe: it appeals naturally to scientifically innocent individuals who worry about the environment.[7]</blockquote>
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This theme is being continually emphasized in public school classrooms today and, with the recent election results, is almost certain to become a major theme in the new federal administration. This is a reasonable assumption based on the selection of a vice president whose best-selling 1992 book, "Earth in the Balance: Ecology and the Human Spirit" is so passionately devoted to such concepts.</div>
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The worship of "Mother Earth" is also becoming prominent in some aspects of the modern feminist movement. The more radical feminists, in fact, are replacing God with "The Goddess," even holding worship services in "her" name. In fact, Vice-President-Elect Al Gore, on page 260 of his book, cites with approval the statement that "the prevailing ideology of belief in prehistoric Europe and much of the world was based on the worship of a single earth goddess," lamenting the fact that "organized goddess worship was eliminated by Christianity."</div>
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<strong>Cosmic Pantheism</strong></div>
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In fact, the idea of pantheistic evolution is not even limited to that of Earth and its systems. Modern New Agers embrace the whole universe in some form of conscious cosmic evolution. The famous astronomer Fred Hoyle, in fact, has written an entire book entitled, "The Intelligent Universe" (London: Michael Joseph Co., 1983), rejecting terrestrial Darwin-type evolution in favor of cosmic pantheistic evolution. Another British astronomer and physicist, Paul Davies, thinks that modern notions of "order from chaos" somehow prove that the "creative cosmos" has created itself.</div>
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In recent years, more scientists have come to recognize that matter and energy possess an innate ability to self-organize.[8]</blockquote>
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Then, continuing, he proves this merely by citing:</div>
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...the astonishing ability of an embryo to develop from a single strand of DNA, via an exquisitely well-organized sequence of formative steps, into an exceedingly complex organism.[8]</blockquote>
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Dr. Davies neglects to explain, however, just how the DNA was ever programmed to do this. Perhaps Mother Nature did it! In any case, this is exactly what more and more scientists believe today.</div>
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All nature is evolutionary. The cosmos is like a great developing organism, and evolutionary creativity is inherent in nature herself.[9]</blockquote>
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But that is not all.</div>
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The universe as a whole is a developing organism, and so are the galaxies, solar systems, and biospheres within it, including the earth.[10]</blockquote>
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It is not possible in our limited space to discuss this further, but the fact is that there is no more scientific proof (or even real evidence) for pantheistic evolution than for atheistic evolution. Evolution in any form is nothing but "cunningly devised fables" and "science falsely so-called."[11]</div>
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As the Catholic physicist, Dr. Wolfgang Smith has said:</div>
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The point, however, is that the doctrine of evolution has swept the world, not on the strength of its scientific merits, but precisely in its capacity as a Gnostic myth. It affirms, in effect, that living beings created themselves, which is, in essence, a metaphysical claim.... Thus, in the final analysis, evolutionism is in truth a metaphysical doctrine decked out in scientific garb.[12]</blockquote>
<strong>Evolution in the Last Days</strong></div>
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Just as pantheistic evolution served as the world's religion in the early days, so it will do again in the last days. The New Age is really nothing but a revival in modern garb of the Old Age—that is, the first age after the Flood, when King Nimrod led the world in a united rebellion against the Creator. [13] And just as all the groups in the wide spectrum of New Age beliefs are founded upon a base of pantheistic evolutionism, so all have as their ultimate goal, just as Nimrod did, the development of a global system of government, culture, finance, and religion. The United Nations Organization is currently the focus of these plans, but it will eventually "evolve" into a much stronger international government in which all "the kings of the earth (will) set themselves, and the rulers take counsel together, against the LORD, and against His [Christ], saying, Let us break their bands asunder, and cast away their cords from us" (Psalm 2:2,3).</div>
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To accomplish this, they must first teach men once again (as they did in ancient time) to change "the glory of the incorruptible God into an image made like to corruptible man," and then to "[worship] and [serve] the creature more than the Creator" (<a class="bible" href="http://www.icr.org/bible/Romans/1:23" target="_blank">Romans 1:23,25</a>). As Robert Muller, former Assistant Secretary General of the United Nations (presumably speaking on behalf of that organization) has said:</div>
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I believe the most fundamental thing we can do today is to believe in evolution.[14]</blockquote>
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Now, if the most fundamental thing that New Agers (as well as the older style secular humanists and social Darwinists) can do to bring about such a world system is to believe in evolution, that means the most effective thing the remnant of believers in God and His Word can do to offset this is to believe and teach a soundly Biblical and scientific creationism. This must include the great truth that the Creator has now also become the Lamb of God, our sin-forgiving Savior, and soon will return as eternal King.</div>
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In that day, "These shall make war with the Lamb, and the Lamb shall overcome them: for He is Lord of lords, and King of kings" (<a class="bible" href="http://www.icr.org/bible/Revelation/17:14" target="_blank">Revelation 17:14</a>).</div>
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<strong>-- References --</strong></center>
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<br />
<ol>
<li><div align="left">
Ernest L. Abel, <cite>Ancient Views on the Origin of Life</cite> (Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1973), p. 15.</div>
</li>
<li><div align="left">
Ibid.</div>
</li>
<li><div align="left">
Stanley L. Jaki, "Science: Western or What?" <cite>Intercollegiate Review</cite> (Vol. 26, Fall 1990), p. 8.</div>
</li>
<li>James Lovelock, <cite>The Ages of Gaia</cite> (New York: W. W. Norton and Co., 1988), p. 208.</li>
<li>Op. cit., p. 12.</li>
<li>Rupert Sheldrake, "The Rebirth of Nature: The Greening of Science and of God" (New York: Bantam Books, 1991), p. 10.</li>
<li>Tim Beardsley, "Gaia," <cite>Scientific American</cite> (Vol. 261, December 1989), p. 35.</li>
<li>Paul Davies, "The Creative Cosmos," <cite>New Scientist</cite> (Vol. 116, December 17, 1987), p. 42.</li>
<li>Rupert Sheldrake, <em>op. cit.</em>, p. 95.</li>
<li><em>Op. cit.</em>, p. 151.</li>
<li>II Peter 1:16; I Timothy 6:20.</li>
<li>Wolfgang Smith, <cite>Teilhardism and the New Religion</cite> (Rockford, Illinois: Tan Books and Publishers, 1988), p. 242.</li>
<li>Genesis 10:8-12, 11:1-9.</li>
<li>Robert Muller, as cited in "United Nations' Robert Muller - A Vision of Global Spirituality," by Kristin Murphy, <cite>The Movement Newspaper</cite>, September 1983, p. 10.</li>
</ol>
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*<strong> Dr. Henry M. Morris is Founder and President Emeritus of the Institute for Creation Research.</strong></div>
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<strong><br /></strong></div>
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<strong>_________________________</strong></div>
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<b>See:</b></div>
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<b><a href="http://1amendmentcont.blogspot.com/2012/04/blog-post.html">God and His Messiah Jesus Christ our Lord - our right and duty to witness to Him: Allah subhanahu wa ta’ala through ‘Isa al-Maseeh in the Holy Spirit - Ruach Elohim, kannawn anawim Kyrie elieson Lord have mercy</a></b><br />
<br /></div>
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<a href="http://technischeredaktion.blogspot.com/2011/10/god-is-true-evilution-is-false-there.html"><b>Tech_Journal: God is true - evilution is false - there was a world wide flood</b></a></div>
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<strong>Just as the flood came in response to sin, depravity and unbelief - so will the just judgement of God come at the end of the eschaton upon all men and the righteous condemnation of God upon all who have followed the evil one and not repented; those who reject God and His Christ, Jesus, and instead choose the Antichrist and Satan are damned forever - </strong><a href="http://deliverustosalvation.blogspot.com/2011/01/palestine-cry-palestine-cry-iraq-cry.html"><b>The Truth: The coming of the Antichrist, ad-Dajjal</b></a> <strong>- At His Second Coming, Parousia – Nuzul i Isa-Qiyamah, Christ will return and raise and judge all men that have ever existed.</strong></div>
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<strong><br /></strong></div>
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<strong>Currently, the Global Government of the Antichrist is coming into its short existence before its absolute destruction by God forever.</strong></div>
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<b><a href="http://123sayyidah-parousia.blogspot.com/2012/02/god-and-his-messiah-jesus-christ-our_29.html">Parousia of Jesus Christ Our Lord: God and His Messiah Jesus Christ our right duty to witness to Him: Sowing the Seeds of Global Government: Vatican’s Quest World Political Authority</a></b><br />
<br /></div>
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<a href="http://1law-order-and-justice.blogspot.com/2012/05/sayyidah-parousia.html">The Justice of God: Parousia</a><br />
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<a href="http://the-final-trial.blogspot.com/"><b>The Final Trial</b></a></div>
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Book Of Genesis, Chapter 6<br />
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<i>Giants, nephilim, on the earth with the souls of demons, who were born of fallen angels and women. The giants and man's sin is the cause of the deluge. Noe is commanded to build the ark.</i><br />
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[1] And after that men began to be multiplied upon the earth, and daughters were born to them, [2] The sons of God [the fallen angels] seeing the daughters of men, that they were fair, took to themselves wives of all which they chose. [3] And God said: My spirit shall not remain in man for ever, because he is flesh, and his days shall be a hundred and twenty years. [4] Now giants [nephilim] were upon the earth in those days. For after the sons of God went in to the daughters of men, and they brought forth children, these are the mighty men of old, men of renown. [5] And God seeing that the wickedness of men was great on the earth, and that all the thought of their heart was bent upon evil at all times, [6] It repented him that he had made man on the earth. And being touched inwardly with sorrow of heart, [7] He said: I will destroy man, whom I have created, from the face of the earth, from man even to beasts, from the creeping thing even to the fowls of the air, for it repenteth me that I have made them. [8] But Noe found grace before the Lord. [9] These are the generations of Noe: Noe was a just and perfect man in his generations, he walked with God. [10] And he begot three sons, Sem, Cham, and Japheth. [11] And the earth was corrupted before God, and was filled with iniquity. [12] And when God had seen that the earth was corrupted (for all flesh had corrupted its way upon the earth,) [13] He said to Noe: The end of all flesh is come before me, the earth is filled with iniquity through them, and I will destroy them with the earth. [14] Make thee an ark of timber planks: thou shalt make little rooms in the ark, and thou shalt pitch it within and without. [15] And thus shalt thou make it: The length of the ark shall be three hundred cubits: the breadth of it fifty cubits, and the height of it thirty cubits.<br />
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3003895380147156708.post-73279546485827317262015-09-03T06:00:00.000+02:002015-09-03T06:00:08.813+02:00God and His Messiah Jesus Christ our Lord - our right and duty to witness to Him: All creation was created by God the Father through Jesus Christ<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<a href="http://1amendmentcont.blogspot.com/2015/05/all-creation-was-created-by-god-father.html">God and His Messiah Jesus Christ our Lord - our right and duty to witness to Him: All creation was created by God the Father through Jesus Christ</a><br />
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<a href="http://stjohnevangelist.blogspot.com/2007/09/all-creation-was-created-by-god-father.html" style="color: #333333; display: block; text-decoration: none;">All creation was created by God the Father through Jesus Christ</a></h3>
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Jn:1:</div>
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1 ¶ In the beginning was the Word: and the Word was with God: and the Word was God.</div>
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2 The same was in the beginning with God.</div>
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3 All things were made by him: and without him was made nothing that was made.</div>
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4 In him was life: and the life was the light of men.</div>
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5 ¶ And the light shineth in darkness: and the darkness did not comprehend it.</div>
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6 There was a man sent from God, whose name was John.</div>
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7 This man came for a witness, to give testimony of the light, that all men might believe through him.</div>
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8 He was not the light, but was to give testimony of the light.</div>
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9 That was the true light, which enlighteneth every man that cometh into this world.</div>
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10 He was in the world: and the world was made by him: and the world knew him not.</div>
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11 He came unto his own: and his own received him not.</div>
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12 But as many as received him, he gave them power to be made the sons of God, to them that believe in his name.</div>
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13 Who are born, not of blood, nor of the will of the flesh, nor of the will of man, but of God.</div>
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14 And the Word was made flesh and dwelt among us (and we saw his glory, the glory as it were of the only begotten of the Father), full of grace and truth.</div>
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15 ¶ John beareth witness of him and crieth out, saying: This was he of whom I spoke: He that shall come after me is preferred before me: because he was before me.</div>
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16 And of his fulness we all have received: and grace for grace.</div>
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17 For the law was given by Moses: grace and truth came by Jesus Christ.</div>
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18 No man hath seen God at any time: the only begotten Son who is in the Bosom of the Father, he hath declared him.</div>
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19 ¶ And this is the testimony of John, when the Jews sent from Jerusalem priests and Levites to him, to ask him: Who art thou?</div>
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20 And he confessed and did not deny: and he confessed: I am not the Christ.</div>
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21 And they asked him: What then? Art thou Elias? And he said: I am not. Art thou the prophet? And he answered: No.</div>
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22 They said therefore unto him: Who art thou, that we may give an answer to them that sent us? What sayest thou of thyself?</div>
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23 He said: I am the voice of one crying in the wilderness, make straight the way of the Lord, as said the prophet Isaias.</div>
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24 And they that were sent were of the Pharisees.</div>
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25 And they asked him and said to him: Why then dost thou baptize, if thou be not Christ, nor Elias, nor the prophet?</div>
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26 John answered them, saying: I baptize with water: but there hath stood one in the midst of you, whom you know not.</div>
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27 The same is he that shall come after me, who is preferred before me: the latchet of whose shoe I am not worthy to loose.</div>
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28 These things were done in Bethania, beyond the Jordan, where John was baptizing.</div>
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29 ¶ The next day, John saw Jesus coming to him; and he saith: Behold the Lamb of God. Behold him who taketh away the sin of the world.</div>
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30 This is he of whom I said: After me there cometh a man, who is preferred before me: because he was before me.</div>
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31 And I knew him not: but that he may be made manifest in Israel, therefore am I come baptizing with water.</div>
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32 And John gave testimony, saying: I saw the Spirit coming down, as a dove from heaven; and he remained upon him.</div>
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33 And I knew him not: but he who sent me to baptize with water said to me: He upon whom thou shalt see the Spirit descending and remaining upon him, he it is that baptizeth with the Holy Ghost.</div>
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34 And I saw: and I gave testimony that this is the Son of God.</div>
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35 The next day again John stood and two of his disciples.</div>
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36 And beholding Jesus walking, he saith: Behold the Lamb of God.</div>
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37 ¶ And the two disciples heard him speak: and they followed Jesus.</div>
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38 And Jesus turning and seeing them following him, saith to them: What seek you? Who said to him: Rabbi (which is to say, being interpreted, Master), where dwellest thou?</div>
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39 He saith to them: Come and see. They came and saw where he abode: and they stayed with him that day. Now it was about the tenth hour.</div>
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40 And Andrew, the brother of Simon Peter, was one of the two who had heard of John and followed him.</div>
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41 He findeth first his brother Simon and saith to him: We have found the Messias, which is, being interpreted, the Christ.</div>
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42 And he brought him to Jesus. And Jesus looking upon him, said: Thou art Simon the son of Jona. Thou shalt be called Cephas, which is interpreted Peter.</div>
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43 ¶ On the following day, he would go forth into Galilee: and he findeth Philip, And Jesus saith to him: follow me.</div>
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44 Now Philip was of Bethsaida, the city of Andrew and Peter.</div>
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45 Philip findeth Nathanael and saith to him: We have found him of whom Moses, in the law and the prophets did write, Jesus the son of Joseph of Nazareth.</div>
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46 And Nathanael said to him: Can any thing of good come from Nazareth? Philip saith to him: Come and see.</div>
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47 Jesus saw Nathanael coming to him and he saith of him: Behold an Israelite indeed, in whom there is no guile.</div>
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48 Nathanael saith to him: Whence knowest thou me? Jesus answered and said to him: Before that Philip called thee, when thou wast under the fig tree, I saw thee.</div>
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49 Nathanael answered him and said: Rabbi: Thou art the Son of God. Thou art the King of Israel.</div>
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50 Jesus answered and said to him: Because I said unto thee, I saw thee under the fig tree, thou believest: greater things than these shalt thou see.</div>
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51 And he saith to him: Amen, amen, I say to you, you shall see the heaven opened and the angels of God ascending and descending upon the Son of man.</div>
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(DRV)</div>
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<a href="http://1amendmentcont.blogspot.com/search/label/God%20the%20Father">God the Father</a><br />
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<a href="http://1amendmentcont.blogspot.com/search/label/creation">creation</a><br />
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<a href="http://1amendmentcont.blogspot.com/search/label/Jesus%20Christ">Jesus Christ</a></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3003895380147156708.post-81810101004440184052015-09-02T06:00:00.000+02:002015-09-02T06:00:07.760+02:00How Creation actually came to be - by God's command<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<b>How Creation actually came to be - by God's command</b><br />
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Genesis 1<br />
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1 In the beginning God created heaven, and earth. 2 And the earth was void and empty, and darkness was upon the face of the deep; and the spirit of God moved over the waters. 3 And God said: Be light made. And light was made. 4 And God saw the light that it was good; and he divided the light from the darkness. 5 And he called the light Day, and the darkness Night; and there was evening and morning one day. 6 And God said: Let there be a firmament made amidst the waters: and let it divide the waters from the waters. 7 And god made a firmament, and divided the waters that were under the firmament, from those that were above the firmament, and it was so. 8 And God called the firmament, Heaven; and the evening and morning were the second day. 9 God also said; Let the waters that are under the heaven, be gathered together into one place: and let the dry land appear. And it was so done. 10 And God called the dry land, Earth; and the gathering together of the waters, he called Seas. And God saw that it was good. 11 And he said: let the earth bring forth green herb, and such as may seed, and the fruit tree yielding fruit after its kind, which may have seed in itself upon the earth. And it was so done. 12 And the earth brought forth the green herb, and such as yieldeth seed according to its kind, and the tree that beareth fruit, having seed each one according to its kind. And God saw that it was good. 13 And the evening and the morning were the third day. 14 And God said: Let there be lights made in the firmament of heaven, to divide the day and the night, and let them be for signs, and for seasons, and for days and years: 15 To shine in the firmament of heaven, and to give light upon the earth, and it was so done. 16 And God made two great lights: a greater light to rule the day; and a lesser light to rule the night: and The stars. 17 And he set them in the firmament of heaven to shine upon the earth. 18 And to rule the day and the night, and to divide the light and the darkness. And God saw that it was good. 19 And the evening and morning were the fourth day. 20 God also said: let the waters bring forth the creeping creature having life, and the fowl that may fly over the earth under the firmament of heaven. 21 And God created the great whales, and every living and moving creature, which the waters brought forth, according to their kinds, and every winged fowl according to its kind. And God saw that it was good. 22 And he blessed them, saying: Increase and multiply, and fill the waters of the sea: and let the birds be multiplied upon the earth. 23 And the evening and morning were the fifth day. 24 And God said: Let the earth bring forth the living creature in its kind, cattle and creeping things, and beasts of the earth, according to their kinds. And it was so done. 25 And God made the beasts of the earth according to their kinds, and cattle, and every thing that creepeth on the earth after its kind. And God saw that it was good. 26 And he said: Let us make man to our image and likeness: and let him have dominion over the fishes of the sea, and the fowls of the air, and the beasts, and the whole earth, and every creeping creature that moveth upon the earth. 27 And God created man to his own image: to the image of God he created him: male and female he created them. 28 And God blessed them, saying: Increase and multiply, and fill the earth, and subdue it, and rule over the fishes of the sea, and the fowls of the air, and all living creatures that move upon the earth. 29 And God said: Behold I have given you every herb bearing seed upon the earth, and all trees that have in themselves seed of their own kind, to be your meat: 30 And to all beasts of the earth, and to every fowl of the air, and to all that move upon the earth, and wherein there is life, that they may have to feed upon. And it was so done. 31 And God saw all the things that he had made, and they were very good. And the evening and morning were the sixth day.<br />
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Genesis 2<br />
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1 So the heavens and the earth were finished, and all the furniture of them. 2 And on the seventh day God ended his work which he had made: and he rested on the seventh day from all his work which he had done. 3 And he blessed the seventh day, and sanctified it: because in it he had rested from all his work which God created and made. 4 These are the generations of the heaven and the earth, when they were created, in the day that the Lord God made the heaven and the earth: 5 And every plant of the field before it sprung up in the earth, and every herb of the ground before it grew: for the Lord God had not rained upon the earth; and there was not a man to till the earth. 6 But a spring rose out of the earth, watering all the surface of the earth. 7 And the Lord God formed man of the slime of the earth: and breathed into his face the breath of life, and man became a living soul. 8 And the Lord God had planted a paradise of pleasure from the beginning: wherein he placed man whom he had formed. 9 And the Lord God brought forth of the ground all manner of trees, fair to behold, and pleasant to eat of: the tree of life also in the midst of paradise: and the tree of knowledge of good and evil. 10 And a river went out of the place of pleasure to water paradise, which from thence is divided into four heads. 11 The name of the one is Phison: that is it which compasseth all the land of Hevilath, where gold groweth. 12 And the gold of that land is very good: there is found bdellium, and the onyx stone. 13 And the name of the second river is Gehon: the same is it that compasseth all the land of Ethiopia. 14 And the name of the third river is Tigris: the same passeth along by the Assyrians. And the fourth river is Euphrates. 15 And the Lord God took man, and put him into the paradise of pleasure, to dress it, and to keep it. 16 And he commanded him, saying: Of every tree of paradise thou shalt eat: 17 But of the tree of knowledge of good and evil, thou shalt not eat. For in what day soever thou shalt eat of it, thou shalt die the death. 18 And the Lord God said: It is not good for man to be alone: let us make him a help like unto himself. 19 And the Lord God having formed out of the ground all the beasts of the earth, and all the fowls of the air, brought them to Adam to see what he would call them: for whatsoever Adam called any living creature the same is its name. 20 And Adam called all the beasts by their names, and all the fowls of the air, and all the cattle of the field: but for Adam there was not found a helper like himself. 21 Then the Lord God cast a deep sleep upon Adam: and when he was fast asleep, he took one of his ribs, and filled up flesh for it. 22 And the Lord God built the rib which he took from Adam into a woman: and brought her to Adam. 23 And Adam said: This now is bone of my bones, and flesh of my flesh; she shall be called woman, because she was taken out of man. 24 Wherefore a man shall leave father and mother, and shall cleave to his wife: and they shall be two in one flesh. 25 And they were both naked: to wit, Adam and his wife: and were not ashamed.<br />
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Genesis 3<br />
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1 Now the serpent was more subtle than any of the beasts of the earth which the Lord God had made. And he said to the woman: Why hath God commanded you, that you should not eat of every tree of paradise? 2 And the woman answered him, saying: Of the fruit of the trees that are in paradise we do eat: 3 But of the fruit of the tree which is in the midst of paradise, God hath commanded us that we should not eat; and that we should not touch it, lest perhaps we die. 4 And the serpent said to the woman: No, you shall not die the death. 5 For God doth know that in what day soever you shall eat thereof, your eyes shall be opened: and you shall be as Gods, knowing good and evil. 6 And the woman saw that the tree was good to eat, and fair to the eyes, and delightful to behold: and she took of the fruit thereof, and did eat, and gave to her husband, who did eat. 7 And the eyes of them both were opened: and when they perceived themselves to be naked, they sewed together fig leaves, and made themselves aprons. 8 And when they heard the voice of the Lord God walking in paradise at the afternoon air, Adam and his wife hid themselves from the face of the Lord God, amidst the trees of paradise. 9 And the Lord God called Adam, and said to him: Where art thou? 10 And he said: I heard thy voice in paradise; and I was afraid, because I was naked, and I hid myself. 11 And he said to him: And who hath told thee that thou wast naked, but that thou hast eaten of the tree whereof I commanded thee that thou shouldst not eat? 12 And Adam said: The woman, whom thou gavest me to be my companion, gave me of the tree, and I did eat. 13 And the Lord God said to the woman: Why hast thou done this? And she answered: The serpent deceived me, and I did eat. 14 And the Lord God said to the serpent: Because thou hast done this thing, thou art cursed among all cattle, and beasts of the earth: upon thy breast shalt thou go, and earth shalt thou eat all the days of thy life. 15 I will put enmities between thee and the woman, and thy seed and her seed: she shall crush thy head, and thou shalt lie in wait for her heel. 16 To the woman also he said: I will multiply thy sorrows, and thy conceptions: in sorrow shalt thou bring forth children, and thou shalt be under thy husband’s power, and he shall have dominion over thee. 17 And to Adam he said: Because thou hast hearkened to the voice of thy wife, and hast eaten of the tree, whereof I commanded thee, that thou shouldst not eat, cursed is the earth in thy work: with labour and toil shalt thou eat thereof all the days of thy life. 18 Thorns and thistles shall it bring forth to thee, and thou shalt eat the herbs of the earth. 19 In the sweat of thy face shalt thou eat bread till thou return to the earth out of which thou wast taken: for dust thou art, and into dust thou shalt return. 20 And Adam called the name of his wife Eve: because she was the mother of all the living. 21 And the Lord God made for Adam and his wife garments of skins, and clothed them. 22 And he said: Behold Adam is become as one of us, knowing good and evil: now therefore lest perhaps he put forth his hand and take also of the tree of life, and eat, and live for ever. 23 And the Lord God sent him out of the paradise of pleasure, to till the earth from which he was taken. 24 And he cast out Adam: and placed before the paradise of pleasure Cherubims, and a flaming sword, turning every way, to keep the way of the tree of life.<br />
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<a href="https://bellesheures.wordpress.com/haydock-catholic-bible-commentary-old-testament-genesis-through-deuteronomy/">HAYDOCK CATHOLIC BIBLE COMMENTARY (Old Testament) Genesis through Deuteronomy | BellesHeures's Weblog</a><br />
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GENESIS<br />
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THE BOOK OF GENESIS.<br />
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INTRODUCTION.<br />
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The Hebrews now entitle all the Five Books of Moses, from the initial words, which originally were written like one continued word or verse; but the Sept. have preferred to give the titles the most memorable occurrences of each work. On this occasion, the Creation of all things out of nothing, strikes us with peculiar force. We find a refutation of all the heathenish mythology, and of the world’s eternity, which Aristotle endeavoured to establish. We behold the short reign of innocence, and the origin of sin and misery, the dispersion of nations, and the providence of God watching over his chosen people, till the death of Joseph, about the year 2369 (Usher) 2399 (Sal. and Tirin) B.C. 1631. We shall witness the same care in the other Books of Scripture, and adore his wisdom and goodness in preserving to himself faithful witnesses, and a true Holy Catholic Church, in all ages, even when the greatest corruption seemed to overspread the land. H.<br />
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This Book is so called from its treating of the Generation, that is, of the Creation and the beginning of the world. The Hebrews call it Bereshith, from the word with which it begins. It contains not only the History of the Creation of the World, but also an account of its progress during the space of 2369 years, that is, until the death of Joseph.<br />
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GENESIS 1<br />
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CHAPTER I.<br />
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Ver. 1. Beginning. As St. Matthew begins his Gospel with the same title as this work, the Book of the Generation, or Genesis, so St. John adopts the first words of Moses, in the beginning; but he considers a much higher order of things, even the consubstantial Son of God, the same with God from all eternity, forming the universe, in the beginning of time, in conjunction with the other two Divine Persons, by the word of his power; for all things were made by Him, the Undivided Deity. H. — Elohim, the Judges or Gods, denoting plurality, is joined with a verb singular, he created, whence many, after Peter Lombard, have inferred, that in this first verse of Genesis the adorable mystery of the Blessed Trinity is insinuated, as they also gather from various other passages of the Old Testament, though it was not clearly revealed till our Saviour came himself to be the finisher of our faith. C. — The Jews being a carnal people and prone to idolatry, might have been in danger of misapplying this great mystery, and therefore an explicit belief of it was not required of them in general. See Collet. &c. H. — The word bara, created, is here determined by tradition and by reason to mean a production out of nothing, though it be used also to signify the forming of a thing out of pre-existing matter. 21. 27. C. — The first cause of all things must be God, who, in a moment, spoke, and heaven and earth were made, heaven with all the Angels; and the whole mass of the elements, in a state of confusion, and blended together, out of which the beautiful order, which was afterwards so admirable, arose in the space of six days: thus God was pleased to manifest his free choice in opposition to those Pagans who attributed all to blind chance or fate. Heaven is here placed first, and is not declared empty and dark like the earth; that we may learn to raise our minds and hearts above this land of trial, to that our true country, where we may enjoy God for ever. H.<br />
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Ver. 2. Spirit of God, giving life, vigour, and motion to things, and preparing the waters for the sacred office of baptism, in which, by the institution of Our Lord Jesus Christ, we must be born again; and, like spiritual fishes, swim amid the tempestuous billows of this world. v. Tert., &c. W. H. — This Spirit is what the Pagan philosophers styled the Soul of the World. C. — If we compare their writings with the books of Moses and the prophets, we shall find that they agree in many points. See Grotius. H.<br />
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Ver. 3. Light. The sun was made on the fourth day, and placed in the firmament to distinguish the seasons, &c.; but the particles of fire were created on the first day, and by their, or the earth’s motion, served to discriminate day from the preceding night, or darkness, which was upon the face of the deep. H. — Perhaps this body of light might resemble the bright cloud which accompanied the Israelites, Ex. xiv. 19, or the three first days might have a kind of imperfect sun, or be like one of our cloudy days. Nothing can be defined with certainty respecting the nature of this primeval light. C.<br />
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Ver. 4. Good; beautiful and convenient:—he divided light by giving it qualities incompatible with darkness, which is not any thing substantial, and therefore Moses does not say it was created. C. — While our hemisphere enjoys the day, the other half of the world is involved in darkness. S. Augustine supposes the fall and punishment of the apostate angels are here insinuated. L. imp. de Gen. H.<br />
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Ver. 6. A firmament. By this name is here understood the whole space between the earth and the highest stars. The lower part of which divideth the waters that are upon the earth, from those that are above in the clouds. Ch. — The Heb. Rokia is translated stereoma, solidity by the Sept., and expansion by most of the moderns. The heavens are often represented as a tent spread out, Ps. ciii. 3. C.<br />
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Ver. 7. Above the firmament and stars, according to some of the Fathers; or these waters were vapours and clouds arising from the earth, and really divided from the lower waters contained in the sea. C.<br />
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Ver. 11. Seed in itself, either in the fruit or leaves, or slips. M. — At the creation, trees were covered with fruit in Armenia, while in the more northern regions they would not even have leaves: Calmet hence justly observes, that the question concerning the season of the year when the world began, must be understood only with reference to that climate in which Adam dwelt. Scaliger asserts, that the first day corresponds with our 26th of October, while others, particularly the Greeks, fix it upon the 25th of March, on which day Christ was conceived; and, as some Greeks say, was born and nailed to the cross. The great part of respectable authors declare for the vernal equinox, when the year is in all its youth and beauty. H. See T. and Salien’s Annals, B.C. 4053.<br />
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Ver. 14. For signs. Not to countenance the delusive observations of astrologers, but to give notice of rain, of the proper seasons for sowing, &c. M. — If the sun was made on the first day, as some assert, there is nothing new created on this fourth day. By specifying the use and creation of these heavenly bodies, Moses shows the folly of the Gentiles, who adored them as gods, and the impiety of those who pretend that human affairs are under the fatal influence of the planets. See S. Aug. Confes. iv. 3. The Heb. term mohadim, which is here rendered seasons, may signify either months, or the times for assembling to worship God; (C.) a practice, no doubt, established from the beginning every week, and probably also the first day of the new moon, a day which the Jews afterwards religiously observed. Plato calls the sun and planets the organs of time, of which, independently of their stated revolutions, man could have formed no conception. The day is completed in twenty-four hours, during which space the earth moves round its axis, and express successively different parts of its surface to the sun. It goes at a rate of fifty-eight thousand miles an hour, and completes its orbit in the course of a year. H.<br />
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Ver. 16. Two great lights. God created on the first day light, which being moved from east to west, by its rising and setting made morning and evening. But on the fourth day he ordered and distributed this light, and made the sun, moon, and stars. The moon, though much less than the stars, is here called a great light, from its giving a far greater light to earth than any of them. Ch. — To rule and adorn, for nothing appears so glorious as the sun and moon. M. — Many have represented the stars, as well as the sun and moon, to be animated. Ecclesiastes xvi, speaking of the sun says, the spirit goeth forward surveying all places: and in Esdras ix. 6, the Levites address God, Thou hast made heaven and all the host thereof; and thou givest life to all these things, and the host of heaven adoreth thee. S. Aug. Ench. and others, consider this question as not pertaining to faith. See Spen. in Orig. c. Cels. v. C. — Whether the stars be the suns of other worlds, and whether the moon, &c. be inhabited, philosophers dispute, without being able to come to any certain conclusion: for God has delivered the world to their consideration for dispute, so that man cannot find out the work which God hath made from the beginning to the end. Eccles. iii. 11. If we must frequently confess our ignorance concerning the things which surround us, how shall we pretend to dive into the designs of God, or subject the mysteries of faith to our feeble reason? If we think the Scriptures really contradict the systems of philosophers, ought we to pay greater deference to the latter, than to the unerring word of God? But we must remember, that the sacred writings were given to instruct us in the way to heaven, and not to unfold to us the systems of natural history; and hence God generally addresses us in a manner best suited to our conceptions, and speaks of nature as it appears to the generality of mankind. At the same time, we may confidently assert, that the Scriptures never assert what is false. If we judge, with the vulgar, that the sun, moon, and stars are no larger than they appear to our naked eye, we shall still have sufficient reason to admire the works of God; but, if we are enabled to discover that the sun’s diameter, for example, is 763 thousand miles, and its distance from our earth about 95 million miles, and the fixed stars (as they are called, though probably all in motion) much more remote, what astonishment must fill our breast! Our understanding is bewildered in the unfathomable abyss, in the unbounded expanse, even of the visible creation. — Sirius, the nearest to us of all the fixed stars, is supposed to be 400,000 times the distance from the sun that our earth is, or 38 millions of millions of miles. Light, passing at the rate of twelve millions of miles every minute, would be nearly 3,000 years in coming to us from the remotest star in our stratum, beyond which are others immensely distant, which it would require about 40,000 years to reach, even with the same velocity. Who shall not then admire thy works and fear thee, O King of ages! Walker. — Geog. justly remarks, “we are lost in wonder when we attempt to comprehend either the vastness or minuteness of creation. Philosophers think it possible for the universe to be reduced to the smallest size, to an atom, merely by filling up the pores;” and the reason they allege is, “because we know not the real structure of bodies.” Shall any one then pretend to wisdom, and still call in question the mysteries of faith, transubstantiation, &c., when the most learned confess they cannot fully comprehend the nature even of a grain of sand? While on the one hand some assert, that all the world may be reduced to this compass; others say, a grain of sand may be divided in infinitum! H.<br />
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Ver. 20. Creeping: destitute of feet like fishes, which move on their bellies. M. — Fowl. Some assert that birds were formed of the earth, but they seem to have the same origin as fishes, namely, water; and still they must not be eaten on days of abstinence, which some of the ancients thought lawful, Socrates v. 20. To conciliate the two opinions, perhaps we might say, that the birds were formed of mud, (C.) or that some of the nature of fish, like barnacles, might be made of water and others of earth. C. 11. 19. — Under: Heb. on the face of the firmament, or in the open air. H.<br />
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Ver. 22. Blessed them, or enabled them to produce others. — Multiply: the immense numbers and variety of fishes and fowls is truly astonishing.<br />
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Ver. 26. Let us make man to our image. This image of God in man, is not in the body, but in the soul; which is a spiritual substance, endued with understanding and free-will. God speaketh here in the plural number, to insinuate the plurality of persons in the Deity. Ch. — Some of the ancient Jews maintained that God here addressed his council, the Angels; but is it probable that he should communicate to them the title of Creator, and a perfect similitude with himself? C. — Man is possessed of many prerogatives above all other creatures of this visible world: his soul gives him a sort of equality with the Angels; and though his body be taken from the earth, like the brutes, yet even here the beautiful construction, the head erect and looking towards heaven, &c. makes S. Aug. observe, an air of majesty in the human body, which raises man above all terrestrial animals, and brings him in some measure near to the Divinity. As Jesus assumed our human nature, we may assert, that we bear a resemblance to God both in soul and body. Tertullian (de Resur. 5.) says, “Thus that slime, putting on already the image of Christ, who would come in the flesh, was not only the work of God, but also a pledge.” H. See S. Bern. on Ps. xcix. W.<br />
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Ver. 27. Male and female. Eve was taken from Adam’s side on this same day, though it be related in the following chapter. Adam was not an hermaphrodite as some have foolishly asserted. C. — Adam means the likeness, or red earth, that in one word we may behold our nobility and meanness. H.<br />
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Ver. 28. Increase and multiply. This is not a precept, as some protestant controvertists would have it, but a blessing, rendering them fruitful: for God had said the same words to the fishes and birds, (ver. 22.) who were incapable of receiving a precept. Ch. — Blessed them, not only with fecundity as he had done to other creatures, but also with dominion over them, and much more with innocence and abundance of both natural and supernatural gifts. — Increase. The Hebrews understand this literally as a precept binding every man at twenty years of age (C.); and some of the Reformers argued hence, that Priests, &c. were bound to marry: very prudently they have not determined how soon! But the Fathers in general agree that if this were a precept with respect to Adam, for the purpose of filling the earth, it is no longer so, that end being sufficiently accomplished. Does not St. Paul wish all men to be like himself, unmarried? 1 Cor. vii. 1. 7. 8. H.<br />
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Ver. 29. Every herb, &c. As God does not here express leave to eat flesh-meat, which he did after the deluge, it is supposed that the more religious part of mankind, at least, abstained from it, and from wine, till after that event, when they became more necessary to support decayed nature. H. M. — In the golden age, spontaneous fruits were the food of happy mortals. C.<br />
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GENESIS 2<br />
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CHAPTER II.<br />
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Ver. 1. Furniture, ornaments or militia, whether we understand the Angels, or the stars, which observe a regular order and obey God. M.<br />
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Ver. 2. He rested, &c. That is, he ceased to make any new kinds of things. Though, as our Lord tells us, John v. 17. He still worketh, viz. by conserving and governing all things, and creating souls. Ch. — Seventh day. This day was commanded, Ex. xx. 8. to be kept holy by the Jews, as it had probably been from the beginning. Philo says, it is the festival of the universe, and Josephus asserts, there is no town which does not acknowledge the religion of the sabbath. But this point is controverted, and whether the ancient patriarchs observed the seventh day, or some other, it is certain they would not fail, for any long time, to shew their respect for God’s worship, and would hardly suffer a whole week to elapse without meeting to sound forth his praise. The setting aside of stated days for this purpose, is agreeable to reason, and to the practice of all civilized nations. As the Hebrews kept Saturday holy, in honour of God’s rest, so we keep the first day of the week, by apostolic tradition, to thank God for the creation of the world on that day, and much more for the blessings which we derive from the resurrection of Our Lord Jesus Christ and the sending down of the Holy Ghost, which have given it a title above all other days. H. — On the seventh day, at the beginning of this verse, must be taken exclusively, as God finished his work on the 6th, whence the same Sept. and Syr. have here on the 6th day. H. — But the Heb. and all the other versions agree with the Vulgate. C. — The similarity of v. 6. and v. 7. in Heb. may have given rise to this variation. H.<br />
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Ver. 4. Day. Not that all things were made in one day: but God formed in succession; first, heaven and earth, then the ornaments of both. Every plant, &c. which on the first day did not spring up, (as water covered the surface of the earth,) on the 3d, by the command of God, without having any man to plant, or rain to water them, pushed forth luxuriantly, and manifested the power of the Creator. H. — Thus Christ founded his Church by his own power, and still gives her increase; but requires of his ministers to co-operate with him, as a gardener must now take care of the plants which originally grew without man’s aid. D. — By observing that all natural means were here wanting for the production of plants, God asserts his sole right to the work, and confounds the Egyptian system, which attributed plants, &c. to the general warmth of the earth alone. C.<br />
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Ver. 7. Breath of life or a soul, created out of nothing, and infused into the body to give it life. H.<br />
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Ver. 8. Of pleasure, Heb. Eden, which may be either the name of a country, as C. iv. 16. or it may signify pleasure, in which sense Symmachus and S. Jerom have taken it. — From the beginning, or on the 3d day, when all plants were created, Heb. mikedem, may also mean towards the east, as the Sept. have understood it, though the other ancient interpreters agree with S. Jerom. Paradise lay probably to the east of Palestine, or of that country where Moses wrote. The precise situation cannot be ascertained. Calmet places it in Armenia, others near Babylon, &c. Some assert that this beautiful garden is still in being, the residence of Henoch and Elias. But God will not permit the curiosity of man to be gratified by the discovery of it. C. iii. 24. How great might be its extent we do not know. If the sources of the Ganges, Nile, Tigris, and Euphrates, be not now changed, and if these be the rivers which sprung from the fountains of Paradise, (both which are points undecided) the garden must have comprised a great part of the world, H., as the Ganges rises in Judea, and the Nile about the middle of Africa. T.<br />
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Ver. 9. The tree of life. So called, because it had that quality, that by eating of the fruit of it, man would have been preserved in a constant state of health, vigour, and strength, and would not have died at all. The tree of knowledge. To which the deceitful serpent falsely attributed the power of imparting a superior kind of knowledge beyond that which God was pleased to give. Ch. — Of what species these two wonderful trees were, the learned are not agreed. The tree of knowledge, could not communicate any wisdom to man; but, by eating of its forbidden fruit, Adam dearly purchased the knowledge of evil, to which he was before a stranger. Some say it was the fig-tree, others an apple-tree. Cant. viii. 5. But it probably agreed with no species of trees with which we are acquainted, nor was there perhaps any of the same kind in paradise. T.<br />
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Ver. 10. A river, &c. Moses gives many characteristics of Paradise, inviting us, as it were, to search for it; and still we cannot certainly discover where it is, or whether it exist at all at present, in state of cultivation. We must therefore endeavour to find the mystic Paradise, Heaven and the true Church; the road to which, though more obvious, is too frequently mistaken. See S. Aug. C. D. xiii. 21. Prov. iii. 18. H.<br />
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Ver. 15. To dress it. Behold God would not endure idleness even in Paradise. H.<br />
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Ver. 17. The death of the soul, and become obnoxious to that of the body; thou shalt become a mortal and lose all the privileges of innocence. Though Adam lived 930 years after this, he was dying daily; he carried along with him the seeds of death, as we do, from our very conception. He had leave to eat of any fruit in this delicious garden, one only excepted, and this one prohibition makes him more eager to taste of that tree than of all the rest. So we struggle constantly to attain what is forbidden, and covet what is denied, cupimusque negata. God laid this easy command upon Adam, to give him an opportunity of shewing his ready obedience, and to assert his own absolute dominion over him. Eve was already formed, and was apprised of this positive command, (C. iii. 3.) and therefore, transgressing, is justly punished with her husband. True obedience does not inquire why a thing is commanded, but submits without demur. Would a parent be satisfied with his child, if he should refuse to obey, because he could not discern the propriety of the restraint? If he should forbid him to touch some delicious fruits which he had reserved for strangers, and the child were to eat them, excusing himself very impertinently and blasphemously, with those much abused words of our Saviour, It is not what enters into the mouth that defiles a man, &c. would not even a Protestant parent be enraged and seize the rod, though he could not but see that he was thus condemning his own conduct, in disregarding, on the very same plea, the fasts and days of abstinence, prescribed by the Church and by God’s authority? All meats are good, as that fruit most certainly was which Adam was forbidden to eat; though some have foolishly surmised that it was poisonous; but, the crime of disobedience draws on punishment. H. — Even when the sin is remitted, as it was to Adam, the penalty is not of course released, as some have pretended. This also clearly appears in baptized infants, who suffer the penalties due to original sin, as much as those who have not been admitted to the laver of regeneration. S. Aug. W. T. &c. — If on this occasion, Eve had alone transgressed, as she was not the head, her sin would have hurt only herself. But with Adam, the representative of all his posterity, God made a sort of compact, (Ose. vi. 7.) giving him to understand, that if he continued faithful, his children should be born in the state of innocence like himself, happy and immortal, to be translated in due time to a happier Paradise, &c. but if he should refuse to obey, his sin should be communicated to all his race, who should be, by nature, children of wrath. — S. Aug. C. D. xvi. 27. Bede in Luc. 11. &c. — H. C.<br />
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Ver. 20. Names, probably in the Hebrew language, in which the names of things, frequently designate their nature and quality. See Bochart. — C.<br />
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Ver. 21. A deep sleep. Sept. “an ecstacy,” or mysterious sleep, in which Adam was apprised of the meaning of what was done, and how the Church would be taken from the side of Christ, expiring on the cross. M.<br />
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Ver. 23. Of my flesh. God did not, therefore, take a rib without flesh, nor perhaps did he replace flesh without a rib in Adam’s side, though S. Aug. thinks he did. These words of Adam are attributed to God, Mat. xix. because they were inspired by him. — Woman. As this word is derived from man, so in Hebrew Isha (or Asse) comes from Iish or Aiss; Latin vira woman, and virago comes from vir. H. — But we do not find this allusion so sensible in any of the Oriental languages, as in the Hebrew, whence another proof arises of this being the original language. C.<br />
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Ver. 24. One flesh, connected by the closest ties of union, producing children, the blood of both. S. Paul, Eph. v. 23. discloses to us the mystery of Christ’s union with his church for ever, prefigured by this indissoluble marriage of our first parents. C.<br />
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Ver. 25. Not ashamed, because they had not perverted the work of God. Inordinate concupiscence is the effect of sin. H.<br />
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GENESIS 3<br />
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CHAPTER III.<br />
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Ver. 1. Why hath God? Heb. “Indeed hath God, &c.” as if the serpent had overheard Eve arguing with herself, about God’s prohibition, with a sort of displeasure and presumption. S. Augustine thinks, she had given some entrance to these passions, and the love of her own power, and hence gave credit to the words of the serpent, de Gen. ad lit. xi. 30. She might not know or reflect that the serpent could not reason thus, naturally; and she had as yet, no idea or dread of the devil. Lombard, 2 Dist. 21. This old serpent entered into the most subtle of creatures, and either by very expressive signs, or by the motion of the serpent’s tongue, held this delusive dialogue with Eve. Moses relates what happened exteriorily; but from many expressions, and from the curse, v. 15, he sufficiently indicates, that an evil spirit was the latent actor. H. — Of every tree. Satan perverts the word of God, giving it an ambiguous turn: in doing which, he has set heretics a pattern, which they follow. M.<br />
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Ver. 3. Not touch it. She exaggerates, through dislike of restraint, S. Amb. Or through reverence, she thought it unlawful to touch what she must not eat, lest perhaps, as if there could be any doubt. “God asserts, the woman doubts, Satan denies.” S. Bern. Thus placed, like Eve, between God and the devil, to whom shall we yield our assent? H. — Perhaps we die, Heb. “lest ye die.”<br />
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Ver. 5. God. The old serpent’s aim is, to make us think God envies our happiness. H. — Or he would have Eve to suppose, she had not rightly understood her maker, who would surely never deprive her of a fruit which would give her such an increase of knowledge, as to make her conclude she was before comparatively blind. M. — As gods, Heb. Elohim, which means also princes, angels, or judges. It appears, that our first parents had flattered themselves with the hopes of attaining a divine knowledge of all things. C.<br />
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Ver. 6. Woman saw, or gazed on with desire and fond dalliance. M. — Consulting only her senses, which represented the fruit to her as very desirable, and caused her to give credit to the devil’s insinuations, rather than to the express word of God. Do not unbelievers the like, when they refuse to admit the real presence and transubstantiation, though they cannot be ignorant, that this way of proceeding always leads to ruin. — Her husband, who, instead of reproving her for her rashness, did eat, through excessive fondness, not being able to plead ignorance, or that he was deceived. “Earth trembled from her entrails, sky loured, and muttering thunder, some sad drops wept at completing of the mortal sin.” — Original, &c. Paradise Lost, ix. 1000. H. — Gen. ii. 14. In what light soever we consider the fault of this unhappy pair, it is truly enormous: the precept was so easy and just, the attempt to be like God in knowledge so extravagant, that nothing but pride could have suggested such woeful disobedience. By the disobedience of one man, many were made sinners, Rom. v. 19. This ruin of himself, and of all his posterity, Adam could not hide from his own eyes. C. ii. 17. C.<br />
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Ver. 7. And the eyes, &c. Not that they were blind before, (for the woman saw that the tree was fair to the eyes, ver. 6.) nor yet that their eyes were opened to any more perfect knowledge of good; but only to the unhappy experience of having lost the good of original grace and innocence, and incurred the dreadful evil of sin. From whence followed a shame of their being naked; which they minded not before; because being now stript of original grace, they quickly began to be subject to the shameful rebellions of the flesh. Ch. — Behold the noble acquisition of experimental knowledge! This is supposed to have taken place about a week after they had enjoyed the sweets of innocence and of Paradise, that they might afterwards be moved to repentance, when they contrasted their subsequent misery with those few golden days. They saw that they had received a dreadful wound, even in their natural perfections, and that their soul was despoiled of grace, which, of themselves, they could never regain. O! what confusion must now have seized upon them! “Confounded long they say, as stricken mute.” Milton — H.<br />
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Aprons, or they interwove tender branches covered with leaves round their middle; a practice, which even the wild Indians and Americans observed, when they were discovered by Columbus. They will rise up in condemnation of those pretended civilized nations, who, like the Greeks, could wrestle or bathe quite naked, without any sense of shame. H. — Adam’s fig-tree, in Egypt, has leaves above a yard long, and two feet broad. C.<br />
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Ver. 8. Afternoon air. God’s presence has often been indicated by an unusual wind, 3 Kings xix. 12. Act. ii. 2. The sovereign judge will not suffer the day to pass over, without bringing our first parents to a sense of their fault. They hid themselves, loving darkness now, because their works were evil.<br />
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Ver. 9. Where. In what state have thy sins placed thee, that thou shouldst flee from thy God? S. Amb. C. 14. Some think it was the Son of God who appeared on this occasion, S. Aug. &c. or an Angel. C.<br />
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Ver. 10. Afraid. The just man is first to accuse himself: But Adam seeks for excuses in his sin: he throws the blame on his wife, and ultimately on God. M. — Thou gavest me. Heretics have since treated the Sovereign Good with the like insolence; saying plainly, that God is the author of sin, and that the crime of Judas is no less his work than the conversion of S. Paul. See Calvin’s works, and many of the first reformers, Luther, &c. cited. Ex. 8. 15. H.<br />
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Ver. 13. The serpent, which thou hast made so cunning, and placed with us, deceived me. God deigns not to answer their frivolous excuses. M.<br />
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Ver. 14. Cursed. This curse falls upon the natural serpent, as the instrument of the devil; who is also cursed at the same time by the Holy Ghost. What was natural to the serpent and to man in a state of innocence, (as to creep, &c. to submit to the dominion of the husband, &c.) becomes a punishment after the fall. S. Chrys. — There was no enmity, before, between man and any of God’s creatures; nor were they noxious to him. T. — The devil seems now to crawl, because he no longer aspires after God and heavenly things, but aims at wickedness and mean deceit. M.<br />
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Ver. 15. She shall crush. Ipsa, the woman: so divers of the fathers read this place, conformably to the Latin: others read it ipsum, viz. the seed. The sense is the same: for it is by her seed, Jesus Christ, that the woman crushes the serpent’s head. Ch. — The Hebrew text, as Bellarmine observes, is ambiguous: He mentions one copy which had ipsa instead of ipsum; and so it is even printed in the Hebrew interlineary edition, 1572, by Plantin, under the inspection of Boderianus. Whether the Jewish editions ought to have more weight with Christians, or whether all the other MSS. conspire against this reading, let others inquire. The fathers who have cited the old Italic version, taken from the Sept. agree with the Vulgate, which is followed by almost all the Latins; and hence we may argue with probability, that the Sept. and the Hebrew formerly acknowledged ipsa, which now moves the indignation of Protestants so much, as if we intended by it to give any divine honour to the blessed Virgin. We believe, however, with S. Epiphanius, that “it is no less criminal to vilify the holy Virgin, than to glorify her above measure.” We know that all the power of the mother of God is derived from the merits of her Son. We are no otherwise concerned about the retaining of ipsa, she, in this place, than in as much as we have yet no certain reason to suspect its being genuine. As some words have been corrected in the Vulgate since the Council of Trent by Sixtus V. and others, by Clem. VIII. so, if, upon stricter search, it be found that it, and not she, is the true reading, we shall not hesitate to admit the correction: but we must wait in the mean time respectfully, till our superiors determine. H. Kemnitzius certainly advanced a step too far, when he said that all the ancient fathers read ipsum. Victor, Avitus, S. Aug. S. Greg. &c. mentioned in the Douay Bible, will convict him of falsehood. Christ crushed the serpent’s head by his death, suffering himself to be wounded in the heel. His blessed mother crushed him likewise, by her co-operation in the mystery of the Incarnation; and by rejecting, with horror, the very first suggestions of the enemy, to commit even the smallest sin. S. Bern. ser. 2, on Missus est. “We crush,” says S. Greg. Mor. 1. 38, “the serpent’s head, when we extirpate from our heart the beginnings of temptation, and then he lays snares for our heel, because he opposes the end of a good action with greater craft and power.” The serpent may hiss and threaten; he cannot hurt, if we resist him. H.<br />
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Ver. 16. And thy conceptions. Sept. “thy groaning.” The multifarious sorrows of childbearing, must remind all mothers (the blessed Virgin alone excepted) of what they have incurred by original sin. If that had not taken place, they would have conceived without concupiscence, and brought forth without sorrow. S. Aug. C. D. xiv. 26. — Conceptions are multiplied on account of the many untimely deaths, in our fallen state. Power, which will sometimes be exercised with rigor. H. — Moses here shews the original and natural subjection of wives to their husbands, in opposition to the Egyptians, who, to honour Isis, gave women the superiority by the marriage contract. Diod. i. 2. C.<br />
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Ver. 17. Thy work, sin; thy perdition is from thyself: this is all that man can challenge for his own. H.<br />
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Ver. 18. Thorns, &c. These were created at first, but they would have easily been kept under: now they grow with surprising luxuriancy, and the necessaries of life can be procured only with much labour. All men here are commanded to work, each in his proper department. The Jews were careful to teach their children some trade or useful occupation. S. Paul made tents, and proclaims, If any man will not work, neither let him eat. 2 Thess. iii. 10. C.<br />
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Ver. 19. Dust, as to the visible part; and thy soul created out of nothing. This might serve to correct that pride, by which Adam had fallen; and the same humbling truths are repeated to us by the Church every Ash-Wednesday, to guard us against the same contagion, the worm of pride, to which we are all so liable. Thus Adam was again assured that he should die the death, with which God had threatened him, and which the devil had told Eve would not be inflicted. V. 4. God created man incorruptible, (inexterminabilem, immortal). But by the envy of the devil, death came into the world. Wisdom ii. 23. H.<br />
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Ver. 20. The living. Heb. chai, one who brings forth alive, (Symmachus) or one who imparts life, in which she was a figure of the blessed Virgin. C. — Adam gives his wife this new name, in gratitude for not being cut off by death on the very day of his transgression, as he had every reason to expect and fear he would have been. C. ii. 17. H. — The printed Hebrew reads here, and in many other place, Eva, he, instead of Eja, she; thus, He was the mother, v. 12. he gave, &c. an inaccuracy unknown to the Samar. and the best MS. copies. Kennicott.<br />
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Ver 21. Of skins, which Adam took from the beasts which he offered in sacrifice to his merciful Judge, testifying thereby that he had forfeited his life, and uniting himself to that sacrifice of the woman’s promised seed, by which alone he believed the sin of the world was to be expiated. H.<br />
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Ver. 22. Behold Adam, &c. This was spoken by way of reproaching him with his pride, in affecting a knowledge that might make him like to God. Ch. — “These are the words of God, not insulting over man, but deterring others from an imitation of his pride.” S. Aug. de Gen. xi. 39. — For ever. The sentence is left imperfect: (C.) but by driving man from Paradise, God sufficiently shewed how he would prevent him from eating of the tree of life, (H.) which Adam had not yet found. As he was now condemned to be miserable on earth, God, in mercy, prevented him from tasting of that fruit, which would have rendered his misery perpetual. M. — He would suffer him to die, that, by death, he might come, after a life of 930 years, spent in sorrow and repentance, to the enjoyment of himself. H. — Lest perhaps. God does not exercise his absolute power, or destroy free-will, but makes use of ordinary means and precautions, to effect his designs. S. Aug. W.<br />
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Ver. 24. Cherubims. Angels of the highest order, and of a very complex figure, unlike any one living creature. Theodoret supposes that God forced Adam to retire from that once charming abode, by the apparition of hideous spectres. The devils were also hindered from coming hither, lest they should pluck the fruit of the tree of life, and by promising immortality, should attract men to their service. The flaming sword, might be a fire rising out of the earth, of which Grotius thinks the pits, near Babylon, are still vestiges. These dreadful indications of the divine wrath would probably disappear, when Paradise had lost its superior beauty, and became confounded with the surrounding countries — Thus we have seen how rapidly Moses describes the creation of all things, the fall of man, and the promised redemption. But in these few lines, we discover a solution of the many difficulties which have perplexed the learned, respecting these most important subjects. We know that the world is not the effect of chance, but created and governed by divine Providence. We are no longer at the loss to explain the surprising contrast of good and evil, observable in the same man. When we have attentively considered the Old Adam and the New, we find a clue to lead us through all the labyrinths of our Holy Religion. We could wish, perhaps, for a greater detail in Moses, but he left the rest to be supplied by tradition. He has thrown light enough upon the subjects, to guide the well-disposed, and has left sufficient darkness to humble and to confound the self-conceited and wicked, who love darkness rather than the light. C. — Concerning the transactions of these early times, parents would no doubt be careful to instruct their children, by word of mouth, before any of the Scriptures were written; and Moses might derive much information from the same source, as a very few persons formed the chain of tradition, when they lived so many hundred years. Adam would converse with Mathusalem, who knew Sem, as the latter lived in the days of Abram. Isaac, Joseph, and Amram, the father of Moses, were contemporaries: so that seven persons might keep up the memory of things which had happened 2500 years before. But to entitle these accounts to absolute authority, the inspiration of God intervenes; and thus we are convinced, that no word of sacred writers can be questioned. H.<br />
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3003895380147156708.post-54590697892427104352015-09-01T06:00:00.000+02:002015-09-01T06:00:08.995+02:00Tech_Journal: A Joyful and Blessed Christmas! Throughout all time and unto eternity. | The Bible is True and evolution is False.<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<a href="http://technischeredaktion.blogspot.com/2015/09/techjournal-joyful-and-blessed.html">Tech_Journal: A Joyful and Blessed Christmas! Throughout all time and unto eternity. | The Bible is True and evolution is False.</a><br />
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The below in St. Luke's Gospel is not about households. It is about generations of individual men. It could not represent more than a few thousand years from God creating the world (Lk. 3:38) to the first coming of Jesus Christ (Lk. 3:23) since the life span of man is limited. The Bible is True and evolution is False. Evolution was concocted by secularists who desperately wanted to believe that God does not exist and therefore would not judge them for eternity. There were and are many Jews (hating the Lord Jesus Christ) in the concocting and defense of the vain and completely false theory of evolution.<br />
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St. Luke's Gospel, Chapter 3<br />
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Verses 23 - 38<br />
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23 And Jesus himself was beginning about the age of thirty years; being (as it was supposed) the son of Joseph, who was of Heli, who was of Mathat, 24 Who was of Levi, who was of Melchi, who was of Janne, who was of Joseph, 25 Who was of Mathathias, who was of Amos, who was of Nahum, who was of Hesli, who was of Nagge,<br />
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<i>23 Who was of Heli: St. Joseph, who by nature was the son of Jacob, (St. Matt. 1. 16,) in the account of the law, was son of Heli. For Heli and Jacob were brothers, by the same mother; and Heli, who was the elder, dying without issue, Jacob, as the law directed, married his widow: in consequence of such marriage, his son Joseph was reputed in the law the son of Heli.</i></blockquote>
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26 Who was of Mahath, who was of Mathathias, who was of Semei, who was of Joseph, who was of Juda, 27 Who was of Joanna, who was of Reza, who was of Zorobabel, who was of Salathiel, who was of Neri, 28 Who was of Melchi, who was of Addi, who was of Cosan, who was of Helmadan, who was of Her, 29 Who was of Jesus, who was of Eliezer, who was of Jorim, who was of Mathat, who was of Levi, 30 Who was of Simeon, who was of Judas, who was of Joseph, who was of Jona, who was of Eliakim,<br />
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31 Who was of Melea, who was of Menna, who was of Mathatha, who was of Nathan, who was of David, 32 Who was of Jesse, who was of Obed, who was of Booz, who was of Salmon, who was of Naasson, 33 Who was of Aminadab, who was of Aram, who was of Esron, who was of Phares, who was of Judas, 34 Who was of Jacob, who was of Isaac, who was of Abraham, who was of Thare, who was of Nachor, 35 Who was of Sarug, who was of Ragau, who was of Phaleg, who was of Heber, who was of Sale,<br />
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36 Who was of Cainan, who was of Arphaxad, who was of Sem, who was of Noe, who was of Lamech, 37 Who was of Mathusale, who was of Henoch, who was of Jared, who was of Malaleel, who was of Cainan, 38 Who was of Henos, who was of Seth, who was of Adam, who was of God.<br />
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<a href="http://technischeredaktion.blogspot.com/2012/12/a-joyful-and-blessed-christmas.html">Tech_Journal: A Joyful and Blessed Christmas!</a><br />
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(Malachi) Malachias 3:1-4</div>
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The True God alone created His <a href="http://technischeredaktion.blogspot.com/2012/12/creation.html">creation</a> and He alone redeemed it.</div>
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1 Behold I send my angel, and he shall prepare the way before my face. And presently the Lord, whom you seek, and the angel of the testament, whom you desire, shall come to his temple. Behold he cometh, saith the Lord of hosts.</div>
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<i>My angel, viz. John the Baptist, the messenger of God, and forerunner of Christ. <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Ch.</st1:place></st1:country-region> --- His purity and office procure him this title. W. --- Afterwards Christ himself shall come, for the ruin and for the resurrection of many. Lu. ii. 34. Hence threats and promises are intermixed. The evangelists read his face, making the Father speak, whereas the Son is introduced by the prophet, who however presently changes the person. It is all the same which person of the blessed Trinity speaks, as all act together. C. --- Testament. The Messias, the mediator of the covenant with mankind, (W.) with Abraham, and Moses. The latter calls him the prophet; (Deut. xviii. 18.) and Zacharias, alluding to this text, explains angel in the same sense. Lu. i. 76. --- <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Temple</st1:place></st1:city>. The ancient Jews were convinced that the Messias would come to the <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placetype w:st="on">temple</st1:placetype> of <st1:placename w:st="on">Zorobabel</st1:placename></st1:place>, and be its chief glory. Agg. ii. 8. C. --- Their descendants put off the coming for some long time, though the prophet says presently, or on a sudden. S. Jer. Basnage vi. 26. --- Some take this temple to be the womb of the bless Virgin. S. Cyr. S. Aug. de Civ. Dei. xviii. 35. C. --- The Baptist was conceived, born, and preached first; and shortly after Christ appeared. W.</i></blockquote>
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2 And who shall be able to think of the day of his coming? and who shall stand to see him? for he is like a refining fire, and like the fuller's herb:</div>
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<i>Coming. This may be explained of the Baptist, (Lu. iii. 7.) and of the second coming of Christ; though his first coming shewed the hypocrisy of the Jews. They would not acknowledge him, but sought his death, and brought on their own condemnation. C. --- Fuller's. Sept. "washers' herb." Borith is found in all the low places of <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Palestine</st1:place></st1:city>, (S. Jer.) and probably denotes soda, (Jer. ii. 22. C.) or fullers' earth. H. --- Christ purified the religion of the Jews, or did what was requisite for that purpose. The people would not obey. Yet he established his Church in all purity.</i></blockquote>
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3 And he shall sit refining and cleansing the silver, and he shall purify the sons of Levi, and shall refine them as gold, and as silver, and they shall offer sacrifices to the Lord in justice.</div>
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<i>Justice. This is spoken of the Christian priesthood which belongs to all the faithful, which far excels that of Levi and totally replaced the Old Testament dispensation which is no more nor ever shall be again, Heb. v. and vi. and vii. &c. C. --- Many Jewish priests embraced the gospel. Acts vi. 7. H.</i></blockquote>
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4 And the sacrifice of Juda and of <st1:city w:st="on">Jerusalem</st1:city> shall please the Lord, as in the days of old, and in the ancient years.</div>
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<i>The sacrifice of Christ is the perfect and final sacrifice known to God and predetermined before all time and creation by God the Holy and Undivided Trinity, Who created all of creation and offers salvation to fallen man in Our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ alone.</i></blockquote>
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(Malachi) Malachias 4:5-6</div>
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5 Behold I will send you Elias the prophet, before the coming of the great and dreadful day of the Lord.</div>
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<i>Elias. Sept. add, "the Thesbite;" and S. Jerom (in Mat. xvii.) says, that Elias shall indeed come and restore all things. --- Dreadful. Christ's first coming was in all meekness; but he will judge in terror. Hence the prophet's meaning is not that S. John, but that Elias shall come before the great day of the Lord. W. --- Yet we may understand it of Christ coming into the world to preach, and again to judge. His first coming proved terrible to the perfidious Jews, whose ruin presently ensued and will never be retracted from that apostate nation. The destruction of <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Jerusalem</st1:place></st1:city> was a figure of that which the world shall experience. C. --- This shall be preceded by the preaching of Elias and Enoch, the two witnesses who will be crucified in Jerusalem by the Antichrist, but after three and one half days God will raise them up and take them to Him in the third heaven. N. Alex. Diss.vi. --- This interpretation is true, the prophet also had the first coming of Christ and the ruin of the city in view at the same time. Our Saviour testifies that the Elias whom the Jews expected was already come (Mat. xi. 14. and xvii. 11. Lu. ix. 8. C.) in the person of <st1:place w:st="on">St.</st1:place> John the Baptist. The Fathers explain this as the spirit of Elias was given to <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">St. John</st1:place></st1:city> the Baptist the same as it had formerly been given to Eliseus when Elias ascended into the second heaven. The Immortal Son God Who became Incarnate, by the Holy Spirit and the blessed virgin Mary, and Who suffered and rose again, Jesus Christ’s Ascension/Assumption (for He alone is the first born from the dead, Mary is not yet risen) was into the third heaven (the uncreated light unapproachable by mortal men above and beyond all of creation) at the right hand of the Father from whence He shall come again to raise and judge all men.</i></blockquote>
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6 And he shall turn the heart of the fathers to the children, and the heart of the children to their fathers: lest I come, and strike the earth with anathema.</div>
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<i>Those who believe from the heart and confess with the mouth will be saved. The wicked will perish on a sudden, not expecting it, in everlasting fire.</i></blockquote>
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<b>THE<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>OLD TESTAMENT<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>OF<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>THE HOLY CATHOLIC BIBLE.<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>GENESIS<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>BOOK OF GENESIS.<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>GENESIS 1<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>CHAPTER I.</b><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i>God createth Heaven and Earth, and all things therein, in six days.</i><b><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;">1 In the *beginning God created heaven and earth.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;">2 *And the earth was void and empty, and darkness was upon the face of the deep: and the Spirit of God moved over the waters.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;">3 And God said: *Be light made. And light was made.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;">4 And God saw the light that it was good: and he divided the light from the darkness.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;">5 And he called the light Day, and the darkness Night: and there was evening and morning one day.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;">6 And God said: Let there be a firmament made amidst the waters: and let it divide the waters from the waters.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;">7 *And God made a firmament, and divided the waters that were under the firmament, from those that were above the firmament. And it was so.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;">8 And God called the firmament, Heaven: and the evening and morning were the second day.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;">9 God also said: Let the waters that are under the heaven, be gathered together into one place: and let the dry land appear. And it was so done.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;">10 And God called the dry land, *Earth: and the gathering together of the waters he called Seas. And God saw that it was good.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;">11 And he said: Let the earth bring forth the green herb, and such as may seed, and the fruit-tree yielding fruit after its kind, which may have seed in itself upon the earth. And it was so done.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;">12 And the earth brought forth the green herb, and such as yieldeth seed according to its kind, and the tree that beareth fruit, having seed each one according to its kind. And God saw that it was good.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;">13 And the evening and the morning were the third day.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;">14 And God said: Let there be lights made in the firmament of heaven, to divide the day and the night,* and let them be for signs, and for seasons and for days and years:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;">15 To shine in the firmament of heaven, and to give light upon the earth. And it was so done.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;">16 And God made two great lights: a greater light to rule the day, and a lesser light to rule the night: and the stars.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;">17 And he set them in the firmament of heaven, to shine upon the earth.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;">18 And to rule the day and the night, and to divide the light and the darkness. And God saw that it was good.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;">19 And the evening and morning were the fourth day.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;">20 God also said: Let the waters bring forth the creeping creature having life, and the fowl that may fly over the earth under the firmament of heaven.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;">21 And God created the great whales, and every living and moving creature, which the waters brought forth, according to their kinds, and every winged fowl according to its kind. And God saw that it was good.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;">22 And he blessed them, saying: Increase and multiply, and fill the waters of the sea: and let the birds be multiplied upon the earth.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;">23 And the evening and morning were the fifth day.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;">24 And God said: Let the earth bring forth the living creature in its kind, cattle, and creeping things, and beasts of the earth, according to their kinds. And it was so done.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;">25 And God made the beasts of the earth according to their kinds, and cattle, and every thing that creepeth on the earth, after its kind. And God saw that it was good.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;">26 And he said: *Let us make man to our image and likeness: and let him have dominion over the fishes of the sea, and the fowls of the air, and the beasts, and the whole earth, and every creeping creature that moveth upon the earth.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;">27 And God created man to his own image: *to the image of God he created him: male and female he created them.**<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;">28 And God blessed them, saying: *Increase and multiply, and fill the earth, and subdue it, and rule over the fishes of the sea, and the fowls of the air, and all living creatures that move upon the earth.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;">29 And God said: Behold I have given you every herb bearing seed upon the earth, and all trees that have in themselves seed of their own kind, to be your meat:*<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;">30 And to all the beasts of the earth, and to every fowl of the air, and to all that move upon the earth, and wherein there is life, that they may have to feed upon. And it was so done.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;">31 *And God saw all the things that he had made, and they were very good. And the evening and morning were the sixth day.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;">____________________<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;">*<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;">1: A.M. 1, A.C. 4004.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;">2: Acts xiv. 14. and xvii. 24.; Psal. xxxii. 6. and cxxxv. 5.; Eccli. xviii. 1.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;">3: Heb. xi. 3.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;">7: Psal. cxxxv. 5. and cxlviii. 4.; Jer. x. 12. and li. 15.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;">10: Job xxxviii. 4.; Psal. xxxii. 7. and lxxxviii. 12. and cxxxix. 6.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;">14: Ps. cxxxv. 7.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;">26: Infra v. 1. and ix. 6.; 1 Cor. xi. 7.; Col. iii. 10.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;">27: Wis. ii. 23.; Eccli. xvii. 1. --- ** Matt. xix. 4.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;">28: Infra viii. 17. and ix. 1.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;">29: Infra ix. 3.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;">31: Eccli. xxxix. 21.; Mark vii. 37.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">THE<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">NEW TESTAMENT<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">THE HOLY CATHOLIC BIBLE.</span></b></div>
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<b>JOHN<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>THE<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>HOLY GOSPEL OF JESUS CHRIST,<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>ACCORDING TO S. JOHN.<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>JOHN 1<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>CHAPTER I.</b><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i>The divinity and incarnation of Christ. John bears witness of him. He begins to call his disciples.</i><b><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;">1 In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;">2 The same was in the beginning with God.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;">3 All things were made by him: and without him was made nothing that was made.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;">4 In him was life, and the life was the light of men.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;">5 And the light shineth in darkness, and the darkness did not comprehend it.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;">6 *There was a man sent from God, whose name was John.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;">7 This man came for a witness, to bear witness of the Light, that all men might believe through him.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;">8 He was not the light, but was to bear witness of the light.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;">9 *That was the true light, which enlighteneth every man that cometh into this world.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;">10 He was in the world, *and the world was made by him, and the world knew him not.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;">11 He came unto his own, and his own received him not.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;">12 But as many as received him, he gave to them power to be made the sons of God, to them that believe in his name.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;">13 Who are born, not of blood, nor of the will of flesh, nor of will of man, but of God.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;">14 *And the Word was made flesh, and dwelt among us: we saw his glory, the glory as of the only begotten of the Father, full of grace and truth.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;">15 John beareth witness of him: and crieth out, saying: This was he of whom I spoke, He that shall come after me, is preferred before me, because he was before me.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;">16 *And of his fulness we all have received, and grace for grace.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;">17 For the law was given by Moses, grace and truth by Jesus Christ.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;">18 *No man hath seen God at any time: the only begotten Son who is in the bosom of the Father, he hath declared him.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;">19 And this is the testimony of John, when the Jews sent from Jerusalem priests and Levites to him, to ask him: Who art thou?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;">20 And he confessed, and did not deny: and he confessed: I am not the Christ.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;">21 And they asked him: What then? Art thou Elias? and he said: I am not. Art thou the prophet? And he answered: No.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;">22 They said therefore to him: Who art thou, that we may give an answer to them that sent us? What sayest thou of thyself?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;">23 He said: *I am the voice of one crying in the wilderness: Make straight the way of the Lord, as the prophet, Isaias, said.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;">24 And they that were sent, were of the Pharisees.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;">25 And they asked him, and said to him: Why then dost thou baptize, if thou be not Christ, nor Elias, nor the prophet?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;">26 John answered them, saying: *I baptize with water: but there hath stood one in the midst of you, whom you know not.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;">27 * The same is he that shall come after me, who is preferred before me: the latchet of whose shoe I am not worthy to loose.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;">28 These things were done in Bethania beyond the Jordan, where John was baptizing.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;">29 The next day John saw Jesus coming to him, and he saith: Behold the lamb of God, behold him who taketh away the sins of the world.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;">30 This is he of whom I said: After me cometh a man, who is preferred before me, because he was before me.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;">31 And I knew him not, but that he may be made manifest in Israel, therefore am I come baptizing with water.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;">32 And John gave testimony, saying: *I saw the Spirit coming down as a dove from heaven, and he remained upon him.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;">33 And I knew him not; but he, who sent me to baptize with water, said to me: He upon whom thoiu shalt see the Spirit descending, and remaining on him, he it is that baptizeth with the Holy Ghost.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;">34 And I saw: and I gave testimony, that this is the Son of God.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;">35 Again, the following day, John stood, and two of his disciples.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;">36 And looking upon Jesus, walking, he saith: Behold the lamb of God.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;">37 And the two disciples heard him speak, and they followed Jesus.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;">38 And Jesus turning, and seeing them following him, saith to them: What seek you? They said to him: Rabbi, (which is to say, being interpreted, master) where dwellest thou?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;">39 He saith to them: Come and see. They came, and saw where he abode, and they staid with him that day: now it was about the tenth hour.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;">40 And Andrew, the brother of Simon Peter, was one of the two who had heard of John, and followed him.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;">41 He first findeth his own brother, Simon, and saith to him: We have found the Messias; which is, being interpreted, the Christ.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;">42 And he brought him to Jesus. And Jesus looking upon him, said: Thou art Simon, the son of Jona: thou shalt be called Cephas, which is interpreted, Peter.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;">43 On the following day he would go forth into Galilee, and he findeth Philip. And Jesus saith to him: Follow me.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;">44 Now Philip was of Bethsaida, the city of Andrew and Peter.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;">45 Philip findeth Nathanael, and said to him: We have found him of whom *Moses in the law, **and the prophets did write, Jesus, the son of Joseph, of Nazareth.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;">46 And Nathanael said to him: Can any thing of good come from Nazareth? Philip saith to him: Come and see.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;">47 Jesus saw Nathanael coming to him: and he saith of him; Behold an Israelite indeed, in whom there is no guile.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;">48 Nathanael said to him: Whence knowest thou me? Jesus answered, and said to him: Before that Philip called thee, when thou wast under the fig-tree, I saw thee.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;">49 Nathanael answered him, and said: Rabbi, thou art the Son of God, thou art the king of Israel.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;">50 Jesus answered, and said to him: Because I said to thee, I saw thee under the fig-tree, thou believest: greater things than these shalt thou see.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;">51 And he saith to him: Amen, amen, I say to you, you shall see the heaven opened, and the Angels of God ascending and descending upon the Son of man.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;">____________________<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;">*<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;">6: Matt. iii. 1.; Mark i. 4.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;">9: Infra iii. 19.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;">10: Heb. xi. 3.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;">14: Matt: i. 16.; Luke ii. 7.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;">16: 1 Tim. vi. 17.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;">18: 1 Tim. vi. 16.; 1 John iv. 12.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;">23: Is. xl. 3.; Matt. iii. 3.; Mark i. 3.; Luke iii. 4.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;">26: Matt. iii. 11.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;">27: Mark i. 7.; Luke iii. 16.; Acts i. 5. and xi. 16. and xix. 4.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;">32: Matt. iii. 16.; Mark i. 10.; Luke iii. 22.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;">45: Gen. xlix 10.; Deut. xviii. 18. --- ** Is. xl. 10. and xiv. 8.; Jer. xxiii. 5.; Ezec. xxxiv. 23. and xxxvii. 24.; Dan. ix. 24. and 25.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;">====================<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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The Word through Whom all was created became flesh and dwelt among us.<br />
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<a href="http://traditional-catholic-prayers.blogspot.com/2012/12/christmas-eve-night-vigil.html">Christmas Eve Night Vigil</a><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJ20s3E-15g5S1E7a030ZgYBbnjDp7JYPV3RFCME8EXNOHCRzq8mRvF-Th5UnCMUV_24GFjt-I9LAqXF-4PSAD-eB60thWdmLSALsGX3jeXsPxsS8S_XqldGpj6WUgFge_ENsJ7VnvZa4/s1600/1+%25282%2529.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5674663312242058818" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJ20s3E-15g5S1E7a030ZgYBbnjDp7JYPV3RFCME8EXNOHCRzq8mRvF-Th5UnCMUV_24GFjt-I9LAqXF-4PSAD-eB60thWdmLSALsGX3jeXsPxsS8S_XqldGpj6WUgFge_ENsJ7VnvZa4/s400/1+%25282%2529.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; height: 400px; width: 266px;" /></a><br />
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<a href="http://musesgarten.blogspot.com/2011/11/laylat-al-milad-night-of-christmas.html">Music of faith: Laylat Al-Milad, the night of Christmas. Arabic Carol</a><br />
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<a href="http://musesgarten.blogspot.com/2011/11/today-christ-is-born-of-virgin-in.html">Music of faith: Today Christ is born of the Virgin in Bethlehem</a><br />
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<a href="http://musesgarten.blogspot.com/2011/11/mozarabic-chant-gloria-in-excelsis-deo.html">Music of faith: Mozarabic Chant: Gloria in Excelsis Deo</a><br />
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<b style="background-color: blue;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: white;">A Joyful and Blessed Christmas!</span></b><br />
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<a href="http://stepalestinecryfreedom.blogspot.com/2012/12/christmas-palestine-st-judas-maccabeus.html">Palestine Cry: Christmas, Palestine, St. Judas Maccabeus and the abomination of desolation - the Jews in Palestine</a><br />
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<b>Palestine Cry: Christmas, Palestine, St. Judas Maccabeus and the abomination of desolation - the Jews in Palestine</b><br />
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Before anyone mentions feeding habits of sheep go here: <a href="http://stepalestinecryfreedom.blogspot.com/p/date-of-christs-birth-date-of-christs.html">Palestine Cry: The Date of Christ's Birth</a><br />
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<b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">Christmas in winter and sheep.</span></b><br />
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It takes a perfidious Jew to lie like a rug and tell the tall tale that that sheep have a problem with winter cold, whether during the day or night. God designed sheep specifically to do extremely well in the coldest of winters - outside night and day. Why do you think we use wool to stay warm in winter? Even when wool gets wet from snow melting close to a human being's skin of a person who is wearing wool - the wool will keep you warm.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-sw7cuSD-MUW57tN79H-xvKJPKbyhRqeUN8_x1yhbxItPReZJSH-Qw3ABKIewc0KH_7SMLcNtWZvnZ37uAa1fAjkCtumvxSefVhUrx4oGqdweEbX1baleWFJpr-eAwO4PBdUuzCTda2k/s1600/Domestic+sheep+bred+for+market+in+Western+Massachusetts+in+Mid+Winter+Snow+Storm.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="423" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-sw7cuSD-MUW57tN79H-xvKJPKbyhRqeUN8_x1yhbxItPReZJSH-Qw3ABKIewc0KH_7SMLcNtWZvnZ37uAa1fAjkCtumvxSefVhUrx4oGqdweEbX1baleWFJpr-eAwO4PBdUuzCTda2k/s640/Domestic+sheep+bred+for+market+in+Western+Massachusetts+in+Mid+Winter+Snow+Storm.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px; text-align: center;">Domestic sheep bred for market in Western Massachusetts in Mid Winter Snow Storm - sheep warm as can be in the midst of very cold winter.</td></tr>
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Let me tell where Western Massachusetts is - it is the same latitude as upstate New York and it is not far from the White Mountains of New Hampshire. The White Mountains of New Hampshire are one of the coldest places there are in Winter, on a par with the Chilkat Valley in Alaska.<br />
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Icelandic Sheep in Winter, <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Reykjanes Peninsula</st1:city>, <st1:country-region w:st="on">Iceland</st1:country-region></st1:place></div>
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40 Icelandic sheep found alive after being buried in snow for 19 days.</div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px; text-align: center;">Sheep in Iceland in Winter<br />
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Notice all the domestic sheep, including the ones buried in snow for nineteen days and nights, which do perfectly fine in Iceland in Winter - far, far to the North.</div>
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<b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">Christmas is on December 25</span></b></div>
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Christ was born on Christmas. It was the very early church that preserved this date, not some invention later in the time of Constantine or whatever. The ridiculous idea that sheep could not have been outside at that time of year in the low hills and the Mediterranean latitudes is laughable. Sheep in the Rocky Mountains of the United States survive quite well outside night and day in the very middle of winter - farther to the North in latitude and much higher in elevation, not to mention Massachusetts and Iceland in winter. What do we think the wool coats of sheep are for or why do we use wool for our warm outside winter clothing? Because it keeps you warm day and night in the coldest winter. Pagan feasts were every day of the year. Obviously Our Lord Jesus Christ's birth would coincide with one of them - so what?! That absolutely obviously was not the reason that God would choose the day He chose for God the Son to to be born. The pagan Romans elevated a very minor Roman pagan feast - the Saturnalia, to <i>compete </i>with the Christian celebration of Christmas. Christmas was the birth of Christ. It was originally called and is still called the Feast of the Nativity or the Natal Day of the Lord. All the complaints concocted by Talmudic JudenRatz Protestant Freemasonic Pharisees are meaningless.<br />
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<b>(See Link:)<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"> <a href="http://stepalestinecryfreedom.blogspot.com/search/label/Palestine">Palestine</a></span></b></div>
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<b>The lie that shepherds and sheep could not be outside in winter at night is as big a lie as "there are no Palestinians." Another lie by the Perfidious Jews. Of course there are Palestinians!!!, who do you think the Jews are committing genocide against?! It is Newt Gingrich who doesn't exist.</b></div>
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<b><b><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BSAORw35J1M&feature=share&list=PLMNxatYSgYb0xLwyVrdXEotVyA0PRV0LG" style="color: #992211; text-decoration: none;">Viva Palestina</a></b></b></div>
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<a href="http://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLA0DE9BFE7FA04CBB&feature=view_all" style="color: #992211; text-decoration: none;">Palestine - YouTube</a>: - the Apartheid <st1:place st="on">South Africa</st1:place> of now.</div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8166212834213174166">▼ </a><a href="http://kawthersalamblog.blogspot.com/2012_12_01_archive.html">December</a> </div>
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<a href="http://kawthersalamblog.blogspot.com/2012/12/voices-from-occupation-ashour-hamada.html">Voices From the Occupation: Ashour Hamada – Fatali...</a></div>
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FINAL TRIAL OF CHRISTIANS AND MUSLIMS TOGETHER - THE ONLY TRUE ISRAELO-CHRISTIANS THE PALESTINIANS</div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: 800;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"> St. Judas Maccabeus and the abomination of desolation - the Jews in Palestine </span></span></div>
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Now lets dispense with this Hanukkah nonsense. Judas Maccabeus is a Catholic Saint. All faithful Catholics from the first Adam to the last Saint are Saints of the Catholic Church of whom Jesus Christ is the Head. Judas Maccabeus did all he could to fight against an abomination in the temple that defiled it (the first was Antiochus IV Epiphanes, the Seleucid king and his profanation of the temple, who died in 164 B.C.). Judas Maccabeus, if he had been alive during the Apostolate of Christ on earth, would have been Christ's disciple, same as St. Simon Zealotes. Christ revealed Himself to the Jews as the Messiah on His birthday as an adult in the temple on the feast of lights. It was Jesus Christ who warned of the two final abominations of the temple -<br />
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1) the 18 temple benedictions which blasphemed God and His Christ and caused the destruction of the temple in 70 A.D. </div>
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2) the final Abomination of Desolation which is the Jews invading Palestine and trying to rebuild their accursed temple. </div>
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If St. Judas Maccabeus were alive today he would be leading an army to free Palestine from the Jews. You think Titus was harsh in 70 A.D.? St. Judas Maccabeus would enact the Biblical ban on the Jews in Occupied Palestine - all their forces would be destroyed and they would be driven from the land with no mercy. Their crimes against the Palestinians are secondary though very real. The crime of the nation of the Jews is Deicide and Perfidy and these are the worst crimes that exist. The nation of the Jews, by God's command do not have any right or business being in the Holy Land which is the home of the Holy Family, Jesus, Mary and Joseph.<br />
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<b>Edited Under Fr. Leonard Feeney M.I.C.M. — Saint Benedict Center</b><b><i>December, 1956</i></b><br />
<b><i><br /></i></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><b>This Christmas men are looking to the Holy Land, and they are listening — not for the strains of “Glory to God in the Highest,” but for the sounds of war upon earth. And we might say: It is just. God long ago crashed the Temple of Jerusalem to the ground, and cursed its people, the Jews, to be forever homeless and wandering. If the world has defied this Divine judgment and supported a Jewish return to Palestine, then let the world bear the consequences of God’s righteous anger.</b></span><br />
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But this leaves a greater part unsaid. For the Holy Land is infinitely more than a geographical locality which God has forbidden to the Jews. It is, for all time, the precious countryside where God became the Child of a Virginal Mother, and where God as Man walked and taught and died for us. It is, indeed, God’s Land.<br />
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If, therefore, we are anxious this Christmas, our concern is this: The leaders of our nation have proposed that Christian boys be ready to shed their blood in order to make the Jews secure within the borders of the Holy Land. But should this happen, should Christian lives be spent to keep God’s Land in the hands of His crucifiers, the price of such betrayal will not be confined to the deserts of the East. We will be paying, in kind, on bloody Main Street, U. S. A.<br />
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THE ENEMIES OF CHRIST AT CHRISTMAS</h2>
Soon, the Jews of America will be trying once more to jostle Christmas from its place as the nation’s chief interest in late December. As elbow for this endeavor, the Jews will rely again on their festival of Chanukah — once a minor holiday but recently seized on because of its timely Yuletide occurrence and now celebrated with all the blare and bluster the Jews can produce.<br />
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Though originally set up in 165 B. C., the observance of Chanukah (Hebrew for “Dedication”) has long since lost its holy, Old Testament meaning. Thus, when Jewish leaders decided a few years back to revive and exalt the holiday, they found it expedient also to invest it with a fresh and acceptable significance. They have, accordingly, made it an annual practice to hire the principal halls in the principal cities of the country for the staging of special Chanukah pageants. These loudly-trumpeted extravaganzas (“Inspiring — Breathtaking — Spectacular”) oppose the Birth of the true Messias by dramatizing, with the solemnity of religious ritual, the birth of their own messianic empire: the Jewish state of Israel.<br />
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It is, of course, true that the Jews would have been eager to exploit any one of their festivals that was opportune in order to affront the beauty and singularity of Christmas. Yet Chanukah is especially suited for such a use — because it was on that day that Our Lord revealed Himself to the Jews as the Messias, and, for doing so, was almost stoned. The story is told in the Holy Gospel of Saint John (Chap. 10, v. 22-39):<br />
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“And the Dedication was in Jerusalem: and it was winter. And Jesus walked in the temple, in Salomon’s porch. The Jews therefore compassed him round about, and said to him, How long doest thou hold our soul in suspense? If thou be Christ, tell us openly. Jesus answered them, I speak to you: and you believe not, the works that I do in the name of my Father, they give testimony of me, but you do not believe, because you are not of my sheep. My sheep hear my voice: and I know them, and they follow me. And I give them life everlasting: and they shall not perish for ever, and no man shall pluck them out of my hand. My father, that which he hath given me, is greater than all: and no man can pluck them out of the hand of my father. I and the Father are one. The Jews took up stones, to stone him. Jesus answered them, Many good works I have showed you from my father, for which of those works do you stone me? The Jews answered him, For a good work we stone thee not, but for blasphemy, and because thou being a man, makest thyself God. Jesus answered them, Is it not written in your law, that I said, <i>you are God’s</i>? If he called them God’s, to whom the word of God was made, and the scripture can not be broken: whom the Father hath sanctified and sent into the world, say you, That thou blasphemest, because I said I am the son of God? If I do not the works of my Father, believe me not. But if I do, and if you will not believe me, believe the works: that you may know and believe that the Father is in me, and I in the Father. They sought therefore to apprehend him: and he went forth out of their hands.”</blockquote>
Because it is reckoned by the Jewish calendar, the day on which Chanukah falls may vary from year to year by as much as a month. This year it is due to fall on its earliest possible date. But Jews have never been ones to let liturgical niceties stand in the way of more vital considerations, and so, the Jews of Boston (the only segment of whose plans we have heard) are making an adroit adjustment in their schedule. Their annual Chanukah pageant at the Boston Garden will be held this year, not when the calendar says Chanukah should occur, but some three weeks later, on December the twenty-third — just a stone’s throw from Christmas.<br />
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The pride of Jewish rural life is the “kibbutz,” a sort of collective farm settlement, of which there are presently some 250 well-populated examples in the state of Israel. A recent volume to swell the praises of these communes is Harvard University Press’ <i>Kibbutz, Venture in Utopia</i>. The following two extracts from this book provide a raw, startling picture of the Jews who today inhabit the Land of Christ’s Birth:<br />
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“In its attempt to create a better world, the kibbutz has found that it faces considerable opposition, and it has come to view this opposition with an intense hatred. Indeed, it is not unfair to say the kibbutz hates almost everybody, since it views almost everybody as an opponent. Outside of Israel, all the ‘bourgeois’ countries are hated, and only the Soviet Union and ‘People’s Democracies’ are ‘loved.’</blockquote>
“As for marriage, they believed — and still believe — that a union between a man and woman was their own affair, to be entered into on the basis of love and to be broken at the termination of love; neither the union nor the separation were to require the permission or the sanction of the community. Today, for example, if a couple wishes to marry, the partners merely ask for a joint room; if they wish a divorce, they return to separate rooms.”<br />
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Each year when the Church commemorates the arrival of the Magi at Bethlehem, on the Feast of the Epiphany, our priests are required to read, as an integral part of their Breviary prayers, the following homily by Pope Saint Gregory the Great:<br />
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“All things which He had made, bore witness that their Maker was come ... And yet, up to this very hour, the hearts of the unbelieving Jews will not acknowledge that He, to Whom all nature gave testimony, is their God. Being more hardened than the rocks, the Jews refuse to be rent by repentance.”</blockquote>
This is but one instance of what the Jews would term the “anti-Semitism” of the Church’s Advent and Christmas Season liturgy. With the possible exception of Holy Week in Lent, there is no period in the whole liturgical year which more emphasizes the bridgeless chasm separating Christian faith and Jewish infidelity.<br />
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From Advent through the Epiphany Octave, the texts of the Mass and the Divine Office resound repeatedly with that theme which is at once the fulfilled expectation of the Jews of the Old Law, and the indictment of the deicide Jews of today:<br />
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“Behold, O Israel, your king ... Blow ye the trumpet in Zion, for the day of the Lord is nigh ... It is the birth of the Christ, O Jerusalem ... The Savior of the world will be our King ... He shall sit upon the throne of David His father.”</blockquote>
These are the tidings of great joy which plague the Jews as sorely this December as they did more than nineteen hundred years ago. And among these tidings there is, for the Jews, no more hateful information than the exultant shouts that the Baby of Bethlehem is the true Son of David, inheriting a royal title from His foster father, Saint Joseph, and royal blood from His Spotless Mother, the Virgin Mary. It was precisely to attack this central truth of Christmas that the rabbis of the early Christian centuries concocted that unprintably-filthy version of the Birth of Christ which is now found in the Jews’ “holy” book, the Talmud. We have determined never to reprint, in direct quotation, these blasphemous assaults against the purity of the Mother of God. But that they were invented by the rabbis, for the express purpose of challenging Our Lord’s title to the Throne of David, is abundantly admitted by Jewish authorities. The <i>Jewish Encyclopedia</i>, for example, blithely states, in its article on “Jesus,” that, “For polemical purposes it was necessary for the Jews to insist on the illegitimacy of Jesus as against the Davidic descent claimed by the Christian Church.”<br />
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At no point in the Christmas liturgy, however, does the Church’s consciousness of Jewish perfidy becloud her joy at the Birth of the Messias. In this spirit, therefore, we anticipate the coming gladness, and leave our readers with that jubilant exhortation from the Third Mass of Christmas:<br />
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“Come ye Gentiles and adore the Lord, for this day a great light hath descended upon the earth!”</blockquote>
<a href="http://1amendmentcont.blogspot.com/2011/09/food-for-thought.html">God and His Messiah Jesus Christ our Lord - our right and duty to witness to Him: Food for thought</a><br />
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The prophets of the Old Testament so exactly predicted the coming of the Messiah that Herod knew within two years time that it was Jesus (Yeshua) at His birth. Anyone, especially Jews who know their Torah of Moses and the Prophets from Moses to the time of Jesus Christ, Yeshua ha Maschiach, should avail themselves of the Book of Isaiah, Chapters 52 and 53 and the Book of Daniel, Chapter 11 in order to show some of the more important proofs to themselves of the fact that Jesus of Nazareth is the Christ promised to the Jews and Gentiles alike. Faith in Him is salvific.<br />
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<a href="http://jews-called-in-christ.blogspot.com/2012/01/st-isaiah.html">Jews called in Christ: St. Isaiah</a><br />
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<a href="http://jews-called-in-christ.blogspot.com/2012/01/way-out-of-18-temple-benedictions.html">Jews called in Christ: The way out of the 18 temple benedictions</a><br />
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The Jew false prophet Maimonides (Rabbi Moses Ben Maimon), in order to hide the fact that the Jews KNEW that the Prophet Daniel had prophesied the time of the Messiah's Incarnation and He of course was Jesus Christ, said: "Daniel has elucidated to us the knowledge of the end times. However, since they are secret, the wise [rabbis] have barred the calculation of the days of Messiah's coming so that the untutored populace will not be led astray when they see that <b>the End Times</b> [<i>the appearance of the Messiah - Jesus Christ</i>] <b>have already come</b> but there is no sign of the Messiah" (Igeret Teiman, Chapter 3 p.24.)</div>
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<b>",,,the End Times have already come..." 2,000 years ago with the coming of Our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ, who only is the Messiah. </b>"... but there is no sign of the Messiah" means that Maimonides and the rest of the Perfidious Jews unlawfully and out of utterly unrepentant evil hearts knowingly reject the true Messiah, who is Jesus Christ, and the Jews' nation are therefore damned for the unforgivable sin, forever.<br />
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The seventy weeks of Daniel's Prophecy makes it absolute that the only time the Messiah could come in history is the time when Jesus Christ, who alone is the only Messiah and the only one who could be the Messiah, came.<br />
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The seventy weeks are weeks of years. Hence 490 years.<br />
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The Messiah is the Christ.<br />
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The seventy weeks begins in the Old Testament, at that time, with the <span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 15px;">"going forth of the word to restore and to build <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Jerusalem</st1:place></st1:city>" (Dan. 9:25)</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 15px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 15px;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt;">69 weeks or 483 years, takes us to the beginning of Christ's public life.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt;">The Messiah is "cut off" - Crucified, for our sins (Isaiah 53:8) in the midst of the "week." That is after three and one half years.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt;"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">CHAPTER IX.</span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt;"><i><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Daniel's confession and prayer; Gabriel informs him concerning the seventy weeks to the coming of Christ.<o:p></o:p></span></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt;">24 *Seventy weeks are shortened upon thy people, and upon thy holy city, that transgression may be finished, and sin may have an end, and iniquity may be abolished; and everlasting justice may be brought; and vision and prophecy may be fulfilled; and the Saint of saints may be anointed.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt;">25 Know thou, therefore, and take notice: <i>that </i>from the going forth of the word, to build up Jerusalem again, unto Christ, the prince, there shall be seven weeks, and sixty-two weeks: and the street shall be built again, and the walls, in straitness of times.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt;">26 And after sixty-two weeks Christ shall be slain: and the people that shall deny him shall not be his. And a people, with their leader, that shall come, shall destroy the city, and the sanctuary: and the end thereof shall be waste, and after the end of the war the appointed desolation.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt;">27 And he shall confirm the covenant with many, in one week: and in the half of the week the victim and the sacrifice shall fail: and there shall be in the temple the abomination of desolation: and the desolation shall continue even to the consummation, and to the end.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt;">1: A.M. 3467, A.C. 537.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt;">2: Jer. xxv. 11. and xxix. 10.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt;">4: 2 Esd. i. 5.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt;">5: Bar. i. 17.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt;">11: Deut. xxvii. 14.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt;">15: Bar. i. 1.; Ex. xiv. 22.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt;">18: Jer. xxv. 29.; Ps. xlviii. 2. 9. and ci. 8.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt;">21: Supra viii. 16.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Ver. 24.</span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <i>Seventy weeks</i> (viz. of years, or seventy times seven, that is, 490 years) <i>are shortened;</i> that is, fixed and determined, so that the time shall be no longer. Ch. <b>—</b> This is not a conditional prophecy. Daniel was solicitous to know when the seventy years of Jeremias would terminate. But something of far greater consequence is revealed to him, (W.) even the coming and death of the Messias, four hundred and ninety years after the order for rebuilding the walls should be given, (C.) at which period Christ would redeem the world, (W.) and abolish the sacrifices of the law. C. <b>—</b> <i>Finished,</i> or arrive at its height by the crucifixion of the Son of God; (Theod.) or rather sin shall be forgiven. Heb. "to finish crimes to seal (<i>cover or remit</i>) sins, and to expiate iniquity." <b>—</b> <i>Anointed.</i> Christ is the great anointed of God, the source of justice, and the end of the law and of the prophets, (Acts x. 38. and 1 Cor. i. 30. Rom. x. 4. C.) as well as the pardoner of crimes. These four characters belong only to Christ. W.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Ver. 25.</span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <i>Word,</i> &c. That is, from the twentieth year of king Artaxerxes, when, by his commandment, Nehemias rebuilt the walls of Jerusalem, 2 Esd. ii. From which time, according to the best chronology, there were just sixty-nine weeks of years, the is 483 years, to the baptism of Christ, when he first began to preach and execute the office of Messias. Ch. <b>—</b> The prophecy is divided into three periods: the first of forty-nine years, during which the walls were completed; (they had been raised in fifty-two days, (2 Esd. vi. 15.) but many other fortifications were still requisite) the second of four hundred and thirty-four years, at the end of which Christ was baptized, in the fifteenth of Tiberius, the third of three years and a half, during which Christ preached. In the middle of this last week, the ancient sacrifices became useless, (C.) as the true Lamb of God had been immolated. Theod. <b>—</b> A <i>week</i> of years denotes seven years, as Lev. xxv. and thus seventy of these weeks would make four hundred and ninety years. V. Bede. Rat. temp. 6 &c. W. <b>—</b> Origen would understand 4900 years, and dates from the fall of Adam to the ruin of the temple. Marsham begins twenty-one years after the captivity commenced, when Darius took Susa, and ends in the second of Judas, when the temple was purified. This system would destroy the prediction of Christ's coming, and is very uncertain. Hardouin modifies it, and acknowledges that Christ was the end of the prophecy, though it was fulfilled in figure by the death of Onias III. See 1 Mac. i. 19. Senens. Bib. viii. hær. 12. and Estius. From C. vii. to xii. the changes in the East, till the time of Epiphanes, are variously described. After the angel had here addressed Daniel, the latter was still perplexed; (C. x. 1.) and in order to remove his doubts, the angel informs him of the persecution of Epiphanes, as if he had been speaking of the same event. We may, therefore, count forty-nine years from the taking of Jerusalem (when Jeremias spoke, C. vi. 19.) to Cyrus, <i>the anointed,</i> (Is. xlv. 1.) who was appointed to free God's people. They would still be under the Persians, &c. for other four hundred and thirty-four years, and then Onias should be slain. Many would join the Machabees; the sacrifices should cease in the middle of the seventieth week, and the desolation shall continue to <i>the end</i> of it. Yet, though this system may seem plausible, it is better to stick to the common one, which naturally leads us to the death of Christ, dating from the tenth year of Artaxerxes. C. <b>—</b> He had reigned ten years already with his father. Petau. <b>—</b> All the East was persuaded that a great king should arise about the time; when our Saviour actually appeared, and fulfilled all that had been spoken of the Messias. C. Diss. <b>—</b> Ferguson says, "We have an astronomical demonstration of the truth of this ancient prophecy, seeing that the prophetic year of the Messias being cut off was the very same with the astronomical." In a dispute between a Jew and a Christian, at Venice, the Rabbi who presided...put an end to the business by saying, "Let us shut up our Bibles; for if we proceed in the examination of this prophecy, it will make us all become Christians." Watson, let. 6. <b>—</b> Hence probably the Jews denounce a curse on those who calculate the times, (H.) and they have purposely curtailed their chronology. C. <b>—</b> <i>Times,</i> &c. (<i>angustia temporum</i>) which may allude both to the difficulties and opposition they met with in building, and to the shortness of the time in which they finished the wall, viz. fifty-two days. Ch.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Ver. 26.</span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <i>Weeks,</i> or four hundred and thirty-eight years, which elapsed from the twentieth of Artaxerxes to the death of Christ, according to the most exact chronologists. C. <b>—</b> <i>Slain.</i> Prot. "cut off, but not for himself, and the people of the prince that," &c. H. <b>—</b> S. Jerom and some MSS. read, <i>Christus, et non erit ejus.</i> The sense is thus suspended. The Jews lose their prerogative of being God's people. C. <b>—</b> Christ will not receive them again. S. Jer. <b>—</b> Gr. "the unction shall be destroyed, and there shall not be judgment in him." The priesthood and royal dignity is taken from the Jews. Theod. <b>—</b> The order of succession among the high priests was quite deranged, while the country was ruled by the Romans, and by Herod, a foreigner. C. <b>—</b> <i>Leader.</i> The Romans under Titus. Ch. C.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Ver. 27.</span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <i>Many.</i> Christ seems to allude to this passage. Mat. xxvi. 28. He died for all; but several of the Jews particularly, would not receive the proffered grace. C. <b>—</b> <i>Of the week,</i> or in the middle of the week, &c. Because Christ preached three years and a half: and then, by his sacrifice upon the cross, abolished all the sacrifices of the law. Ch. <b>—</b> <i>Temple.</i> Heb. "the wing," (C.) or pinnacle, (H.) the highest part of the temple. C. <b>—</b> <i>Desolation.</i> Some understand this of the profanation of the temple by the crimes of the Jews, and by the bloody faction of the zealots. Others, of the bringing in thither the ensigns and standard of the pagan Romans. <b>Others, in fine, distinguish three different times of desolation: viz. that under Antiochus; that when the temple was destroyed by the Romans; and the last near the end of the world, under antichrist.</b><b> </b> To all which, as they show, this prophecy has a relation. Ch. <b>—</b> Prot. "For the overspreading of abominations he shall make it desolate, even unto the consummation; and that determined, shall be poured upon the desolate." H. <b>—</b> The ruin shall be entire. C.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://traditional-catholic-prayers.blogspot.com/p/rebuilt-temple-of-remphan-in-jerusalem.html">Traditional Catholic Prayers: The Rebuilt Temple of Remphan in Jerusalem and the Armour Bearer of the Antichrist, the False Prophet</a><br />
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<b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">DANIEL 11<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">CHAPTER XI.</span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: 11pt;">The angel declares to Daniel many things to come, with regard to the Persian and Grecian kings: more especially with regard to Antiochus, as a figure of antichrist.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt;">1 And from the first year of Darius, the Mede, I stood up, that he might be strengthened, and confirmed.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt;">2 And now I will shew thee the truth. Behold, there shall stand yet three kings in Persia, and the fourth shall be enriched exceedingly above them all: and when he shall be grown mighty by his riches, he shall stir up all against the kingdom of Greece.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt;">3 But there shall rise up a strong king, and shall rule with great power: and he shall do what he pleaseth.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt;">4 And when he shall come to his height, his kingdom shall be broken, and it shall be divided towards the four winds of the heaven: but not to his posterity, nor according to his power with which he ruled. For his kingdom shall be rent in pieces, even for strangers, besides these.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt;">5 And the king of the south shall be strengthened, and one of his princes shall prevail over him, and he shall rule with great power: for his dominion shall be great.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt;">6 And after the end of years they shall be in league together: and the daughter of the king of the south shall come to the king of the north to make friendship, but she shall not obtain the strength of the arm, neither shall her seed stand: and she shall be given up, and her young men that brought her, and they that strengthened her in <i>these </i>times.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt;">7 And a plant of the bud of her roots shall stand up: and he shall come with an army, and shall enter into the province of the king of the north: and he shall abuse them, and shall prevail.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt;">8 And he shall also carry away captive into Egypt their gods, and their graven things, and their precious vessels of gold and silver: he shall prevail against the king of the north.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt;">9 And the king of the south shall enter into the kingdom, and shall return to his own land.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt;">10 And his sons shall be provoked, and they shall assemble a multitude of great forces: and he shall come with haste like a flood: and he shall return, and be stirred up, and he shall join battle with his forces.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt;">11 And the king of the south being provoked, shall go forth, and shall fight against the king of the north, and shall prepare an exceeding great multitude, and a multitude shall be given into his hand.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt;">12 And he shall take a multitude, and his heart shall be lifted up, and he shall cast down many thousands: but he shall not prevail.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt;">13 For the king of the north shall return, and shall prepare a multitude much greater than before: and in the end of times, and years, he shall come in haste with a great army, and much riches.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt;">14 *And in those times many shall rise up against the king of the south, and the children of prevaricators of thy people shall lift up themselves to fulfil the vision, and they shall fall.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt;">15 And the king of the north shall come, and shall cast up a mount, and shall take the best fenced cities: and the arms of the south shall not withstand, and his chosen ones shall rise up to resist, and they shall not have strength.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt;">16 And he shall come upon him, and do according to his pleasure, and there shall be none to stand against his face: and he shall stand in the glorious land, and it shall be consumed by his hand.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt;">17 And he shall set his face to come to possess all his kingdom, and he shall make upright <i>conditions </i>with him: and he shall give him a daughter of women, to overthrow it: and she shall not stand, neither shall she be for him.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt;">18 And he shall turn his face to the islands, and shall take many: and he shall cause the prince of his reproach to cease, and his reproach shall be turned upon him.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt;">19 And he shall turn his face to the empire of his own land, and he shall stumble, and fall, and shall not be found.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt;">20 And there shall stand up in his place one most vile, and unworthy of kingly honour: and in a few days he shall be destroyed, not in rage nor in battle.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt;">21 And there shall stand up in his place one despised, and the kingly honour shall not be given him: and he shall come privately, and shall obtain the kingdom by fraud.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt;">22 And the arms of the fighter shall be overcome before his face, and shall be broken; yea, also the prince of the covenant.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt;">23 And after friendships, he will deal deceitfully with him: and he shall go up, and shall overcome with a small people.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt;">24 And he shall enter into rich and plentiful cities: and he shall do that which his fathers never did, nor his fathers' fathers: he shall scatter their spoils, and their prey, and their riches, and shall forecast devices against the best fenced places: and this until a time.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt;">25 And his strength, and his heart, shall be stirred up against the king of the south, with a great army: and the king of the south shall be stirred up to battle with many and very strong succours: and they shall not stand, for they shall form designs against him.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt;">26 And they that eat bread with him, shall destroy him, and his army shall be overthrown: and many shall fall down slain.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt;">27 And the heart of the two kings shall be to do evil, and they shall speak lies at one table, and they shall not prosper: because as yet the end <i>is </i>unto another time.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt;">28 And he shall return into his land with much riches: and his heart <i>shall be</i> against the holy covenant, and he shall succeed, and shall return into his own land.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt;">29 At the time appointed he shall return, and he shall come to the south, but the latter time shall not be like the former.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt;">30 And the galleys and the Romans shall come upon him, and he shall be struck, and shall return, and shall have indignation against the covenant of the sanctuary, and he shall succeed: and he shall return, and shall devise against them that have forsaken the covenant of the sanctuary.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt;">31 And arms shall stand on his part, and they shall defile the sanctuary of strength, and shall take away the continual sacrifice, and they shall place <i>there </i>the abomination unto desolation.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt;">32 And such as deal wickedly against the covenant shall deceitfully dissemble: but the people that know their God shall prevail and succeed.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt;">33 And they that are learned among the people shall teach many: and they shall fall by the sword, and by fire, and by captivity, and by spoil for <i>many </i>days.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt;">34 And when they shall have fallen, they shall be relieved with a small help: and many shall be joined to them deceitfully.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt;">35 And some of the learned shall fall, that they may be tried, and may be chosen, and made white, even to the appointed time: because yet there shall be another time.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt;">36 And the king shall do according to his will, and he shall be lifted up, and shall magnify himself against every god: and he shall speak great things against the God of gods, and shall prosper, till the wrath be accomplished. For the determination is made.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt;">37 And he shall make no account of the God of his fathers: and he shall follow the lust of women, and he shall not regard any gods: for he shall rise up against all things.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt;">38 But he shall worship the god Maozim, in his place: and a god whom his fathers knew not, he shall worship with gold, and silver, and precious stones, and things of great price.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt;">39 And he shall do this to fortify Maozim with a strange god, whom he hath acknowledged, and he shall increase glory, and shall give them power over many, and shall divide the land gratis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt;">40 And at the time prefixed the king of the south shall fight against him, and the king of the north shall come against him like a tempest, with chariots, and with horsemen, and with a great navy, and he shall enter into the countries, and shall destroy, and pass through.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt;">41 And he shall enter into the glorious land, and many shall fall: and these only shall be saved out of his hand, Edom, and Moab, and the principality of the children of Ammon.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt;">42 And he shall lay his hand upon the lands: and the land of Egypt shall not escape.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt;">43 And he shall have power over the treasures of gold, and of silver, and all the precious things of Egypt: and he shall pass through Lybia, and Ethiopia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt;">44 And tidings out of the east, and out of the north, shall trouble him: and he shall come with a great multitude to destroy and slay many.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt;">45 And he shall fix his tabernacle, Apadno, between the seas, upon a glorious and holy mountain: and he shall come even to the top thereof, and none shall help him.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">DANIEL 11</span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt;">CHAPTER XI.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Ver. 1.</span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <i>Confirmed.</i> Gabriel assisted Michael to comply with God's orders. C. x. 21. C. <b>—</b> The angel continues his speech, and informs us that he had prayed for Darius after the fall of Babylon, seeing that he was well-inclined towards the Jews, as his successor Cyrus (who liberated them) was also. W.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Ver. 2.</span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <i>Three,</i> &c. Cambyses, Smerdis magus, and Darius the son of Hystaspes. Ch. W. <b>—</b> Cyrus had been mentioned before. C. x. 13. 20. Smerdis, or Artaxerxes, (1 Esd. iv. 7.) was the chief of the seven magi, and usurped the throne for six months after the death of Cambyses. C. <b>—</b> He had been declared king before (H.) by Patizites, his own brother. The news excited the fury of Cambyses, who mounting on horseback gave himself a mortal wound in the thigh. Herod. iii. 21. See Ezec. xxxviii. 21. H. <b>—</b> <i>Fourth:</i> Xerxes. Ch. <b>—</b> He invaded Greece with an immense army, forcing those on the road to join him. Just. i. 10. Herod. vii. and viii. C.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Ver. 3.</span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <i>A strong king:</i> Alexander. Ch. <b>—</b> The sequel clearly points him out. Before fifteen years had elapsed, his mother, brother, and children were slain. Arideus, his brother, was declared regent till it should be seen what Rozanna should bring forth. After the death of those who might be heirs of Alexander, four general took the title of kings. Others governed in different places, but were destroyed by degrees.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Ver. 4.</span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <i>These</i> four; Ptolemy, Seleucus, Antigonus, and Antipater, kings of Egypt, Syria, Asia, and Greece. C. vii. 6. and viii. 22. Besides the other generals, (C.) foreigners began to erect new kingdoms in what had formed the empire of Alexander. S. Jer. Livy xlv. C.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Ver. 5.</span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <i>South:</i> Ptolemeus, the son of Lagus, king of Egypt, which lies south of Jerusalem. Ch. <b>—</b>S. Irenæus (iv. 43.) observes, that all prophecies are obscure till they be fulfilled. History shews that this relates to Ptolemy. The kingdoms of Egypt and of Syria are more noticed, as they had much to do with the Jews. W. <b>—</b> Ptolemy took Cyprus (C.) and Jerusalem. Jos. Ant. xii. 12. <b>—</b> <i>His princes</i> (that is, one of Alexander's princes) <i>shall prevail over him;</i> that is, shall be stronger than the king of Egypt. He speaks of Seleucus Nicator, king of Asia and Syria, whose successors are here called the kings of the north, because their dominions lay to the north in respect to Jerusalem. Ch. <b>—</b> Nicator means a "conqueror." H. <b>—</b>This king was master of all from Media and Babylonia to Jerusalem. Appian, &c. C. <b>—</b>Philadelphus was more powerful than his father. W.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Ver. 6.</span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <i>South.</i> Bernice, daughter of Ptolemeus Philadelphus, given in marriage to Antiochus Theos, grandson of Seleucus, (Ch.) and king of Syria. She brought a great "dowry," and was therefore styled <i>Phernophoros.</i> Antiochus agreed to repudiate Laodicea; but he soon took her back. Fearing his inconstancy, she poisoned him, and slew his son by Bernice. This lady in a rage mounted her chariot, and having knocked down the cruel minister of such barbarity, trampled upon his body. The rest pretended that the infant was still living, and delivered up a part of the palace to Bernice, yet slew her as soon as they had an opportunity. S. Jer. Usher, A. 3758. V. Max. ix. 10. &c. C.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Ver. 7.</span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <i>A plant,</i> &c. Ptolemeus Evergetes, the son of Philadelphus. Ch. <b>—</b> Three of Bernice's maids of honour (H.) covered her body, and pretended that she was only wounded, till her brother Evergetes came and seized almost all Asia, Callinicus not daring to give him battle. S. Jer. &c. Vaillant. A. 79. Lagid. C. <b>—</b> He laid waste Syria. W.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Ver. 8.</span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <i>Gods.</i> He took back what Cambyses had conveyed out of Egypt; and it was on this account that the people styled him "benefactor." S. Jer. C. <b>—</b> <i>North.</i> Seleucus Callinicus. Ch. <b>—</b> If Evergetes had not been recalled into Egypt by civil broils, he would have seized all the kingdom of Seleucus. Just. xvii. <b>—</b> As he passed by Jerusalem (v. 9.) he made great presents, and caused victims of thanksgiving to be offered up. Jos. c. Ap. ii.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Ver. 10.</span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <i>His sons.</i> Seleucus Ceraunius and Antiochus the great, the sons of Callinicus. Ch. <b>—</b> The former was poisoned after three years' reign, as he marched against Attalus. Just. xxix. <b>—</b> Antiochus the great reconquered many provinces from Egypt, but was beaten at Raphia, on the confines, and lost Cœlo-syria. C. <b>—</b> <i>He shall,</i> &c. Antiochus the great. Ch. <b>—</b> He prosecuted the war, as his brother was prevented by death. W.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Ver. 11.</span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <i>South.</i> Ptolemeus Philopator, son of Evergetes. Ch. <b>—</b> He was an indolent prince; but his generals gained the victory. C.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Ver. 12.</span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <i>Prevail.</i> Many fell on both sides. H. <b>—</b> But Antiochus did not prevail; (W.) or rather Philopator neglected the opportunity of dethroning his rival, (C.) as he might have seized all his dominions, if he had not been too fond of ease. Just. xxx. <b>—</b> He followed the suggestions of his proud <i>heart,</i> when he attempted to enter the most holy place of the temple; and though he was visibly chastised by God, he would have vented his resentment on the Jews, if Providence had not miraculously protected them. 3 Mac. C. See Eccli. l. H.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Ver. 13.</span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <i>Times,</i> seventeen years after the battle of Raphia. When Philopator was dead, and his son Epiphanes not above five years old, Antiochus and Philip of Macedon basely attempted to divide his dominions. Scopas engaged Antiochus, but lost the battle, and all that Philopator had recovered. C. <b>—</b> Many revolted in Egypt on account of the arrogance of Agathocles, who ruled in the king's name. v. 14. S. Jer.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Ver. 14.</span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <i>Vision.</i> Many Jews, deceived by Onias, erected a temple in Egypt, falsely asserting that they fulfilled the prophecy of Isaias, xix. 19. W. <b>—</b> This Onias was the son of Onias III. who was slain at Antioch. C. ix. 25. H. <b>—</b> The temple of Onion was called after him. All allow that he transgressed the law, by offering sacrifice there after God had pitched upon Jerusalem. But this was done (C.) under Philometor, forty-seven years (Usher) or longer after <i>those times,</i> when Epiphanes fought against Antiochus. The rebellion of the Jews against Egypt may therefore be meant. It was decreed that they should by under Antiochus, that his son might cause them to <i>fall,</i> (C.) and punish them for their crimes. H.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Ver. 15.</span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <i>Cities;</i> Sidon, Gaza, and the citadel of Jerusalem, &c. C.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Ver. 16.</span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <i>Upon him.</i> Antiochus shall come upon the king of the south. <b>—</b> <i>Land:</i> Judea. Ch. <b>—</b> <i>Consumed,</i> or "perfected." Antiochus was very favourable to the Jews; (C.) invited all to return to Jerusalem, and furnished what was requisite for the sacrifices. Jos. Ant. xii. 3.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Ver. 17.</span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <i>Kingdom,</i> viz. all the kingdom of Ptolemeus Epiphanes, son of Philopator. Ch. <b>—</b> The Romans interrupted Antiochus, who resolved to lull the young prince asleep, till he had subdued these enemies. C. <b>—</b> <i>Of women.</i> That is, a most beautiful woman, viz. his daughter Cleopatra. <b>—</b> <i>It,</i> viz. the kingdom of Epiphanes; but his policy shall not succeed; for Cleopatra shall take more to heart the interest of her husband than that of her father. Ch. <b>—</b> He came with her to Raphia, and gave her Judea, &c. for her dowry, reserving half of the revenues. Heb. and Gr. have, "to corrupt her;" (C.) Vulg. <i>eam;</i> as he wished his daughter to act perfidiously, that he might seize the whole kingdom. H. <b>—</b> Epiphanes and his generals were on their guard, and Cleopatra took part with her husband. S. Jer.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Ver. 18.</span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <i>Islands,</i> near Asia. He also went into Greece, and was master of that country when the Romans declared war against him. C. <b>—</b> <i>Of his reproach.</i> Scipio, the Roman general, called the prince of his reproach, because he overthrew Antiochus, and obliged him to submit to very dishonourable terms, before he would <i>cease</i> from the war. Ch. <b>—</b> Prot. "for a prince for his own behalf shall cause the reproach offered by him to cease, without his own reproach he shall cause it to turn upon him." H. <b>—</b> Being defeated at Magnesia, he chose the wisest plan of avoiding fresh reproach, by making peace, though (C.) the terms were very hard. Livy xxxvii. <b>—</b> He jokingly observed, that he was obliged to the Romans for contracting his dominions. Cic. pro Dejot.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Ver. 19.</span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <i>Found.</i> Antiochus plundered the temple of the Elymaites to procure money; but they, (S. Jer.) or the neighbouring barbarous nations, rose up and slew him. Just. xxxii.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Ver. 20.</span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <i>One more vile.</i> Seleucus Philopator, who sent Heliodorus to plunder the temple; and was shortly after slain by the same Heliodorus. Ch. <b>—</b> He reigned about twelve years; and had sent his own son, Demetrius, to be a hostage at Rome instead of Epiphanes, whom he designed to place at the head of an army to invade Egypt. Heb. "one who shall cause the exactor to pass over the glory of the kingdom," the temple. 2 Mac. iii. C.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Ver. 21.</span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <i>One despised;</i> viz. Antiochus Epiphanes, who at first was <i>despised</i> and not received for king. What is here said of this prince, is accommodated by S. Jerom and others to antichrist, of whom this Antiochus was a figure. Ch. <b>—</b> He lived and died basely; as the origin and end of antichrist will be ignominious. W. <b>—</b> All that follows, to the end of C. xii. regards Epiphanes. He had no title to the crown, which he procured by cunning, and held in the most shameful manner. He canvassed for the lowest offices, so that many styled him <i>Epimanes,</i> "the madman." Diod. in Valesius, p. 305. C.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Ver. 22.</span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <i>Fighter.</i> That is, of them that shall oppose him, and shall fight against him. Ch. <b>—</b> Heliodorus, who had murdered his brother and usurped the throne, and Ptolemy Epiphanes, were discomfited. The latter was making preparations against Seleucus, and said that his riches were in the purses of his friends, upon which they poisoned him. S. Jer. C. <b>—</b> <i>Covenant,</i> or <i>of the league.</i> The chief of them that conspired against him; or the king of Egypt, his most powerful adversary. Ch. <b>—</b> This title belongs to antichrist, who will join the Jews, and be received as their Messias. S. Iren. v. 25. S. Jer. &c. Jo. 543. W.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Ver. 23.</span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <i>People.</i> Ephiphanes pretended to be tutor of Philometor. But the nobles of Egypt distrusted him; whereupon he came to a battle, near Pelusium, and the young king surrendered himself. His uncle thus took possession of Egypt with surprising facility. Yet the people of Alexandria crowned Evergetes, which occasioned a civil war. C.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Ver. 24.</span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <i>Places.</i> Theodot. reads, "Egypt," omitting the <i>b,</i> (H.) which gives a good sense. <b>—</b> C.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Ver. 25.</span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <i>The king.</i> Ptolemeus Philometor. Ch. <b>—</b> Epiphanes came under the pretext of restoring Philometor, and gained a victory over Evergetes; but returned in Syria, that the two brothers might weaken each other, (C.) while the Syrians formed <i>designs</i> against both. H.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Ver. 26.</span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <i>Slain.</i> This was the perfidious policy of Epiphanes, who expected that the two brothers would destroy each other, so that he might easily seize Egypt, of which he kept the key, retaining the city of Pelusium. They were however reconciled, and reigned together. The Scripture often represents that as done which is only intended.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Ver. 27.</span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <i>Two kings:</i> Epiphanes and Philometor. <b>—</b> <i>Time.</i> Epiphanes, vexed that he should thus be duped, returned again into Egypt. v. 29.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Ver. 28.</span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <i>Riches,</i> taken in Egypt (C.) and in Jerusalem. H. <b>—</b> The people had refused to receive Jason; and Epiphanes treated them in the most barbarous manner, profaned the temple, &c. 1 Mac. i. 23. and 2 Mac. vi. 21. C.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Ver. 30.</span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <i>Galleys.</i> Heb. "ships of Chittim." H. <b>—</b> The ambassadors probably came in vessels belonging to Macedonia, (C.) which they found at Delos. Livy xliv. <b>—</b> <i>Romans.</i> Popilius and the other Roman ambassadors, who came in galleys, and obliged him to depart from Egypt. Ch. <b>—</b> He was only four or seven miles from Alexandria, and went to meet the ambassadors, who gave him the senate's letter, ordering him to desist from the war. He said he would consult his friends: but Popilius formed a circle round him with his wand, requiring an answer before he went out of it. Hereupon the king withdrew his forces. Polyb. xcii. V. Max. vi. 4. <b>—</b> <i>Succeed.</i> Apollonius massacred many Jews on the sabbath. 1 Mac. i. 30. <b>—</b> <i>Against.</i> Heb. "respecting." Prot. "have intelligence with them," &c. H. <b>—</b> These wretches prompted him to make such edicts, for he was attached to no religion. 2 Mac. iv. 9.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Ver. 31.</span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <i>Arms, </i>(<i>brachia</i>) or strong men, Apollonius, Philip, &c. (2 Mac. vi.) and likewise the senator from Antioch, who executed his decrees. C. <b>—</b> <i>Abomination.</i> The idol of Jupiter Olympius, which Antiochus ordered to be set up in the sanctuary of the temple, which is here called the <i>sanctuary of strength,</i> from the Almighty that was worshipped there. Ch. <b>—</b> Other idols were set up, and the people were compelled to sacrifice. C. <b>—</b> Yet even in the hottest persecutions some remained faithful. W.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Ver. 32.</span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <i>Dissemble.</i> Thus acted the officers and apostate Jews. <b>—</b> <i>Know.</i> Such were the Assideans, Eleazar, and the Machabees.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Ver. 33.</span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <i>Learned;</i> the priests, Matthathias, &c. Mal. ii. 7.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Ver. 34.</span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <i>Help.</i> The victories of the Machabees were miraculous. <b>—</b> <i>Deceitfully,</i> like those who took the spoils of idols, and were slain. Heb. may imply, "secretly." C.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Ver. 35.</span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <i>Fall,</i> or became martyrs. H. <b>—</b> Such were Eleazar, &c. C. <b>—</b> <i>Another time,</i> after death; (H.) or the perfect deliverance shall take place later, v. 27.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Ver. 36.</span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <i>Every god.</i> "He plundered many (C. <i>or </i>most; </span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11pt;">pleista.</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> H.) temples." Polyb. Athen. v. 6. <b>—</b> The Samaritans, and even the priests of the Lord, obeyed the impious decree; so that the king looked upon himself as a sort of god. <b>—</b> <i>Accomplished</i> against the Jews, when Epiphanes shall be punished.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Ver. 37.</span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <i>God.</i> He laughed at religion, yet sometimes offered splendid presents and victims, which shewed his inconstancy. C. <b>—</b> <i>Women.</i> He kept many concubines, (Diod.) and committed the greatest obscenities publicly: <i>mimis et scortis.</i> S. Jer. <b>—</b> Heb. may have quite a different sense. He had no regard for the sex, (C.) killing all indiscriminately. Grot.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Ver. 38.</span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <i>The god Maozim.</i> That is, the god of <i>forces</i> or <i>strong holds. </i> Ch. <b>—</b> <i>Mahuzzim</i> denotes "strong ones," (H.) <i>guardians,</i> &c. Dr. Newton (Diss.) explains, the <i>king</i> (v. 36.) of the Roman state; and supposes that here the <i>guardian saints</i> and angels are meant, whose worship he shews "began in the Roman empire, very soon after it became Christian. This exposition seems far preferable to that which interprets" <i>Jupiter</i> or <i>the heavens,</i> and understands the idol set up by Epiphanes. See Univ. Hist. x. Parkhurst. <b>—</b> If these authors speak of the inferior veneration shewn to saints and angels in the Catholic Church, it had a much earlier commencement, being coeval with religion itself. But only the blindest prejudice can represent this as idolatrous, and of course this system must fall to the ground. H. <b>—</b> Others suppose that Mars, Hercules, <i>Azizus,</i> or Jupiter, may be designated. Heb. "He will rise up against all, (38) and against the strong God (<i>of Israel.</i> v. 31. C. viii. 10. C.) he will, in his place, worship a strange god, " &c. Jun. <b>—</b> None of the ancestors of Epiphanes had ever adored Jupiter on the altar of holocausts. C. <b>—</b> He and antichrist adore either the great Jupiter or their own strength. W.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Ver. 39.</span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <i>To.</i> Heb. "in the most strong holds, with," &c. H. <b>—</b> He built a fortress near the temple, styled <i>Maoz,</i> (Ezec. xxiv. 25.) on account of its strength. C. <b>—</b> <i>Glory.</i> He shall bestow honours, riches, and lands, upon them that shall worship his god. Ch. <b>—</b> He will entrust the strong places to them.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Ver. 40.</span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <i>Fight.</i> Epiphanes made war on Egypt, till the Romans forced him to desist. The prophet explains his preceding attempts, to which he only alluded. v. 29, 30.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Ver. 41.</span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <i>Land;</i> Egypt, or rather Judea. C. <b>—</b> <i>Ammon.</i> He will not divide his forces. S. Jer.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Ver. 43.</span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <i>Ethiopia.</i> Heb. "the Lubim and Cushim shall be at his steps." Theodot. reads, "in their fortresses." He had troops from these nations, or Egypt was guarded by them.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Ver. 44.</span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <i>North.</i> Judas continued victorious. Armenia (C.) and Parthia rebelled. Tacit. v. 8. <b>—</b> <i>Many.</i> Epiphanes left three generals and half his army to destroy the Jews. C.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Ver. 45.</span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <i>Apadno.</i> Some take it for the proper name of a place; others, from the Heb. translate it, <i>his palace.</i> Ch. <b>—</b> He fixed his royal tent between the Mediterranean and the Dead Sea. W. <b>—</b>Porphyrius explains this of the march beyond the Euphrates, which S. Jerom does not disapprove. Apadno may denote Mesopotamia, which is styled Padan Aram. <b>—</b> <i>Glorious.</i> Heb. <i>Zebi,</i> C. or <i>Tsebi,</i> (H.) may allude to Mount Taba, where the king perished, without <i>help.</i> 1 Mac. vi. 11. and 2 Mac. ix. 9. S. Jerom and many others explain all this of antichrist, and no doubt he was prefigured. The final events will take place again towards the end of the world. The particulars are summed up in the Church Fathers, see below: The Antichrist. Here we have adhered to the history of Antiochus. C.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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See:<br />
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<a href="http://theantichristhuchede.blogspot.com/">The Antichrist</a><br />
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And the Second Coming of Our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ, see:<br />
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<a href="http://parousia-qiyamah.blogspot.com/">Parousia of Jesus Christ Our Lord</a><br />
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<br /></div>
</div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3003895380147156708.post-35278463729803218992015-08-31T06:00:00.001+02:002015-08-31T06:00:06.843+02:00The Final Trial of Christians and Muslims together<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: Trebuchet MS, Trebuchet, Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 14px; text-transform: uppercase;">The Final Trial of Christians and Muslims together</span></span></h2>
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<a href="http://the-final-trial.blogspot.com/2015/06/the-return-of-christ-our-lord-jesus.html"><span style="color: orange;">The Final Trial: The Return of Christ: Our Lord Jesus Christ and the Lady Mary, the Blessed Virgin Mary, at the Second Coming Of Our Lord Jesus Christ</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://123sayyidah-parousia.blogspot.com/2015/05/our-lord-jesus-christ-and-lady-mary.html" style="display: block; text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: orange;">The Return of Christ: Our Lord Jesus Christ and the Lady Mary, the Blessed Virgin Mary, at the Second Coming Of Our Lord Jesus Christ</span></a></h3>
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<span style="color: orange;"><a href="http://123sayyidah-parousia.blogspot.com/2015/05/our-lord-jesus-christ-and-lady-mary.html" style="text-decoration: none;">The Return of Christ: Our Lord Jesus Christ and the Lady Mary, the Blessed Virgin Mary, at the Second Coming Of Our Lord Jesus Christ</a></span></div>
<span style="color: orange;">Our Lord Jesus Christ, Isa al Maseeh in Arabic, will return from heaven with all of His elect Angels, in the same flesh in which He suffered and rose again in. It is the absolute solemn promise He made.<br /><br />The Blessed Virgin Mary's part in that will be pre-eminent amongst all of the saints.<br /><br />When her spirit and soul departed this life 58 A.D. at her Dormition, the falling sleep of the Blessed Virgin Mary, she has been in heaven in the bosom of Christ at the head of all of the saints adoring God face to face. In the time of the Old Testament the bosom of Christ was referred to as the bosom of Abraham - see Gospel of Saint Luke 16:22-23, for Our Lord Jesus Christ's reference to it. In the time of the Old Testament it was in a middle place and was the abode of the righteous departed since Adam. It still is. It was not and never would be "purgatory." At the Ascension of Our Blessed and Only Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ he brought it with him directly into the third heaven which is the throne room of God.<br /><br />It is an absolute certainty that Mary will be resurrected at the head of all of the saints at the first Resurrection of the Just. That will occur upon the return to earth of Our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ and not before.<br /><br />Saint Gabriel the Archangel announced to the Blessed Virgin Mary that she would conceive of the Holy Spirit the Holy One of God, Our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ.<br /><br />Our Lady, the Blessed Virgin Mary's response to this announcement is this below. See Gospel of Saint Luke Chapter 1:26-56. </span></div>
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<span style="color: orange;">Continue here: <a href="http://the-final-trial.blogspot.com/2015/06/the-return-of-christ-our-lord-jesus.html" style="background-color: initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; line-height: normal;">The Final Trial: The Return of Christ: Our Lord Jesus Christ and the Lady Mary, the Blessed Virgin Mary, at the Second Coming Of Our Lord Jesus Christ</a></span></div>
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<a href="http://the-final-trial.blogspot.com/2012/11/traditional-catholic-prayers-baptism.html">The Final Trial: Traditional Catholic Prayers: Baptism</a></div>
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<a href="http://traditional-catholic-prayers.blogspot.com/2012/10/baptism.html"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Traditional Catholic Prayers: Baptism</span></a></div>
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<b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">CHAPTER XXVIII.</span></b></div>
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<i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">The resurrection of Christ. His commission to his disciples.</span></i></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">1 And *in the end of the sabbath, when it began to dawn towards the first day of the week,</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">18 And Jesus coming, spoke to them, saying: All power is given to me in heaven and in earth. </span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">19 *Going, therefore, teach ye all nations: baptizing them in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit; </span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">20 Teaching them to observe all things <a href="http://thecatholiccreed.blogspot.com/">whatsoever I have commanded you</a>: and behold I am with you all days, even to the consummation of the world.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><i>"Consummation of the world," - the end of this age of grace and the beginning of the eternal ages with Christ reigning visibly. This is the end of the eschaton and the beginning of the eternal recreated heavens and the earth and will begin when Our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ returns from heaven in the same flesh He rose with and ascended into the third heaven with, seated at the right hand of the Father. His return will be with all of His elect angels. He will raise and judge all men in the flesh and then recreate the heavens and the earth, which in that state will last that way for eternity. There will NOT be any sin in the new heavens and earth, so prepare now by confessing the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit and be baptized as commanded above and shown how to baptize below and live Holy and Godly lives in sincerity and humility and meekness waiting for the Lord when He returns so that we are not like the five foolish virgins but are like the five wise virgins.</i></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br />1: A.D. 30.; Mark xvi. 1.; John xx. 1.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">19: Mark xvi. 15.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><b>Method of Baptism</b></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><b>From the Didache (49 A.D. Council of Jerusalem):</b></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><b>Chapter 7. Concerning Baptism. </b></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">And concerning baptism, baptize this way: Having first said all these things, baptize the one to be baptized into Jesus Christ in "the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit," in running water. But if you have no running water, baptize into other water [still water]; and if you cannot do so in cold water, do so in warm. But if you have neither, pour out water three times upon the head onto the one to be baptized saying at that time "in the name of Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit." But before the baptism, if possible, let the baptizer fast, and the baptized, and whoever else can; but you shall order the baptized [when there is time] to fast one or two days before.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Baptism can and should always be performed immediately when there is danger of death of the one to be baptized. For instance, impending martyrdom or possible death causing illness.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br />See this for why Jesus Christ must be confessed as the Holy Word and Son of God: <a href="http://the-final-trial.blogspot.com/2012/10/the-final-trial-mary-revered-by-both.html">The Final Trial: Mary - revered by both Christians and Muslims as the vessel through whom God made the Word, Jesus Christ, Incarnate</a></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br />The Muslim feast of Eid only commemorates the typological sacrifice by Abraham of Issac. That prefigured the final and only Supreme Sacrifice of Jesus Christ on His Most Holy Cross. It is only by the Sacrifice of Christ on His Cross that we are saved. Jesus Christ commanded, not suggested, that we be baptized; echoing the rest of the Church Fathers, St. Augustine noted that if someone could not be baptized even though they wanted it and did everything they could to be baptized in the water in name of the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit, then their confession of faith is enough for their salvation. But no where are we allowed to refuse baptism.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">All Muslims and everyone who will, are invited and encouraged to come to the water of life now and be baptized in the water and in the Spirit in name of the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit and receive Communion.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br />For Noah and Abraham as Prophecies of Baptism in Our Only Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ see:</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /><a href="http://traditional-catholic-prayers.blogspot.com/2011/12/twelve-prophecies-second-prophesy.html">Traditional Catholic Prayers: THE TWELVE PROPHECIES - The Second Prophesy: Genesis 5: 32; 6; 7: 6: 11-14, 18-21, 23-24; 8: 1-3, 6-12, 15-21</a></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /><a href="http://traditional-catholic-prayers.blogspot.com/2011/12/twelve-prophecies-third-prophesy.html">Traditional Catholic Prayers: THE TWELVE PROPHECIES - The Third Prophesy: Genesis 22: 1-19</a></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br />There is no evolution, to be baptized in Our Only Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ one must believe in the truth of literal Creation by God and no pantheistic syncretism with deistic design and the rest of pagan evolutionary theory.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><a href="http://traditional-catholic-prayers.blogspot.com/2011/12/twelve-prophecies-first-prophesy.html">Traditional Catholic Prayers: THE TWELVE PROPHECIES - The First Prophesy: Genesis 1: 1-31; 2: 1-2</a></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">And see the rest of the Baptismal Prophecies. They are a must.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><a href="http://traditional-catholic-prayers.blogspot.com/2011/12/twelve-prophecies-fourth-prophesy.html">Traditional Catholic Prayers: THE TWELVE PROPHECIES - The Fourth Prophesy: Exodus 14: 24-31; 15: 1</a></span></div>
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<a href="http://traditional-catholic-prayers.blogspot.com/2011/12/twelve-prophecies-fifth-prophesy-isaias.html">Traditional Catholic Prayers: THE TWELVE PROPHECIES - The Fifth Prophesy: Isaias 54: 17; 55: 1-11</a></div>
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<a href="http://traditional-catholic-prayers.blogspot.com/2011/12/twelve-prophecies-sixth-prophesy-baruch.html">Traditional Catholic Prayers: THE TWELVE PROPHECIES - The Sixth Prophesy: Baruch 3: 9-38</a></div>
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<a href="http://traditional-catholic-prayers.blogspot.com/2011/12/twelve-prophecies-seventh-prophesy.html">Traditional Catholic Prayers: THE TWELVE PROPHECIES - The Seventh Prophesy: Ezechiel 37: 1-14</a></div>
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<a href="http://traditional-catholic-prayers.blogspot.com/2011/12/twelve-prophecies-eighth-prophesy.html">Traditional Catholic Prayers: THE TWELVE PROPHECIES - The Eighth Prophesy: Isaias 4: 1-6</a></div>
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<a href="http://traditional-catholic-prayers.blogspot.com/2011/12/twelve-prophecies-ninth-prophesy-exodus.html">Traditional Catholic Prayers: THE TWELVE PROPHECIES - The Ninth Prophesy: Exodus 1-11</a></div>
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<a href="http://traditional-catholic-prayers.blogspot.com/2011/12/twelve-prophecies-eleventh-prophesy.html">Traditional Catholic Prayers: THE TWELVE PROPHECIES - The Eleventh Prophesy: Deuteronomy 31: 22-30</a></div>
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<a href="http://traditional-catholic-prayers.blogspot.com/2011/12/twelve-prophecies-twelfth-prophesy.html">Traditional Catholic Prayers: THE TWELVE PROPHECIES - The Twelfth Prophesy: Daniel 3: 1-24</a></div>
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<a href="http://the-final-trial.blogspot.com/2012/11/the-final-trial-truth-coming-of.html"><span style="color: orange;">The Final Trial: The Final Trial: The Truth: The coming of the Antichrist, ad-Dajjal</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://the-final-trial.blogspot.com/2012/10/traditional-catholic-prayers-baptism.html"><span style="color: orange;">The Final Trial: Traditional Catholic Prayers: Baptism</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://the-final-trial.blogspot.com/2011/11/truth-coming-of-antichrist-ad-dajjal.html"><span style="color: orange;">The Final Trial: The Truth: The coming of the Antichrist, ad-Dajjal</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://deliverustosalvation.blogspot.com/2011/01/palestine-cry-palestine-cry-iraq-cry.html"><span style="color: orange;">The Truth: The coming of the Antichrist, ad-Dajjal</span></a></div>
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<span style="color: orange;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgysm84GjYyBhmDMxapctGXA_MLHh0iMZyxX3XpjE47px9bA8m-SwBXrq9jl7nPCf7kkB-UhnO2zQYVvUNXSZzQftn7YIsAUBJWQurLTj3mbwpRtXbfEjjhhTLLeYwpgIc4OdT5d0oamRgG/s1600/Mt_Damavand_Iran.jpg"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5536904626310579138" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgysm84GjYyBhmDMxapctGXA_MLHh0iMZyxX3XpjE47px9bA8m-SwBXrq9jl7nPCf7kkB-UhnO2zQYVvUNXSZzQftn7YIsAUBJWQurLTj3mbwpRtXbfEjjhhTLLeYwpgIc4OdT5d0oamRgG/s400/Mt_Damavand_Iran.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; height: 148px; width: 400px;" /></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: orange; font-size: medium;">Mount Damavand, in Iran which is ancient Persia, Damavand which is the center since ancient times of the most Diabolic Satanic Sorcery.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHh0jxCv3_vWYnYKqH_EW_z_NPAGHUh__Gse7qtWINSKybiOj75es0j_uuPfTrYpToiO_JR1BoGZn_NxnPajZxJ3dX-r5bzu7dNS30asr95ltgop-qz3tUHRANLCr4ZYqwmU-ce8N6oGZT/s1600/6.jpg"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5536932449910418834" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHh0jxCv3_vWYnYKqH_EW_z_NPAGHUh__Gse7qtWINSKybiOj75es0j_uuPfTrYpToiO_JR1BoGZn_NxnPajZxJ3dX-r5bzu7dNS30asr95ltgop-qz3tUHRANLCr4ZYqwmU-ce8N6oGZT/s400/6.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; height: 400px; width: 288px;" /></span></a></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><br />[picture of </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; line-height: 23px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Al-Massih Ad-Dajjal (المسيح الدجال – le faux messie), L’antéchrist Dajjal from: </span><a href="http://alwissal.wordpress.com/2010/02/05/lantechrist-dajjal-video/"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">L’antéchrist Dajjâl – Sheikh Imran Hosein</span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> ]</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: orange; font-size: medium;">Palestine</span></span></b></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: orange; font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">The land of Palestine and the whole Arab homeland belongs to the Arabs.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: orange; font-size: medium;"><br />In the Book of Deuteronomy, Chapters 28 -- 32 God explicitly tells Moses that the ancient Israelites will trangress the land covenant with God and God will void the covenant permanently and cast them out. Especially see Dt. 31:16,17<br /><br />"And the Lord said to Moses: Behold thou shalt sleep with thy fathers, and this people rising up will go a fornicating after strange gods in the land, to which they goeth in to dwell: there will they forsake me, and will void the covenant, which I have made with them,<br /><br />And my wrath shall be kindled against them in that day: and I will forsake them, and will hide my face from them, and they shall be devoured: all evils and afflictions shall find them, so that they shall say in that day: In truth it is because God is not with me, that these evils have found me."</span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjh9Vu1QhISQnwAIZb1TXLd5049vsCqJd6dMrJemptSMyq1SrLcq4xqVoQ5cCBVR-LiaC8Jhiga9MRxpcbgYFLVFNfLlQ4qC8q9UdtBEYDCMB4SdqL6su6SeA-KhLldzMXC-AmdFEZCs2wJ/s1600/45.jpg"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: orange; font-size: medium;"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5536944021303429682" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjh9Vu1QhISQnwAIZb1TXLd5049vsCqJd6dMrJemptSMyq1SrLcq4xqVoQ5cCBVR-LiaC8Jhiga9MRxpcbgYFLVFNfLlQ4qC8q9UdtBEYDCMB4SdqL6su6SeA-KhLldzMXC-AmdFEZCs2wJ/s400/45.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; height: 260px; width: 400px;" /></span></a></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: orange; font-size: medium;">Tissot - Jesus Christ prophesying the destruction of the temple</span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: orange; font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">This came to pass forevermore exactly as Jesus Christ said 1,500 years later when He prophesied the utter destruction of the Temple. That destruction occurred in 70 A.D.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcZE9knIg4PjNfrTKjUo8slZ0Bca9dSZwSdEZsHRwSPEyqU0OhrGZHUqu4iyGWXFQYhpI1epLW3Xm8q9ZBAYE-7_m22puqxpDmlGDZ0l8qBUEZEtv1wMDQjAApdjX4xShwDFYhLIhoGMH-/s1600/7.jpg"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: orange; font-size: medium;"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5536944049722296210" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcZE9knIg4PjNfrTKjUo8slZ0Bca9dSZwSdEZsHRwSPEyqU0OhrGZHUqu4iyGWXFQYhpI1epLW3Xm8q9ZBAYE-7_m22puqxpDmlGDZ0l8qBUEZEtv1wMDQjAApdjX4xShwDFYhLIhoGMH-/s400/7.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; height: 292px; width: 400px;" /></span></a></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: orange; font-size: medium;">Titus utterly destroyed the temple in 70 A.D.</span></span></div>
<span style="color: orange;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">Islam came initially to the Arab people, the descendants of Ishmael, the first born son of Prophet Abraham, through the prophet Muhammad (PBUH), during the Seventh Century, A.D., and Islam spread all over the world, until the Muslims are now 1.5 billion in number, including 450 million Arabs. And the Arabs, including the Palestinians, the descendants of Ishmael were directly and unconditionally, blessed by God in the Holy Bible, and described as "Princes":</span></span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: orange; font-size: medium;"><br />"As for Ishmael, I have heard thee: Behold, I have blessed him, and will make him fruitful, and will multiply him exceedingly; twelve princes shall he beget, and I will make him a great nation."<br /><br />(Genesis 17:20)<br /><br />And<br /><br />"And God heard the voice of the lad; and the angel of God called to Hagar out of heaven and said unto her, What aileth thee Hagar? Fear not, for God hath heard the voice of the lad where he is. Arise lift up the lad, and hold him in thine hand: for I will make him a great nation."<br /><br />(Genesis 21:17-18)</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Persian heresy in Islam and its power play to implement the Antichrist</span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><br /><br />Persian cabalistic-Gnostic heresy within Islamic civilization goes back to the time of the Hurufi movement in Persia in the eighth century A.D. from within the Imami. It is the absolute basis of the Ismaeli heresy which has totally corrupted Egypt and Saudia Arabia down to the present. From Persia it spread to Turkey and became the Bektasiyya, who were totally immersed in Jewish Kabbalah. Centuries later Sabbatai Zvi was received there in Turkey by the Persian Shi'ite Muslim Bektasiyya, which predisposed the Sultan of Turkey to receiving and becoming the patron of Sabbatai Zvi. This led to Sabbateanism. The original, and still the core heresy and movement, is Persian-Iranian Shi'ism. It is the basis for ALL Zionism for the last 12 centuries. It is the Sephardic Zionist core and is who entrapped the Khazar Ashkenazim into Talmudic Judaism. When you speak of Iran, you are talking about the absolute basis and rulers of the synagogue who control all of Zionist Israel. There are more Rabbis in Iran than in most Jewish enclaves in the world.<br /><br />Iran is very important to the Jews and the European Illuminati because it is central via its Shi'ism to subvert Islam from within. The Illuminati are behind that.</span></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: orange; font-size: medium;">The Twelfth Imam was not revealed by Muhammad (PBUH) in the Holy Qur'an, but is an invention of men.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: orange; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ warned of false prophets who come in His name. If someone claimed to be the Twelfth Imam in an esoteric Sufi sense </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">[false sense and not a genuine sincere humble Sufi sense] </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">and pointed to a figure like al-</span></span><u><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Ha</span></span></u><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">kim bi-Amr All</span></span><u><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">a</span></span></u><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">h of the Druze as the Mahdi he would be a false prophet and an antichrist by definition (both by definition from a Christian and Islamic point of view). When he pointed to this person (most likely an Freemasonic ecumenist) as the Mahdi who then, instead of witnessing to morality and blessing Jesus Christ, unifies both Sunni and Shia and a substantial portion of Islam around himself and strikes a peace agreement with the Antichrist (the Dajjal) in Jerusalem then this person claiming to be the Mahdi </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">would be one of the ten horns (see Rev. 17:3, 7, 12, 16) that follow after the Beast (the Antichrist) and do his will and then there is the false peace St. Paul warned about. See: 1Thes:5:3</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">“For when they shall say: Peace and security; then shall sudden destruction come upon them, as the pains upon her that is with child, and they shall not escape.” (DRV)</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: orange; font-size: medium;">One, an offshoot which shall arise from among the ten horns (kings or rulers), will come forward with the ten behind it and conquer three others before it and rule over seven as the eighth and this one will be the Antichrist (God alone knows at this point in time who that is). We will know when it happens. To follow or serve the Antichrist, ad-Dajjal, is certain damnation. The early Christian martyrs resisted even when it meant their death.</span></span></div>
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<b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: orange; font-size: medium;">The Antichrist, ad-Dajjal, himself, will be a Jew and will rule his Diabolic empire from apostate Jersualem</span></span></b></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: orange; font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">Below: Father Sloet of Holland’s solution to the final name of the Antichrist (who will be a Jew) with medial kaph so the reign of this false “ ‘king’ of Israel” will be temporary, i.e. short.</span></div>
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<span style="color: orange;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">(Note: in the below that the Hebrew characters normally read in reverse order than the English letters. Numerical equivalents are beneath the English letters.)</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"></span></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: orange; font-size: medium;">Hammelek l Yisrael</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">H</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">....</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">M</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">.....</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">L</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">....</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">K</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">......</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">L</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">.</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">.....</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Y</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">........</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">S</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">........</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">R</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">......</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">A</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">....</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">L</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange;"><span dir="rtl" lang="HE"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">ה</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span><span dir="rtl" lang="HE"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">מ</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span><span dir="rtl" lang="HE"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">ל</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span><span dir="rtl" lang="HE"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">כ</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span><span dir="rtl" lang="HE"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">ל</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span><span dir="rtl" lang="HE"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">י</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span><span dir="rtl" lang="HE"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">ש</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span><span dir="rtl" lang="HE"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">ר</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span><span dir="rtl" lang="HE"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">א</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span><span dir="rtl" lang="HE"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">ל</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">5+ 40+ 30+ 20+ 30+ 10+</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">300+</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">200+</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">1+</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">30 = 666</span></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: orange; font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">The Apocalypse Of Saint John</span></div>
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<span style="color: orange;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><br />Chapter 13<br /><br />[11] And I saw another beast coming up out of the earth, and he had two horns, like a lamb, and he spoke as a dragon. [12] And he executed all the power of the former beast in his sight; and he caused the earth, and them that dwell therein, to adore the first beast, whose wound to death was healed. [13] And he did great signs, so that he made also fire to come down from heaven unto the earth in the sight of men. [14] And he seduced them that dwell on the earth, for the signs, which were given him to do in the sight of the beast, saying to them that dwell on the earth, that they should make the image of the beast, which had the wound by the sword, and lived. [15] And it was given him to give life to the image of the beast, and that the image of the beast should speak; and should cause, that whosoever will not adore the image of the beast, should be slain.</span></span><span style="font-style: italic;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">[11] "Another beast"... This second beast with two horns, may be understood generally of the heathenish priests and magicians; the principal promoters both of idolatry and persecution - SPECIFICALLY, it is the false prophet that goes before the Antichrist as his "armour-bearer" see St. Irenaeus, 180 A.D., Against Heresies - Book 5 - Chapter XXVIII .</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><br /><br />[16] And he shall make all, both little and great, rich and poor, freemen and bondmen, to have a character in their right hand, or on their foreheads. [17] And that no man might buy or sell, but he that hath the character, or the name of the beast, or the number of his name. [18] Here is wisdom. He that hath understanding, let him count the number of the beast. For it is the number of a man: and the number of him is six hundred sixty-six.</span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">[18] "Six hundred sixty-six"... The numeral letters of his name (the Antichrist, ad-Dajjal) shall make up this number.</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><br /><br /><br />The Apocalypse Of Saint John</span></span></span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Chapter 14</span></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKPiHIb1B3wgQnGA4SaxlvXlvhwVQoN8BW1wN4J3REFRMW0x7cgmk0GzgOir8XILCwjnFJQGA517xteCG30iLT9nwKnZskNTwKGevYMtpo4V_ERpYF5Gk9rqr6lzrdzEFEGpVGd2nAwGEO/s1600/10.jpg"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: orange; font-size: medium;"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5536947978037146338" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKPiHIb1B3wgQnGA4SaxlvXlvhwVQoN8BW1wN4J3REFRMW0x7cgmk0GzgOir8XILCwjnFJQGA517xteCG30iLT9nwKnZskNTwKGevYMtpo4V_ERpYF5Gk9rqr6lzrdzEFEGpVGd2nAwGEO/s400/10.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; height: 400px; width: 300px;" /></span></a></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: orange; font-size: medium;">Of the Lamb and of the virgins that follow him.</span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: orange; font-family: georgia;">John5:3 And there was a certain widow in that city, and she came to him, saying: Avenge me of my adversary.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: orange; font-size: medium;">John5:41 I receive glory not from men. 42 But I know you, that you have not the love of God in you. 43 I am come in the name of my Father, and you receive me not: if another shall come in his own name, him you will receive. 44 How can you believe, who receive glory one from another: and the glory which is from God alone, you do not seek? 45 Think not that I will accuse you to the Father. There is one that accuseth you, Moses, in whom you trust.</span></span></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQiCgT8u-wMtYq33U513H5Jg8p_WEgZ5TlzOLQjLamSsH0W1wEJ5kzASH_n_y9nyPZvNNVnUl6Tmu2GYky2rAao5tFB4zbfUhO3GK-9ngRlfouQos1PrtevoxHv7DIaHhYooMqzlnTeZP5/s1600/4.jpg"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: orange; font-size: medium;"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5536903931061992882" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQiCgT8u-wMtYq33U513H5Jg8p_WEgZ5TlzOLQjLamSsH0W1wEJ5kzASH_n_y9nyPZvNNVnUl6Tmu2GYky2rAao5tFB4zbfUhO3GK-9ngRlfouQos1PrtevoxHv7DIaHhYooMqzlnTeZP5/s400/4.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; height: 400px; width: 301px;" /></span></a></span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: orange; font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">The unjust judge is Satan, the widow is Jerusalem who divorced herself from God and the one she receives is the son of perdition, the Antichrist, who "comes in his own name".</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: orange; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10px; line-height: 12px; text-transform: uppercase;">LABELS: <a href="http://the-final-trial.blogspot.com/search/label/al-Hakim%20bi-Amr%20Allah%20of%20the%20Druze" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none;">AL-HAKIM BI-AMR ALLAH OF THE DRUZE</a>, <a href="http://the-final-trial.blogspot.com/search/label/al-Massih%20ad-Dajjal" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none;">AL-MASSIH AD-DAJJAL</a>,<a href="http://the-final-trial.blogspot.com/search/label/Antichrist" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none;">ANTICHRIST</a>, <a href="http://the-final-trial.blogspot.com/search/label/Bektasiyya" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none;">BEKTASIYYA</a>, <a href="http://the-final-trial.blogspot.com/search/label/Damavand" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none;">DAMAVAND</a>, <a href="http://the-final-trial.blogspot.com/search/label/Gnostic" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none;">GNOSTIC</a>, <a href="http://the-final-trial.blogspot.com/search/label/Harlot" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none;">HARLOT</a>, <a href="http://the-final-trial.blogspot.com/search/label/Hurufi" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none;">HURUFI</a>,<a href="http://the-final-trial.blogspot.com/search/label/Illuminati" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none;">ILLUMINATI</a>, <a href="http://the-final-trial.blogspot.com/search/label/Iran" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none;">IRAN</a>, <a href="http://the-final-trial.blogspot.com/search/label/Ishmael" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none;">ISHMAEL</a>, <a href="http://the-final-trial.blogspot.com/search/label/Ismaeli" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none;">ISMAELI</a>, <a href="http://the-final-trial.blogspot.com/search/label/Kabbalah" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none;">KABBALAH</a>, <a href="http://the-final-trial.blogspot.com/search/label/Mahdi" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none;">MAHDI</a>, <a href="http://the-final-trial.blogspot.com/search/label/Sabbateanism" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none;">SABBATEANISM</a>,<a href="http://the-final-trial.blogspot.com/search/label/Shia" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none;">SHIA</a>, <a href="http://the-final-trial.blogspot.com/search/label/Synagogue" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none;">SYNAGOGUE</a></span></div>
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<a href="http://the-final-trial.blogspot.com/2012/10/the-final-trial-mary-revered-by-both.html"><span style="color: orange;">The Final Trial: The Final Trial: Mary - revered by both Christians and Muslims as the vessel through whom God made the word, Jesus Christ, Incarnate</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://the-final-trial.blogspot.com/2009/02/mary-revered-by-both-christians-and.html"><span style="color: orange;">The Final Trial: Mary - revered by both Christians and Muslims as the vessel through whom God made the word, Jesus Christ, incarnate</span></a></div>
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<span style="color: orange;">Mary - revered by both Christians and Muslims as the vessel through whom God made the word, Jesus Christ, incarnate</span></h3>
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<span style="color: orange;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOzbh6em79x0ul_HT26fN6YdfRq6e3qv4BymKO5jzP0Lysq9bltCCzDFIR8H6ztmWKhkn0B0iVLdg9RoOM_mT2o1EFLjMOPOLabjZ6-aqgEWz49rXA_J7KBdt_tQ2xXcUtA9JVPv0wrn20/s1600-h/St-Taka-org__Coptic-Msn__11-Jesus-side.jpg" style="text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5301309209899910578" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOzbh6em79x0ul_HT26fN6YdfRq6e3qv4BymKO5jzP0Lysq9bltCCzDFIR8H6ztmWKhkn0B0iVLdg9RoOM_mT2o1EFLjMOPOLabjZ6-aqgEWz49rXA_J7KBdt_tQ2xXcUtA9JVPv0wrn20/s320/St-Taka-org__Coptic-Msn__11-Jesus-side.jpg" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; float: left; height: 96px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 4px; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px; padding-top: 4px; width: 96px;" /></a><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://1amendmentcont.blogspot.com/2011/07/isa-al-mesih-jesus-messiah-who-is-jesus.html" style="display: inline !important; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.4em; text-decoration: none;">Isa al-Mesih</a></span><br />
<strong><span style="color: orange;">(PBUH),</span></strong><br />
<strong><span style="color: orange;">Jesus Christ, the word by whom all has been created by God.</span></strong><br />
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From the Holy Qur'an Surah and verse.<br /><br />036.081 "Is not He Who created the heavens and the earth able to create the like thereof?" - Yea, indeed! for He is the Creator Supreme, of skill and knowledge (infinite)!<br />(See also:<br />016.040 For to anything which We have willed, We but say the word, "Be", and it is.)<br /><br />007.054 Your Guardian-Lord is God, Who created the heavens and the earth in six days, then He established Himself on the Throne (of authority): He draweth the night as a veil o'er the day, each seeking the other in rapid succession: He created the sun, the moon, and the stars, (all) governed by laws under His command. Is it not His to create and to govern? Blessed be God, the Cherisher and Sustainer of the worlds!<br /><br /><strong>This proclaims the pre-existence of the word of God</strong></span><br />
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<b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: orange; font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;">004.171 O People of the Book! Commit no excesses in your religion: Nor say of Allah aught but the truth. Christ Jesus the son of Mary was an </span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;">Apostle </span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;">of Allah, and His </span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;">Word</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;">, which He bestowed on Mary, and a </span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;">Spirit</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"> proceeding from Him: so believe in God and His Messengers. Say not "three [gods]" : desist: it will be better for you: for God is One God: </span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;">Glory</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"> be to Him: above having a son [truly the </span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;">Glory</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"> seen in His Son Jesus Christ but not in the pagan sense of earthly begetting of false gods such as Zeus and Leto]. To Him belong all things in the heavens and on earth. And enough is God as a Disposer of affairs.</span></span></b></div>
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<b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: orange; font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
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<b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: orange; font-family: georgia;">See these Biblical verses in agreement with the above Ayat 171 of Surah 4.</span></span></b></div>
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<b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: orange; font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
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<b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; color: orange; line-height: 20px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;">Hebrews 3:1 Wherefore, holy brethren, partakers of the heavenly vocation, consider the </span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;">Apostle</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"> and High Priest of our confession, Jesus:</span></span></span></b></div>
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<b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: orange; font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
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<b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: orange; font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;">John 1:1 In the beginning was the </span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;">Word</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;">, and the </span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;">Word</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"> was with God, and the </span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;">Word</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"> was God. 2 The same was in the beginning with God. 3 All things were made by him: and without him was made nothing that was made. 4 In him was life, and the life was the light of men.</span></span></b></div>
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<b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: orange; font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
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<b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: orange; font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;">2 Cor. 3:</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; line-height: 20px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;">17 Now the Lord is a </span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;">Spirit</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;">. And where the Spirit of the Lord is, there is liberty. 18</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; line-height: 20px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;">But we all beholding the </span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;">Glory </span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;">of the Lord [Jesus Christ] with open face, are transformed into the same image from </span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;">glory to glory</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;">, as by the </span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;">Spirit</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"> of the Lord.</span></span></span></b></div>
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<b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; line-height: 20px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: orange; font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></span></span></b></div>
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<b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; color: orange; line-height: 20px;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;">Apostle</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"> is the One who comes forth from God, in this case Jesus Christ the Messiah Himself, born of the Holy Spirit and the blessed virgin Mary, as both Christian truth and Islam teach.</span></span></span></b></div>
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<b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; line-height: 20px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: orange; font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></span></span></b></div>
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<b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; color: orange; line-height: 20px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;">He is the pre-existent </span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;">Word</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"> of God through whom all things were created.</span></span></span></b></div>
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<b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; line-height: 20px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: orange; font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></span></span></b></div>
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<b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; color: orange; line-height: 20px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;">And through the Messiah Jesus Christ alone is the gift of the Holy </span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;">Spirit</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"> of God to all who believe in Him.</span></span></span></b></div>
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<b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; line-height: 20px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: orange; font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: orange;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;">This verse from the Gospel (Injil of John) of says it - John 3:13</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; line-height: 20px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">And no man hath ascended into heaven, but he that descended from heaven, the Son of man who is in heaven. </span>(<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">Note that this verse alone, but many others as well, makes it impossible for Mary to have been Resurrected and Ascended, Assumed into heaven with her Son at this time. That will not happen until the Second Coming of Jesus Christ from heaven in the future. Mary was buried by the Apostles in 58 A.D. just across the Kidron brook from the East Gate of Jerusalem in the place of honor for her and will wait there for her son Jesus Christ to return from heaven in the future at His Second Coming and resurrect her at the head of the saints that are resurrected then. There are two saints who will be resurrected just before that, they are Saint Enoch and Saint Elijah, the two witnesses of God at the end of this age 3 and 1/2 days after they are martyred by the arch enemy of God, the Antichrist. These are </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: normal;">the </span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 14px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><a href="http://theapocalypsethebookoftherevelation.blogspot.com/2012/01/blog-post_4057.html">The Two Witnesses</a> </span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; line-height: 20px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;">Rev. 11:4 These are the two olive trees and the two candlesticks that stand before the Lord of the earth. … Scripture reference – Zach.: 4:14. Neither is Mary any kind of prophetess to replace God's appointed two witnesses. The Marian Apparitions are false.)</span></span></b></span><br />
<b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; line-height: 20px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: orange; font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
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<b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: orange; font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; line-height: 20px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;">He came forth, therefore the </span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;">Apostle</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"> of God, the </span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;">Word</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"> descended from heaven and became Incarnate of the Holy </span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;">Spirit</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"> and the blessed virgin Mary, hence He is the Son of man - Incarnate from the flesh of Mary by the Holy </span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;">Spirit</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;">, while remaining the Son of God (that is the pre-existent </span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;">Word</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"> of God) now Incarnate, </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; line-height: 20px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;">the son of Mary</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; line-height: 20px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;">.</span></span></span></b></div>
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<b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; line-height: 20px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: orange; font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></span></span></b></div>
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<b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; line-height: 20px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: orange; font-family: georgia;">Therefore the heavenly host sang at His birth -</span></span></span></b></div>
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<b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; color: orange; line-height: 20px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><br />Luke 2:11 For, this day, is born to you a Saviour, who is Christ the Lord, in the city of David. 12 And this shall be a sign unto you. You shall find the infant wrapped in swaddling clothes, and laid in a manger. 13 And suddenly there was with the angel a multitude of the heavenly army, praising God, and saying: 14 </span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;">Glory</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"> to God in the highest; and on earth peace to men of good will.</span></span></span></b></div>
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<b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; line-height: 20px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: orange; font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></span></span></b></div>
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<b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; color: orange; line-height: 20px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;">Notice the blessing that is upon the Christ Child and in Him and through Him on all of good will - </span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;">peace</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;">. Therefore the blessing of Muslims upon Christ and His mother and the prophet of PBUH. Peace be upon him/her.</span></span></span></b></div>
<span style="color: orange;"><br />056.077 That this is indeed a Qur'an Most Honourable,<br />056.078 In Book well-guarded,<br />056.079 Which none shall touch but those who are clean:<br />056.080 A Revelation from the Lord of the Worlds.<br /><br />085.021 Nay, this is a Glorious Qur'an,<br />085.022 (Inscribed) in a Tablet Preserved<br /><br />043.003 We have made it a Qur'an in Arabic, that ye may be able to understand (and learn wisdom).<br />043.004 And verily, it is in the Mother of the Book, in Our Presence, high (in dignity), full of wisdom.<br /><strong>(The above here from the Holy Qur'an 043.003 and 043.004, is the Holy Spirit as wisdom of God, refered to as 'her' philologically in Christendom, but is emphatically He (as the Church Fathers always made reference) and is the Holy Spirit by whom the word of God was made incarnate by Mary whom she gave birth to, Jesus Christ, without human begetting and without God begetting as humans do. See next verse, below.)</strong><br /><br />019.035 It is not befitting to (the majesty of) God that He should beget a son. Glory be to Him! when He determines a matter, He only says to it, "Be", and it is.<br /><br /><strong>See:</strong><br />Luke:1:<br />26... the angel Gabriel was sent from God into a city of Galilee, called Nazareth,<br />27 To a virgin espoused to a man whose name was Joseph, of the house of David: and the virgin's name was Mary.<br />28 And the angel being come in, said unto her: Hail, full of grace, the Lord is with thee: blessed art thou among women.<br />29 Who having heard, was troubled at his saying and thought with herself what manner of salutation this should be.<br />30 And the angel said to her: Fear not, Mary, for thou hast found grace with God.<br />31 Behold thou shalt conceive in thy womb and shalt bring forth a son: and thou shalt call his name Jesus.<br /><strong>Gabriel is relaying to Mary what God's command is. Gabriel is not commanding it. God is commanding it to be.</strong><br /><br />cf. John 1:1-5<br /><br />¶ In (the) beginning was the word, and the word was with God, and God was the word.<br />2 The same was in (the) beginning with God.<br />3 All things through him came to be, and without him came to be not one thing. Which came into being 4 in him was life, and the life was the light of men;<br />5 ¶ And the light in the darkness shines and the darkness did not grasp it.<br /><br /><strong>'Isa al-Maseeh, Jesus Christ, the word by whom all has been created by God, is by the teaching of God in the Injil (the Gospel) and the Qur'an, the all holy (always sinless - pure [Mary is also sinless by both the Injil and Qur'an]) servant of God to whom God reveals all things and who is the prophet of God which Moses foretold would come (Dt:18:15:15 ¶ The Lord thy God will raise up to thee a PROPHET of thy nation and of thy brethren like unto me: him thou shalt hear.)</strong><br /><br />019.030 He said: "I am indeed a servant of God: He hath given me revelation and made me a prophet;<br />019.031 "And He hath made me blessed wheresoever I be, and hath enjoined on me Prayer and Charity as long as I live;<br />019.032 "(He) hath made me kind to my mother, and not overbearing or miserable;<br />019.033 "So peace is on me the day I was born, the day that I die, and the day that I shall be raised up to life (again)"!<br />019.034 Such (was) Jesus the son of Mary: (it is) a statement of truth, about which they (vainly) dispute.<br />019.035 It is not befitting to (the majesty of) God that He should beget a son. Glory be to Him! when He determines a matter, He only says to it, "Be", and it is.<br /><br /><strong>Incarnation and death and resurrection of 'Isa al-Maseeh,<br />Jesus Christ, the word by whom all has been created by God. (verse 019.033 from above quoted passage 019.030 to 019.035)</strong><br /><strong></strong><br /><strong>019.033 "So peace is on me the day I was born, the day that I die, and the day that I shall be raised up to life (again)"!</strong></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: orange; font-family: georgia;">The faith was fulfilled in the coming of Jesus Christ. The Church was established by the command of Christ by His apostles and prophets in the first century A.D. He said the gates of hell will not prevail against it. They won't.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: orange; font-family: georgia;">Mt.16:18 And I say to thee: That thou art Peter; and upon this rock I will build my church, and the gates of hell shall not prevail against it.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: orange; font-family: georgia;">See Matthew 28:18-20.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; color: orange; line-height: 20px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;">18 And Jesus coming, spoke to them, saying: All power i</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;">s given to me in heaven and in earth. 19</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;">Going therefore, teach ye all nations; baptizing them in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost. 20 </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;">Teaching them to observe all things whatsoever I have commanded you: and behold I am with you all days, even to the consummation of the world.</span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: orange; font-family: georgia;">Christ is always with His faithful, His Church and all His sheep, especially His other sheep (St. John's Gospel 10:16) who are Muslim, who hear His voice and follow Him with us. His Redemption includes all believers - Patriarchs, Old Testament Jews, Christians and Muslims.</span></div>
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<span style="color: orange;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;">John 10:16 </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; line-height: 20px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;">And other sheep I have, that are not of this fold: them also I must bring, and they shall hear my voice, and there shall be one fold and one shepherd.</span></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; line-height: 20px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: orange; font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; line-height: 20px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: orange; font-family: georgia;">Jesus Christ is the good shepherd over all His flock, given Him by God, the Father.</span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: orange; font-family: georgia;">Jesus spoke</span></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: orange; font-family: georgia;"><br />11 I am the good shepherd. The good shepherd giveth his life for his sheep. 12 But the hireling, and he that is not the shepherd, whose own the sheep are not, seeth the wolf coming, and leaveth the sheep, and flieth: and the wolf catcheth, and scattereth the sheep: 13 And the hireling flieth, because he is a hireling: and he hath no care for the sheep. 14 I am the good shepherd; and I know mine, and mine know me. 15 As the Father knoweth me, and I know the Father: and I lay down my life for my sheep.<br /><br />16 And other sheep I have, that are not of this fold: them also I must bring, and they shall hear my voice, and there shall be one fold and one shepherd. 17 Therefore doth the Father love me: because I lay down my life, that I may take it again. 18 No man taketh it away from me: but I lay it down of myself, and I have power to lay it down: and I have power to take it up again. This commandment have I received of my Father.</span></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3003895380147156708.post-15922719979805394022015-08-30T06:00:00.000+02:002015-08-30T06:00:05.421+02:00The creation characteristics of zebra stripes<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="http://www.harunyahya.com/en/Articles/116258/the-creation-characteristics-of-zebra">The creation characteristics of zebra stripes</a></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><strong>Every being, animate or inanimate, has a color. Moreover, there are the same colors of the same species all over the world. No matter where you go, the color of kiwis are green, the seas are blue or tints of blue and the snow is white. The color of elephants is the same everywhere in the world; the colors of trees is also the same. This situation does not change for artificially produced colors. No matter where you go in the world, if you mix yellow with red, and black and white, you get orange and gray respectively. This also never changes. The black and white stripes of zebras are like this. The common specialty of zebras living in different parts of the world is their black and white stripes. These stripes, which have different wonders, provide great benefits for zebras.</strong></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">· </span><strong style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Have you ever thought why zebras have black and white stripes?</strong></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;">· <strong>What could be the wonder of the stripes these beings possess?</strong></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><img alt="zebre 07" src="http://imgaws1.fmanager.net/Image/zebre_07.jpg" style="border: 0px; height: 300px; margin: 10px; width: 400px;" title="zebre 07" /></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 1.462em; margin-top: 1.462em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Most zebras live in open places where there is not much place to hide. Therefore, they need to be able to move very quickly in order to survive. All the bodily structures of zebras are created in a way as to provide for these needs.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 1.462em; margin-top: 1.462em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;">Zebra, which remind people of horses at first glance, have long hairs called a mane; their physical structure is also created quite similar to horses and they run at least as fast as them. Zebras have very long legs, strong muscles and lungs with broad surfaces which help these beings to run long distances without getting exhausted and being forced to slow down. Even though zebras’ bones are light, they are strong and created specially for running fast. However, one of the most interesting characteristics of zebras is their fur, which is made up of black and white stripes.</span></span></div>
<ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 1.615em 1em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="background-image: url(http://www.harunyahya.com/assets/images/bullet.gif); background-position: 0.8em 0.4em; background-repeat: no-repeat; margin: 1em 0px; padding: 0px 2em; text-align: justify;"><strong style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Zebras’ stripes help them camouflage:</strong></li>
</ul>
<div style="margin-bottom: 1.462em; margin-top: 1.462em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;">One of the most important defense tactics in animals is, no doubt, camouflage. Beings with camouflage ability are under special protection because of their body structure having been created in a compatible way to their living environment. The bodies of these beings are very compatible with their living environment. The striped patterns on zebras have an inherent camouflage ability and help them hide against their enemies in nature. As it is known, zebras live in tall-grass pastures called savannas. It is very difficult to distinguish zebras inside these tall-grass pastures; the stripes appear as shadows of pastures and prevent the bulk of the animal’s body from beingseen clearly.</span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 1.462em; margin-top: 1.462em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;">Claiming that this amazing camouflage system of zebras has come into existence by coincidences is, of course, an unscientific and irrational claim. If there is an order, it naturally has a regulator. The flawless order on Earth belongs to Almighty Allah, the Merciful. What rational people need to do is to think about Allah’s creation in detail. Almighty Allah reveals this truth in Surat an-Nahl as such:</span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 1.462em; margin-top: 1.462em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><strong> “</strong><strong>And also the things of varying colours He has created for you in the earth. There is certainly a Sign in that for people who pay heed.</strong><strong>” </strong><strong>(Surat an-Nahl, 13)</strong></span></span></div>
<ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 1.615em 1em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="background-image: url(http://www.harunyahya.com/assets/images/bullet.gif); background-position: 0.8em 0.4em; background-repeat: no-repeat; margin: 1em 0px; padding: 0px 2em; text-align: justify;"><strong style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Zebras’ stripes are an important tool of defense:</strong></li>
</ul>
<div style="margin-bottom: 1.462em; margin-top: 1.462em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><img alt="zebras-striped" src="http://imgaws1.fmanager.net/Image/zebras-striped.jpg" style="border: 0px; float: left; height: 300px; margin: 10px; width: 416px;" title="zebras-striped" />Zebras’ colors are one of their most important defense mechanisms. When they stand together, the predatory animals that typically hunt them see the complete herd as a whole due to these stripes. In this case, the hunter finds it difficult to choose the individual zebra it will hunt, and this is a protection for zebras. At the same time, when they stroll around as a herd, when their patterns are next to one another, they appear as a block. The predators that want to hunt these beings cannot focus on them.</span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 1.462em; margin-top: 1.462em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;">Another defense mechanism the black and white stripes have for zebras is that these stripes protect zebras from horse flies that suck blood and carry disease.</span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 1.462em; margin-top: 1.462em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;">Scientists have found that horse flies are affected by light polarized on a horizontal line. This effect is an important aspect that protects zebras from horse fly attacks. Horse flies leave their larvae on leaves in water, and since light reflected from water ripples are polarized, it makes the horse fly go for the leaf instead of water.</span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 1.462em; margin-top: 1.462em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;">In a research experiment, adhesive models of different colors were placed on a field, and it was observed which model the horse flies showed greater attention for striped models. As it can be seen from this research, the horse fly compares the black and white stripes of the zebra to polarized lights and does not go to the zebra thinking that this polarized pattern is water.</span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 1.462em; margin-top: 1.462em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;">This very important observation and experiment is a very crucial example to the perfect order in the creation of living beings and their creation by a single Creator. It is impossible for the zebra to know that horse flies are affected by moving water patterns that reflect polarized light in order to send away the horse fly. Even if a zebra knows about this quality of the horse fly, it most assuredly does not have the power to create its own skin resembling the polarization in the reflection of water patterns. Furthermore, a zebra is solid colored when it is an embryo, but its skin turns into the familiar striped form as it comes close to birth. Just before birth, these perfect stripes form in the mother’s womb.</span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 1.462em; margin-top: 1.462em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;">Almighty Allah is the One Who creates zebra skin thick and long enough for the eyes of the horse fly to see the white stripes that resemble the polarization formed by water patterns in order to prevent the horse fly bites that carry contagious diseases. This example shows the infinite Mercy and Knowledge of our Almighty Lord, Who creates everything with a wisdom:</span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 1.462em; margin-left: 40px; margin-top: 1.462em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<strong><span style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;">“Your Lord is Allah, Who created the heavens and the earth in six days and then settled Himself firmly on the Throne. He covers the day with the night, each pursuing the other urgently; and the sun and moon and stars are subservient to His command. Both creation and command belong to Him. Blessed be Allah, the Lord of all the worlds.” (Surat Al-A‘raf, 54)</span></span></strong></div>
<ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 1.615em 1em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="background-image: url(http://www.harunyahya.com/assets/images/bullet.gif); background-position: 0.8em 0.4em; background-repeat: no-repeat; margin: 1em 0px; padding: 0px 2em; text-align: justify;"><strong style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Zebras’ stripes help them be recognized</strong><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">:</span></li>
</ul>
<div style="margin-bottom: 1.462em; margin-top: 1.462em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;">Regular stripes that cover the whole body of zebras from head to toe are different in every zebra. Just like every human being has a different fingerprint, so the stripes on zebras are also different from one another. The stripes of a zebra are much like an identity card. Individuals in a herd and mothers recognize one another and offspring respectively using these different stripes and scents.</span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 1.462em; margin-top: 1.462em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<strong style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">The Symmetry and Aesthetic in Zebra Stripes Are One of Allah’s Art of Creation</strong></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 1.462em; margin-top: 1.462em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Zebras are taken into special protection with their body structures, shapes, colors and patterns created in a way that is compatible to their living environments. The bodies of some of these beings are very compatible with their environments. It can never be claimed that this detailed and compatible system has come into existence by coincidence. There certainly is a will and power that places this compatibility inside these beings and their environment in the most perfect way. The owner of this power is Almighty Allah, Who encompasses both the living being and the systems and environment it uses. This truth proves once again the impossibility of a zebras striped fur coming into existence by coincidence because this animal makes no effort on its own to get these stripes. It only does what Almighty Allah inspires to it and, in other words, it resumes its life and tries to continue its lineage. Therefore, it does not know what it needs to do in order to get the color, shape and black and white colors of its hairs.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 1.462em; margin-top: 1.462em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;">Almighty Allah manifests on zebras to show the knowledge of creation to His servants one more time, to remind them of the details in the systems He created that require superior intelligence and inform us of the the beauties He has granted by decorating with shapes. Allah is our Almighty Creator:</span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 1.462em; margin-left: 40px; margin-top: 1.462em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><strong>“</strong><strong>The Originator of the heavens and earth. When He decides on something, He just says to it, ‘Be!’ and it is</strong><strong>.” (Surat al-Baqara, 117)</strong></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 1.462em; margin-top: 1.462em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><img alt="yavru-zebra" src="http://imgaws1.fmanager.net/Image/yavru-zebra.jpg" style="border: 0px; float: right; height: 225px; margin: 10px; width: 300px;" title="yavru-zebra" />Zebras are camouflaged thanks to their colors compatible with their environments; similarly, the colors and patterns of other beings may form an intimidating appearance for enemies. Another point where color helps is in recognizing the mates or offspring of living beings. It is both foolish and illogical to claim that this detailed system has come into existence in a coincidental way. The Owner of this flawless detail is Allah, He Who is the Lord of all worlds and encompasses both the environment and the living being itself, as well as the system it uses, with superior knowledge.</span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 1.462em; margin-top: 1.462em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;">Allah reveals this truth to us in the Qur’an as such:</span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 1.462em; margin-left: 40px; margin-top: 1.462em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><strong>Do you not see that Allah sends down water from the sky and by it We bring forth fruits of varying colors? And in the mountains there are streaks of white and red, of varying shades, and rocks of deep jet black. And mankind and beasts and livestock are likewise of varying colors. Only those of His slaves with knowledge have fear of Allah. Allah is Almighty, Ever-Forgiving.</strong><strong> (Surah Fatir, 27-28)</strong></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 1.462em; margin-top: 1.462em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;">Allah created every living being with the qualities most compatible to their environment. Zebras are one of the examples of Allah’s art of creation. Allah is the One Who does not have any partners in creation, and controls all things under His control.</span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 1.462em; margin-left: 40px; margin-top: 1.462em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><strong>“</strong><strong>That is Allah, your Lord. There is no god but Him, the Creator of everything. So worship Him. He is responsible for everything.</strong><strong>” (Surat </strong><strong>Al-An‘am</strong><strong>, 102)</strong></span></span></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3003895380147156708.post-10427936804870190282015-08-29T06:00:00.001+02:002015-08-29T06:00:02.993+02:00Federation of American Scientists: International Crime Threat Assessment - 5 and Table of Contents<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/pub45270chap5.html">International Crime Threat Assessment</a><br />
<h1>
<img src="http://fas.org/irp/threat/45270_banner.jpg" height="207" width="720" /></h1>
<h1>
<b>Chapter V</b></h1>
<hr />
<h2>
<b>The Future of International Crime</b></h2>
In 10 years, driven by globalization and the erosion of state authority, the international criminal threat to US interests is most likely to be more diversified and impact even more directly on US strategic interests. The extent and magnitude of the problem will depend on the global political and economic conditions prevailing at the time, the extent and effectiveness of measures taken to reduce societal or systemic vulnerabilities, and the degree to which national law enforcement and security institutions around the world develop appropriate cooperative mechanisms enabling them to operate--as international criminals will be able to--outside the parameters of national sovereignty and legal jurisdictions. For example:<br />
<ul>
<li>A radical breakdown of the Communist system in China could intensify the influence of Chinese criminal organizations within China's political and economic systems and provide a safehaven for expanding criminal operations abroad.</li>
<li>Enhancements to protect the security and integrity of electronic money-transfer and financial transactions systems could make it more difficult for criminal organizations to defraud banks, financial institutions, or individuals or to manipulate financial and commodities markets.</li>
<li>Flexible bilateral and multilateral agreements that allow US law enforcement agencies to pursue criminals and time-sensitive investigative leads in foreign countries with minimal impediments could help prevent criminal organizations from operating across international borders with virtual legal impunity.</li>
</ul>
Globalization and technological innovation will continue to change the nature of organized crime. While large criminal syndicates--Russian organized crime groups like Solntsevo, Italian criminal groups like the Sicilian Mafia, ethnic Chinese criminal groups including triads, and others--will remain powerful players with worldwide networks, law enforcement agencies probably will also be forced to cope with a very large number of highly skilled criminal entrepreneurs whose activities can have far-reaching impact.<br />
<ul>
<li>Individuals or small groups empowered by high-tech computer skills and telecommunications capabilities may be the future wave of international crime. They would not require the infrastructure or protection of large criminal syndicates to mastermind and implement wide-ranging and sophisticated schemes in the commercial or financial arenas to gain substantial illicit revenues. Through electronic theft or computer manipulation of markets, individuals or small crime groups could cause substantial public and private-sector losses, potentially even undermining the integrity of the institutions they target and compromising market stability.</li>
<li>Meanwhile, for the same reasons, large organized crime syndicates may well be even more self-sufficient by 2010. The trend of greater cooperation among criminal organizations at the end of the 20<sup>th</sup>century may be replaced by one in which large international crime groups--because they have worldwide networks and employ highly skilled professionals--are able to produce or acquire, move, market, and distribute drugs and other contraband without any reliance on outside criminal brokers or crime groups. Such a development could mean the end of the dominance of Latin American drug-trafficking "cartels" as other criminal groups gain the ability to acquire and traffic cocaine from Latin America on their own.</li>
<li>The criminal world in 2010 may be populated by large interactive networks of smaller, independent organizations who cooperate on the basis of comparative advantage. Crime groups within these networks would specialize in specific activities, trading or selling expertise as befits their criminal interests or criminal joint ventures.</li>
<li>Criminal groups are also most likely to take advantage of scientific and manufacturing advances to produce new synthetic drugs or more high-quality counterfeit products--including high-tech components that may find their way into commercial transportation or military programs. Successful eradication efforts against narcotics crops may spur criminal organizations to exploit scientific pharmaceutical advances to produce synthetic heroin and cocaine for the illicit drug market.</li>
</ul>
Drug trafficking, alien smuggling, contraband smuggling, the trafficking of women and children, and many other traditional criminal rackets will continue to be a staple of organized crime groups worldwide. By 2010, however, organized crime groups are most likely to be a greater threat with regard to security issues that directly affect US strategic interests.<br />
<ul>
<li>Organized crime groups that have access to formidable weapons arsenals may assume a far more significant role in brokering illicit arms transactions for foreign armies, militias, or insurgencies, displacing the brokers and businesses that dominate today's gray arms market. They may also become a viable alternative to independent brokers and front companies by establishing sophisticated acquisition, transportation, and financial networks to facilitate the evasion of US or international sanctions by rogue regimes and terrorist groups.</li>
<li>So far the threat of organized crime involvement in acquiring and trafficking nuclear, biological, or chemical weapons of mass destruction has been more potential than real. This potential may be realized by the end of the decade if the political and economic climates in countries both possessing and seeking WMD capabilities changed to make engineering such transactions more practical and less risky.</li>
</ul>
International criminal groups will keep pace with changes in technology and the world economy to enhance their capability in traditional organized crime activities and to move into new criminal business areas. Advances in computer and financial technology will increase the anonymity and speed of commercial and financial transactions, offering criminals more efficient and secure ways to smuggle illicit drugs and contraband, penetrate legitimate businesses, and launder and move money.<br />
<ul>
<li>By 2010, international criminal groups are most likely to be particularly proficient at exploiting computer networks upon which all modern government, public, private, and financial services will depend. They also may be able to cause significant disruption to financial systems. Criminal organizations may be capable of financially exploiting or disrupting government, law enforcement, banking, or private-sector computer systems they are able to penetrate, undermining public services and the credibility of government and private institutions.</li>
<li>Greater regional integration and worldwide interdependence of national economies will make it easier for criminal organizations to operate on an international scale and blend their operations into legitimate economic activity. Improvements in transportation infrastructures and modalities to facilitate international trade will increase the volume, speed, and efficiency of smuggling and commercial transactions by international crime groups.</li>
</ul>
Many countries are likely to be at risk of organized crime groups gaining significant leverage or even control over political and economic systems. Criminal organizations are likely to penetrate troubled banking and commercial sectors. Unscrupulous politicians and political parties may align themselves with criminal organizations for financial and other support. Once in office, they are likely to have difficulty constraining the activities of organized crime. Organized crime groups themselves may promote their own political agenda as the price of support.<br />
<ul>
<li>The world in 2010 may see the emergence of "criminal states" that are not merely safehavens for international criminal activities, but support them as a matter of course. The involvement of "criminal states" in the community of nations could undermine international finance and commerce and preclude effective international cooperation against organized crime. "Criminal states" may also adopt the political agendas of states of concern and terrorist groups, thereby weakening US political, economic, and security interests around the world.</li>
</ul>
<hr />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/pub45270chap4.html" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://fas.org/irp/threat/prev.gif" height="42" width="172" /></a></div>
<div style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;">
<a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/pub45270index.html" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/pub45270index.html" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://fas.org/irp/threat/rettoc.gif" height="42" width="172" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/pub45270index.html">International Crime Threat Assessment</a><br />
<br />
<table border="0" style="width: 720px;"><tbody>
<tr><td colspan="2"><img src="http://fas.org/irp/threat/45270_banner.jpg" height="207" width="720" /></td></tr>
<tr><td height="280" width="225"><img src="http://fas.org/irp/threat/45270_cvr.jpg" height="276" width="216" /></td><td height="280" width="495"><a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/pub45270intro.html"><b>Introduction</b></a><br />
<a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/pub45270chap1.html"><b>Global Context of International Crime</b></a><br />
<b><a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/pub45270chap2.html">International Crimes Affecting US Interests</a></b><br />
<b><a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/pub45270chap3.html">Worldwide Areas of International Criminal Activity</a></b><br />
<b><a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/pub45270chap4.html">Consequences for US Strategic Interests</a></b><br />
<b><a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/pub45270chap5.html">The Future of International Crime</a></b></td></tr>
<tr align="left" valign="top"><td colspan="2">This Global assessment was prepared by a US Government interagency working group in support of and pursuant to the President's International Crime Control Strategy. Representatives from the Central Intelligence Agency; Federal Bureau of Investigation; Drug Enforcement Administration; US Customs Service; US Secret Service; Financial Crimes Enforcement Network; National Drug Intelligence Center; the Departments of State, the Treasury, Justice, and Transportation; the Office of National Drug Control Policy; and the National Security Council participated in the drafting of this assessment.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
Maxmillianhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18157780153171885687noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3003895380147156708.post-37989708989260454822015-08-28T06:00:00.000+02:002015-08-28T06:00:01.079+02:00Federation of American Scientists: International Crime Threat Assessment - Sections 3 & 4<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h1>
<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/pub45270chap3.html" style="font-weight: normal;">International Crime Threat Assessment</a> </span></h1>
<h1>
<span style="color: white;"><img src="http://fas.org/irp/threat/45270_banner.jpg" height="207" width="720" /></span></h1>
<h1>
<b><span style="color: white;">Chapter III</span></b></h1>
<hr />
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="2" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top"><td rowspan="2" width="45%"><b><span style="color: white;">Contents</span></b><br />
<span style="color: white;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="1"></a><a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/pub45270chap3.html#r1">Worldwide Areas of International Criminal Activity</a></span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="2"></a><a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/pub45270chap3.html#r2">Western Europe</a></span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="3"></a><a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/pub45270chap3.html#r3">Italian Organized Crime</a></span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="4"></a><a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/pub45270chap3.html#r4">Eastern and Central Europe</a></span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="5"></a><a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/pub45270chap3.html#r5">Russia, the Baltics, and the Newly Independent States</a></span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="6"></a><a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/pub45270chap3.html#r6">Russia</a></span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="7"></a><a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/pub45270chap3.html#r7">The Baltic States</a></span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="8"></a><a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/pub45270chap3.html#r8">Ukraine and Moldova</a></span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="9"></a><a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/pub45270chap3.html#r9">The Caucasus and Central Asia</a></span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="10"></a><a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/pub45270chap3.html#r10">Russian Organized Crime</a></span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="11"></a><a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/pub45270chap3.html#r11">The Balkans</a></span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="12"></a><a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/pub45270chap3.html#r12">Ethnic Albanian Criminal Groups</a></span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="13"></a><a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/pub45270chap3.html#r13">South Asia, Turkey, the Middle East, and Eastern Mediterranean</a></span></td><td rowspan="2" width="55%"><span style="color: white;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="14"></a><a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/pub45270chap3.html#r14">Southeast Asia</a></span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="15"></a><a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/pub45270chap3.html#r15">China</a></span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="16"></a><a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/pub45270chap3.html#r16">Taiwan</a></span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="17"></a><a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/pub45270chap3.html#r17">Ethnic Chinese Criminal Networks</a></span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="18"></a><a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/pub45270chap3.html#r18">Japan</a></span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="19"></a><a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/pub45270chap3.html#r19">Japanese Yakuza</a></span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="20"></a><a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/pub45270chap3.html#r20">Africa</a></span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="21"></a><a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/pub45270chap3.html#r21">Nigerian Criminal Enterprises</a></span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="22"></a><a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/pub45270chap3.html#r22">South America</a></span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="23"></a><a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/pub45270chap3.html#r23">The Caribbean</a></span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="24"></a><a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/pub45270chap3.html#r24">Central America</a></span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="25"></a><a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/pub45270chap3.html#r25">Central American Alien Smuggling Networks</a></span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="26"></a><a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/pub45270chap3.html#r26">Mexico</a></span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="27"></a><a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/pub45270chap3.html#r27">United States</a></span></td></tr>
<tr></tr>
</tbody></table>
<hr />
<h2>
<span style="color: white;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="r1"></a><a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/pub45270chap3.html#1">Worldwide Areas of International Criminal Activity</a></span></h2>
<span style="color: white;">The end of the Cold War and globalization of business and travel have given international criminals unprecedented freedom of movement, making it easier for them to cross borders and to expand the range and scope of their operations. As a result, virtually every region or country in the world has seen an increase in international criminal activity--as either a source or transit zone for illegal contraband or products, a venue for money laundering or illicit financial transactions, or a base of operations for criminal organizations with global networks. Many regions or countries serve all three purposes for international criminal operations. Besides making the law enforcement and security challenges for the United States more complex, the global spread of international crime threatens vital US interests at home and abroad.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">This chapter addresses the world's major regions and countries of international criminal activity that threaten Americans, US business and economic interests, and US security interests. Each regional or country overview focuses on three key issues:</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">The dynamic forces--especially relating to political and economic change or a greater role in the global economy--in different regions or countries that are helping to drive international criminal activity there and how crime groups are taking advantage of them.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: white;">The impact of criminal activity and crime-related corruption on political and economic stability.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: white;">The characteristics, criminal activities, and scope of operations of major organized crime threats originating in the different regions and countries.</span></li>
</ul>
<h2>
<span style="color: white;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="r2"></a><a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/pub45270chap3.html#2">Western Europe</a></span></h2>
<span style="color: white;">Like the United States, the West European countries are both a lucrative target and an attractive operating environment for international criminals because of their relative wealth and modern financial, telecommunications, and transportation infrastructure. The well-to-do West European population rivals the United States as the most desirable market for drugs, as well as other contraband, and an arena for financial fraud schemes victimizing individuals, businesses, and government entitlement programs. The speed and efficiency of modern commercial and banking services available in West European cities make them particularly vulnerable to illicit financial transactions-- including money laundering and arranging financing for illegal activities. The single-market reforms of the European Union (EU) under the Schengen Agreement that permit unfettered movement of goods, services, labor, and capital throughout most of Western Europe; sophisticated infrastructure for facilitating international trade; and tremendous volume of people and goods passing through commercial airports and seaports are exploited by international criminals to move drugs, arms, illegal aliens, and other contraband throughout Western Europe and to use EU gateways to reach every other region in the world.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">Western Europe has long been popular for money laundering and illicit financial transactions because of its advanced economies and financial systems. Terrorist groups and states of concern use West European commercial and financial centers in efforts to evade international embargoes or to acquire proscribed technologies and materials for weapons of mass destruction. Most West European governments have changed, or are changing, their domestic laws to conform to FATF anti-money-laundering standards. Despite these recent legal changes and improved enforcement mechanisms, however, Western Europe remains a primary locale for money laundering by criminal organizations operating both inside and outside the EU because it offers numerous alternative channels through which to place and legitimize illicit proceeds.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">EU members are facing an increasing threat from international drug traffickers and from illegal migrants, many of whom wind up employed by ethnic-based crime groups to make their livelihood. The size and profitability of the West European drug market are close to rivaling that of the United States. Turkish and Albanian criminal groups dominate wholesale distribution of Southwest Asian heroin in most of the EU countries, according to European law enforcement information. South American drug traffickers--working closely with Italian organized crime--have been developing a growing cocaine market since the early 1980s.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">The Netherlands' deepwater ports at Amsterdam and Rotterdam and Spain's extensive rocky coastline are primary entry points for drugs--particularly South American cocaine--entering Western Europe, according to analysis of seizure data and law enforcement information. According to Interpol, cocaine seizures in Europe have more than tripled in the last decade from 14.3 metric tons in 1990 to about 44 metric tons in 1999.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: white;">The EU countries are also a primary destination for illegal migrants, including women and children smuggled into the continent for prostitution and entertainment businesses controlled by organized crime.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">Organized crime has flourished most in the poorer Mediterranean region of the continent. Relatively stagnant economic conditions and high unemployment in this region, compared to northern Europe, have helped to drive organized criminal activity. Organized criminal activity has thrived particularly in southern Italy and the Balkans, and along the traditional cross-Mediterranean and cross-Adriatic smuggling routes on historical trade arteries between Europe, North Africa, the Middle East, and Asia. Moreover, traditional cultural and societal emphases on familial ties have promoted group cohesiveness within criminal organizations. In southern Europe, particularly Italy, organized crime groups have expanded their influence through political involvement.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">Playing on these historical factors, organized crime remains deeply entrenched in Italy despite the implementation of new antimafia laws and the arrests of several high-ranking crime bosses since 1990. Italian organized crime groups continue to have a significant impact on the economy. Through the companies they control, Italian organized crime groups have secured public works contracts worth billions of dollars. They have profited from cost overruns and kickbacks in fulfilling these contracts.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">According to Italian trade association estimates, Italian criminal organizations in 1997 earned more than $74 billion from illicit activities as well as involvement in legitimate economic sectors, as compared to $69 billion in 1993. The Italian trade association estimates that Italian organized crime groups have combined assets totaling $200-225 billion.</span></li>
</ul>
<b><a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/376931.gif"><span style="color: white;">Graphic<br />Cocaine Seizures in Europe, 1990-99</span></a></b><br />
<span style="color: white;">Indigenous criminal organizations are less entrenched elsewhere in Western Europe, but foreign ethnic-based crime groups have established footholds in expatriate enclaves in most EU countries. Cultural and linguistic ties between the Iberian Peninsula and Latin America are exploited by South American drug traffickers who stimulate the demand for cocaine in Western Europe's more profitable market. Liberal immigration or refugee policies have led to large migrant populations in many West European urban areas where criminal cells with ties to Turkey, Iran, the Balkan countries, North Africa, and other regions have taken root. These criminal groups are largely involved in contraband smuggling, including drugs and arms. Some--Turkish and ethnic Albanian crime groups, for example--rely on legal and illegal immigrant communities that maintain drug distribution networks in Western Europe.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">Although Turkish criminal groups remain the primary source of supply, ethnic Albanian crime groups appear to have largely replaced the Turks as the principal distributors of Southwest Asian heroin to parts of Western Europe, according to press reports. They are also challenging Italian criminal syndicates for control of other rackets in West European countries.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: white;"><b>The Political Dimension</b><br />Public perceptions in many EU countries blame foreign ethnic organized crime groups for high crime rates as well as other societal ills. The sometimes volatile anti-immigrant sentiment and support for nationalist parties in several countries are attributed in part to the role of foreign criminal groups in drug trafficking, gunrunning, financial frauds, and alien smuggling. Although Europeans historically have tended to take a liberal view toward drug use, viewing drug addiction as a medical and social problem, EU governments have become increasingly concerned about abuse trends and have taken a more aggressive stand toward narcotics trafficking.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">Heroin remains in general the most serious drug problem facing Western Europe; it is the drug most often cited in drug-related crime, deaths, demand for treatment, and HIV infection. The cocaine problem in Europe has been growing for the last decade, and EU data since 1995 suggest that cocaine has overtaken heroin as the most frequently used hard drug in Spain and France. Meanwhile, according to annual EU reports, the use of synthetic drugs--particularly amphetamines and ecstasy--has increased markedly since 1992 in virtually all member countries, particularly among adolescents and mainstream young adults.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: white;">With the criminal threat they face having become more multidimensional in the last decade because of the collapse of Cold War barriers, the implementation of the Schengen Agreement, and the growing presence of Russian and ethnic Albanian criminal groups, the West European countries in general have increased their attention to the problem. Italy's aggressive law enforcement campaign targeting the Sicilian Mafia in the early 1990s that resulted in the arrests of several key Mafia bosses has weakened its power and influence. Other West European countries are more focused on foreign ethnic organized crime groups operating inside their borders.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">The United Kingdom and Italy are particularly concerned about Nigerian criminal groups; Italy, Germany, and several Nordic countries are concerned about the growing crime role of ethnic Albanian groups; and Russian criminal groups have attracted attention throughout Western Europe. Switzerland jailed Russian crime boss Sergey Mikhaylov, leader of the powerful Solntsevo syndicate, but failed to convict, in part because of the Russian Government's lack of cooperation in the criminal investigation. France has expelled a top Russian crime figure.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: white;">Greater awareness of the international criminal threat has increased anticrime cooperation within Western Europe. In the mid-1990s Europol was established for sharing information and to help stimulate law enforcement collaboration. Police cooperation among EU members against international criminal networks has been enhanced, particularly against groups involved<br />in drug trafficking, financial frauds, and money laundering.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">Recent scandals involving illicit financial transactions in Switzerland and Liechtenstein have focused attention on the criminal exploitation of West European banking centers. Switzerland--a former bank secrecy haven--has become significantly more active in combating money laundering in recent years, passing new money-laundering legislation in 1998 that set tighter standards for the banking sector and initiating a practice of alerting foreign governments to suspicious transactions in Switzerland. In Liechtenstein, press reports of money laundering by Russian organized crime groups have brought renewed attention to the need to reform its financial services sector. Since the early 1980s, there is evidence that major criminal organizations--including Latin American drug-trafficking groups, Italian organized crime, and Russian crime syndicates--have taken advantage of Liechtenstein's weak banking controls and strong tradition of banking secrecy to launder money and make other illicit financial transactions.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">As a result of its FATF listing as a noncooperative jurisdiction, Liechtenstein has taken several actions to try to remedy these defects.</span></li>
</ul>
<h2>
<span style="color: white;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="r3"></a><a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/pub45270chap3.html#3">Italian Organized Crime</a></span></h2>
<span style="color: white;">Italy's largest criminal organizations--the Sicilian Mafia, Calabrian 'Ndrangheta, Neapolitan Camorra, and Puglian Sacra Corona Unita--were born and bred in rugged rural areas, where they engaged in local criminal rackets and were generally esteemed as protectors of local peasant interests. The defeat of Italian fascism in World War II allowed these groups to extend their influence into urban areas, which provided greater openings to the outside world. Many of Italy's banking, commercial, and port facilities fell under the influence or control of organized crime. In the last half century, Italian organized crime groups have become self-sustaining, multifaceted criminal organizations with considerable clout in Italy's political and economic systems. They have proven to be resilient and opportunistic, often emerging stronger from periodic government attempts to crack down on organized crime and taking advantage of new criminal opportunities.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">Italian criminal organizations share the characteristic of incorporating close-knit crime families or clans. According to the FBI, the four major Italian organized crime groups comprise 540 crime families and more than 21,000 members. The Sicilian Mafia is the oldest, most powerful, and most hierarchical of Italy's crime groups.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: white;">As Italian criminal organizations became more ruthless and concerned with accruing power and wealth, there was increasingly strong public support in Italy for a crackdown against organized crime. By largely abandoning their traditional "code of honor," which, for example, did not tolerate common crime or violence against women and children, the Sicilian Mafia in particular began forfeiting public acquiescence; unlike in the past, large numbers of Sicilians now publicly oppose the Mafia. Encouraged by strong public outcry--including outrage over two particularly notorious Mafia assassinations of leading Italian anticrime prosecutors Falcone and Borsellino in 1992--authorities have mounted an aggressive campaign against organized crime. Aided by informants, Italian law enforcement authorities have made some significant arrests that have disrupted Italian criminal organizations.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">The January 1993 arrest of reputed Sicilian Mafia "boss of bosses" Salvatore Riina; the 1996 arrest of his heir--Giovani Brusca--who claimed responsibility for more than 100 murders, including setting off the bomb that killed Falcone; and a series of sweeping prosecutions and convictions in both Italy and the United States have weakened the power and influence of the Sicilian Mafia. The Camorra was hurt by the February 1993 arrest of one of its leaders, Rosetta Cutolo.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: white;">In October 2000, Italian authorities captured Salvatore Genovese, one of the most wanted Sicilian Mafia leaders who had been a fugitive for seven years. Genovese is believed to have been the right-hand man of Sicilian Mafia boss Bernardo Provenzano, who is also a fugitive. Despite being on the run, Genovese, before his arrest, continued to control public works contracts.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: white;">The testimony of informants indicates that Italian criminal organizations have responded by making organizational and operational adjustments, including restructuring into smaller compartmented cells, that have tightened security and allowed them to continue widespread international criminal activities.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><b>International Connections</b><br />Italian organized crime groups have moved well beyond their home regions in southern Italy and are now firmly entrenched throughout Europe, in Central and South America, the Caribbean, Canada, and the United States. Expatriate Italian communities and established international criminal connections in these regions have given Italian organized crime groups the infrastructure and capability to move highly profitable contraband products--including drugs, arms, and cigarettes--and launder illicit proceeds on a global basis. They maintain legitimate business holdings worldwide that are often used as a cover for their criminal operations. Italian crime groups' longtime investments in real estate and entertainment enterprises--particularly gambling casinos--in Germany, France, Monaco, Spain's Costa del Sol, and the Caribbean are conduits for money laundering. Since the early 1990s, Italian criminal organizations have been reported buying properties and businesses in Eastern and Central Europe and many of the NIS of the former Soviet Union to launder money. According to media accounts, Sicilian Mafia front companies have been identified in virtually every East European country and in Russia.</span><br />
<b><a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/754799.gif"><span style="color: white;">Map<br />Italian Crime Groups</span></a></b><br />
<span style="color: white;">Although Italian criminal organizations continue to operate largely independently in their traditional contraband smuggling and extortion rackets, their extensive involvement in international drug trafficking, arms smuggling, and money laundering has caused them to develop cooperative longterm relationships with each other and with foreign criminal groups. The Sicilian Mafia, 'Ndrangheta, Camorra, and Sacra Corona Unita have shared well-established international smuggling routes and sometimes helped finance each other's trafficking operations, according to US law enforcement. Collaboration with criminal groups from Turkey, Asia, Russia, the Balkans, and Latin America has assured Italian organized crime reliable sources of supply for drugs and arms. Italian criminal syndicates have worked with Albanian crime groups in trafficking women and children from the Balkans and Nigeria and illegal migrants to Italy. They have also played a prominent role in money laundering for Colombian traffickers and other foreign criminal organizations.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><b>Drug and Arms Trafficking</b><br />The role of Italian criminal organizations in the European drug market has diminished, but drug trafficking remains an important source of revenue for Italian crime syndicates. Italian criminal organizations have traditionally procured Southwest Asian heroin from Turkish traffickers and have more recently established heroin-trafficking links to Russian, ethnic Albanian, and Asian crime groups. Italian crime groups also collaborate with South American traffickers to acquire cocaine.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">Since the collapse of the Soviet Bloc, local crime groups in the volatile Balkan states have become a major source of arms and explosives for Italian organized crime. The former Yugoslavia and Albania appear to be the primary arena for Italian criminal organizations to both acquire and sell illicit weapons. Press reports in 1998 and 1999 indicated that black-market prices for Yugoslav-origin infantry weapons ranged from 100 to 500 percent more than the commercial prices for those weapons, and profits on explosives are enormous.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">With its traditional base of operations along Italy's southern Adriatic coast, the Sacra Corona Unita is extensively involved in smuggling arms from the Balkans.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: white;"><b>Environmental Crimes</b><br />The illicit trafficking and disposal of hazardous wastes and trash is emerging as one of the most lucrative activities for Italian organized crime groups. The leading environmental group in Italy estimates that Italian syndicates earn $3.5-8.5 billion annually from the illegal dumping of hazardous wastes and from other environmental crimes, such as trafficking in endangered species. According to Italian press reports, front companies and legitimate waste-removal businesses controlled by Italian crime groups dominate both the legal and illicit waste disposal business throughout Italy and in parts of France and Switzerland.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">In 1999, Italian law enforcement officials reported more than 26,000 crimes against the environment and identified 138 criminal groups involved in such activity.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: white;">The dumping of hazardous wastes and trash appears to be the most significant source of illicit income for Italy's Camorra crime syndicates, topping their narcotics, prostitution, and embezzlement activities. Camorra clans control the collection of solid waste in Naples and surrounding municipalities. At the regional level, Camorra crime groups collect, transport, and dispose of hazardous and noxious wastes coming from other regions.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><b>US Presence</b><br />Italian criminal organizations maintain an active presence in the United States and are involved in drug trafficking, arms smuggling, financial frauds, extortion, illegal gambling, counterfeiting, and money laundering. US law enforcement indicates that the Sicilian Mafia is the most active Italian organized crime group in the United States and maintains close contact with US La Cosa Nostra crime families in New York, Newark, Los Angeles, Chicago, Philadelphia, Detroit, Buffalo, and Tampa. 'Ndrangheta, Camora, and Sacra Corona groups also operate in the United States, particularly in Florida.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">Italian organized crime groups continue to be involved in smuggling drugs into the United States, although they no longer are as significant as they had been in the 1960s and 1970s, when they were responsible for as much as 85 percent of the US heroin trade, according to DEA information. A series of investigations and prosecutions in Italy, Turkey, and the United States targeting Italian networks supplying heroin to the United States in the 1970s and 1980s substantially reduced the role of Italian organized crime in the US drug market. Italian crime groups make extensive use of specialty companies as fronts to move drugs and probably to launder drug money in both the United States and Canada.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">Several Italian organized crime families continue to smuggle heroin into the United States using connections in Venezuela and Canada.</span><br />
<h2>
<span style="color: white;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="r4"></a><a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/pub45270chap3.html#4">Eastern and Central Europe</a></span></h2>
<span style="color: white;">In Eastern and Central Europe, the fall of Communist regimes and end of tight border controls have attracted foreign criminal organizations. International criminal activity in the region increased rapidly in the early 1990s as new democratic governments focused on more fundamental political, social, and economic problems. Russian, Italian, ethnic Albanian, Nigerian, and Chinese criminal organizations and Colombian drug-trafficking groups have all made inroads into this region since the breakdown of the old order. In addition to developing these countries as targets for criminal activity, international organized crime groups are exploiting their relatively weak law enforcement and loose border controls to circumvent traditional points of entry into Western Europe, where customs and law enforcement measures have become more stringent. Several of the region's countries are transit routes for Southwest Asian heroin, and Poland and Croatia may be emerging as transportation routes for South American cocaine destined for Western Europe and new markets in Eastern and Central Europe.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">Italian and Russian criminal organizations, in particular, have been active in developing mutually beneficial relationships with local criminal groups in transitioning former Communist countries that help facilitate their drug and arms trafficking operations.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: white;">Geography is one of the primary factors in the growth of organized crime in Eastern and Central Europe. The region is a strategic crossroads between Russia and the NIS--major "source" areas for international criminal activity--and Western Europe, a primary market for drugs and other illicit products. Contraband trade also crosses the region from West to East, as international criminal organizations--primarily Russian--smuggle alcohol and tobacco products, luxury automobiles, and other high-demand consumer items generally unavailable or prohibitively expensive in Russia from Western Europe.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">Hungary's borders with seven countries and relatively well-developed transportation system make it a major transit zone for all kinds of contraband smuggling. Stricter border controls and concerted efforts against organized crime in recent years have helped alter drug-trafficking routes and shipping methods, but Hungarian officials caution that the amount of drugs moving through the country probably has not decreased.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: white;">Poland and the Czech Republic are also crossroads for smuggling directed at West European markets and extensive traffic in stolen vehicles being moved from Western Europe to the East. EU officials considering Poland's admittance to the European Union fear that weak border controls on Poland's eastern border with Ukraine could provide a gateway for illegal immigrants and organized crime into northern Europe.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: white;">Bulgaria and Romania remain key countries on the traditional Balkan route between Turkey and central and northern Europe. Criminal groups in the region take advantage of the heavy volume of commercial traffic along this route to conceal and smuggle contraband. The Balkan route--with Bulgaria as its gateway--has traditionally been the major avenue for smuggling Southwest Asian heroin to profitable West European markets. In the busiest months, some 1,000 vehicles--including trucks bonded and sealed under International Truck Route (TIR) procedures-- cross from Turkey into Bulgaria on their way to other European destinations.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: white;">Criminals in Eastern and Central Europe have taken advantage of increased trade and commercial relations with Western Europe. Many criminal gangs from these countries have expanded their local criminal rackets into Western Europe. Polish crime gangs, for example, are now competing with the Netherlands as a significant source of amphetamines for Western Europe. Polish-produced amphetamines, known for their purity, make up at least 25 percent of the European market, according to European law enforcement officials. Poland, the Czech Republic, and Romania are key sources for women and children illegally transported to Western Europe and elsewhere, including the United States.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">Bulgaria was the world's second-largest source-- after China--of pirated and counterfeit CDs in 1997, according to US Justice Department information. The government has cracked down on violators since early 1998 by introducing licensing procedures and raiding illicit CD-production operations. Because of its geographic location, Bulgaria is also a significant transit country for illegal CDs produced throughout the region, with pirated goods produced in Greece, Moldova, and Ukraine moving easily across its borders.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: white;">Some 75,000 of the women and children caught in trafficking rings in 1997, more than 10 percent of the worldwide total, were from Eastern Europe, according to US Government estimates.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: white;">Since the European Union countries began implementing and enforcing tougher regulations against money laundering in the early 1990s, criminal organizations from both East and West have moved some of their money-laundering activities into the transitioning economies of Eastern and Central Europe. They have taken advantage of inadequate legislation--including lack of laws granting government agencies regulatory and criminal investigation powers--and poor enforcement of the region's developing modern banking and financial systems to smuggle cash and legitimize large sums of illicit profits.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">The multilateral Financial Action Task Force has estimated that money laundering in Poland alone has grown from $2 billion to $8 billion per year during the 1990s.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: white;">In recent years, press reporting citing government and law enforcement officials indicates that Italian and Russian criminal organizations have moved aggressively into the legitimate economy of many formerly Communist East and Central European countries. These criminal organizations and unscrupulous businessmen have taken advantage of poor regulations guiding privatization of national assets and capitalization of banks to purchase or invest heavily in banks, financial institutions, and businesses and to defraud fledgling stock markets. These activities have enabled criminal organizations to operate companies as fronts for smuggling contraband between East and West and for laundering illicit proceeds. Concerns that criminal elements have tried to take advantage of the privatization process has made officials in some of these countries more cautious about foreign investment.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">The impact of criminal activity within their borders has focused the concerns of government and law enforcement officials in Eastern and Central Europe. As they have transitioned from a socialist system to market-oriented economies, the formerly Communist Eastern and Central European countries have had to confront crimes that were previously nonexistent. The previous regimes had no laws or regulations for dealing with crimes such as money laundering, stock market fraud, and theft of intellectual property rights.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">Criminal activities, often abetted by corrupt officials, have undermined the economy in many of the region's countries. For example, unsecured insider lending and laundering of the proceeds through financial outflows contributed to the collapse of Bulgaria's banking sector in 1996. The Romanian Government recently estimated that at least 40 percent of the country's finances flow from the "gray" economy. Corruption in Slovakia, particularly relating to privatization, has slowed economic growth. Polish officials estimated $60 million in revenue was lost from pirated music CDs in 1997. IPR legislation enacted by Poland in 2000 has the potential to reduce this problem.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: white;">Crime, corruption, and drug addiction have become salient political issues in many East and Central European countries. According to a November 2000 public poll in the Czech Republic, 80 percent of that country's citizens believe economic crime and corruption are the country's most serious problems. Crime was a major issue in the May 1998 elections in Hungary that toppled the former socialist government and brought in a new center-right administration; the new government's Interior Minister declared that an appropriate response to organized crime was one of the new government's top priorities.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">Bulgaria's government, elected in 1997, also made combating organized crime and corruption a policy priority, including cracking down on product piracy. In December 1999, the prime minister sacked two-thirds of his cabinet, in part in response to allegations of corruption, according to local media. In August 2000, Bulgaria ordered the expulsion of eight international crime figures, according to media accounts.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">The interest of most of the region's countries in becoming members of the European Union has encouraged them to consider regulations and legislation to deal more effectively with a broad range of criminal activities, including cross-border smuggling and money laundering. Government and law enforcement officials from these countries have been meeting with their West European and US counterparts to set up training and assistance programs for combating international criminal activity within their borders.</span><br />
<h2>
<span style="color: white;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="r5"></a><a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/pub45270chap3.html#5">Russia, the Baltics, and the Newly Independent States</a></span></h2>
<span style="color: white;">A major side effect of the end of the Cold War is that Russia and the NIS that were part of the former Soviet Union have become fertile ground for organized crime to expand its illicit activities. The end of police states, the relaxation of social controls, and the opening of borders in these formerly "closed" societies have allowed both local and foreign criminal organizations unprecedented freedom to operate. Criminal networks comprised of traditional organized crime groups, highly skilled professionals, and corrupt officials and politicians have moved quickly to fill vacuums created in climates of radical political, economic, and social change.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">The intertwining of organized crime and official corruption in Russia is undermining development of democratic and free market institutions.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: white;">Criminal groups have been aggressive in cultivating business relationships with politicians, government officials, and business magnates--a major factor in their becoming a pervasive and powerful force in Russia, the Baltics, and other NIS countries. Corrupt officials in Russia have also provided criminal front companies with export licenses, customs exemptions, and government contracts.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">The greater integration of Russia and the other states of the former Soviet Union with much of the rest of the world since the end of the Cold War has opened new avenues for international criminal activity. Russian crime groups are using the region's fledgling free market and banking sectors to move large amounts of capital across borders, to launder money, and to transact a variety of financial frauds. The removal of Moscow's formerly tight control over travel between different regions of the former Soviet Union and open borders with Europe in particular has greatly facilitated the smuggling of drugs, arms, illegal immigrants--including trafficking of women and children--stolen vehicles, alcohol, cigarettes, and other illicit contraband.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">The former Soviet Union has become a significant market and international transit route for hashish, opium, and heroin from Southwest Asia, particularly Afghanistan. With several Central Asian countries bordering on Afghanistan, good east-west rail connections from Central Asia to Ukraine and western Russia, and lax enforcement, the former Soviet Union has become very attractive to international traffickers as an alternative to the traditional "Balkan Route" through Turkey and the former Yugoslavia for moving drugs and other contraband to Western Europe.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: white;">In Russia and many of the NIS, an alliance of corrupt government, criminal, and business elements resisted the effective implementation and enforcement of legal and economic reforms that would have inhibited their ability to gain control or substantial influence over the productive resources formerly owned by the Soviet state and to expand their illegal activities. Russian organized crime groups have capitalized on weak enforcement of existing regulations and inadequate or nonexistent legislation. They exploited the fitful growth of the private sector by investing in banks and businesses, providing protection of persons and property, settling disputes and contract fulfillment, and offering seemingly affordable loans with expensive strings attached. Law enforcement capabilities are hamstrung by cutbacks in funding, poor training and equipment, lack of sophisticated investigative techniques, and laws that do not apply to many of the illicit activities carried out by criminal groups, particularly financial crimes.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">Russia passed a criminal code in 1996, but implementation and enforcement have been weak. With a draft criminal procedure code having languished in the Duma for several years, the Russians are relying on a heavily amended criminal procedure code from the Soviet era. Inconsistencies between the new criminal code and the criminal procedure code now in use impede the effective prosecution of crimes.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: white;">Russia has drafted anti-money-laundering legislation that generally meets international standards, but has yet to submit it to the Duma for ratification.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: white;">None of the countries in the former Soviet Union have legislation that would enable law enforcement to arrest those who conspire in criminal activity, not just those who actually commit the crime.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: white;">While most of the NIS in the former Soviet Union are improving IPR laws for their admission to the World Trade Organization, none consistently enforce them, and few impose criminal penalties. IPR reform in the Eurasia region faces opposition by organized crime groups trafficking in counterfeit and pirated products.</span></li>
</ul>
<h2>
<span style="color: white;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="r6"></a><a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/pub45270chap3.html#6">Russia</a></span></h2>
<span style="color: white;">Political Context<br />Economic and political instability following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 allowed organized crime to consolidate its position in Russian society. The government's continued ownership of major enterprises and role in regulating the economy created enormous opportunities for bribery and corruption of government officials in economic ministries and throughout government bureaucracies. Besides profiting from insider influence in privatization offerings and a broad range of economic-related criminal activities, Russian organized crime on occasion has been able to influence the legislative agenda.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">Russian criminals continue to buy political influence to protect their assets, to facilitate criminal activities, and to avoid prosecution. Some crime groups invested in the political process by participating--directly and indirectly--in election campaigns, including funding parties and candidates. Corruption in Russia's security and law enforcement institutions is an additional impediment to dealing effectively with the power of Russian crime groups.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><b>Economic Penetrations</b><br />Crime and corruption have had a significant impact on the Russian economy. Russian organized crime groups have cashed in on privatization of formerly state-owned industries. Most significantly, Russian criminals have made substantial inroads into lucrative strategic sectors of the economy. Russian criminal experts say that organized crime is present in practically all of Russia's regions.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">Russian organized crime is invested in Russia's developing <b>financial sector</b>. To some extent, Russian criminal groups have penetrated the banking sector by periodically providing cash infusions to financially troubled banks, using extortion or intimidation, and purchasing existing banks outright or establishing new ones, according to media accounts. They use their control or influence over banking institutions to launder illicit proceeds, to obtain financial information about competitors or potential extortion targets, and to withhold financial information from government regulators. By early 1998, Russian criminal groups had penetrated more than 550 banks, according to one Russian Government estimate.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">Some of the <b>business enterprises</b> associated with criminal organizations in Russia are large transnational corporations engaged in import/export trade and commodities brokering whose networks and assets deprive the Russian Government of substantial legitimate revenues. Like many legitimate enterprises, businesses associated with crime --groups appear to be well-connected to political elites in Russia and other NIS and use their political ties, as well as bribery, to win concessionary contracts or to protect criminal transactions.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">The hard-currency-earning <b>oil and gas trading sector</b> of the Russian economy is one of the most lucrative havens for organized crime. The international scope and relative profitability of Russia's oil and gas industry are attractive for conducting money laundering and other illicit financial activity. Criminal groups are involved primarily in oil and gas distribution, embezzlement, extortion, oil theft, and money laundering. Russian crime groups gained considerable clout in fuel and energy industries by supplying short-term business loans to oil companies and providing access to corrupted government officials who can lobby for favorable legislation, or influence business deals.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">Russia's <b>aluminum industry</b> has been a target of criminal groups because of its multibillion-dollar revenues. In addition, the fact that the aluminum industry is highly concentrated--four plants produce more than 75 percent of Russia's total output--allows criminal groups to infiltrate this industrial sector with relative ease.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">Russian organized crime has also been extensively involved in smuggling<b> gems and precious metals</b> out of the country. According to Russian Government estimates, $100-300 million worth of diamonds are smuggled out of Russia each year. In 1998 and 1999, Russian law enforcement removed from illegal circulation about 1 metric ton of gold, more than 1 metric ton of silver, and 28,000 carats of uncut diamonds, cut gems, emeralds, rubies, sapphires, and pearls.</span><br />
<b><a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/754728.gif"><span style="color: white;">Map<br />Russia: Criminal Penetrations of Key Economic Sectors</span></a></b><br />
<span style="color: white;"><b>Impact on Russia's Financial System</b><br />Although not directly responsible for Russia's fiscal, banking, and investment problems, Russian organized crime groups have contributed to their severity by exacerbating systemic problems. Capital flight, estimated by the Russian Government to be about $1 billion a month, almost certainly includes some laundering of money from organized criminal activity. Russian crime groups reinvest little of their profits from even ostensibly legitimate business activity--such as hotels, restaurants, and casinos--domestically, instead frequently transferring their proceeds to more secure West European and offshore financial centers. Failure to repatriate export earnings and fictitious import deals reportedly are the most common methods used by Russian criminals to move capital abroad.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">A researcher at the UK-based Organized Russian and Eurasian Crime Research Center conservatively has estimated that organized crime money accounts for about 25 percent of total capital flight from Russia. Using the recent estimate of $1 billion-per-month capital flight from Russia, this would mean that Russian crime groups are sending about $3 billion annually overseas to launder or hide.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: white;">According to one Russian estimate, the underground economy accounted for 40 percent of the country's GDP in 1996. Moreover, Russian crime syndicates almost certainly conceal all or part of the income generated by businesses they control from tax authorities by sending most of the money outside Russia.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">According to a 1997 study by then-President Yeltsin's staff, 70 to 80 percent of private businesses paid extortion fees to organized crime amounting to 10 to 20 percent of their revenue, making them unlikely to meet their full tax obligations.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: white;">Russia's financial problems are primarily exacerbated by a poor investment climate that fails to attract the capital necessary for economic growth. Besides government corruption, weak enforcement of contracts, and high taxes, legitimate investors--both domestic and foreign--are deterred by widespread extortion and the violence associated with having to deal with organized crime. According to published Russian figures, 79 Russian bankers and at least twice as many businessmen were assassinated in contract killings between 1994 and 1997. In 1999, there were 155 contract killings in Russia, according to published figures.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">US and other foreign businesses interested in investment and joint-venture opportunities not only cannot compete on a level playing field due to the poor investment climate, but must also cope with criminal extortion and racketeering to do business in Russia. In the absence of effective legal protections, Russian businesses often rely on criminal groups and pay significant fees for protection, debt collection, capital, and information gathering. Representing their business "clients," criminal groups often play a role in negotiating contracts or resolving business disputes, which often end violently.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">Western businessmen are not immune from criminal strong-arm tactics. In November, 1996 US businessman Paul Tatum, part owner of a major hotel in Moscow who was involved in a financial dispute with his Russian business partners, was killed in a "contract style" shooting. Although no one has ever been brought to justice for the crime, Russian investigators suspect organized crime was involved.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: white;"><b>Social and Political Implications</b><br />Besides its significant impact on the economy, criminal activity has taken a substantial toll on Russian society. Rising crime rates are overwhelming judicial systems in Russia, which are woefully underfunded and vulnerable to bribes from criminals, according to Russian press accounts. Criminal violence remains rampant, with crime groups targeting rivals, uncooperative businessmen and bankers, and anticrime media, enforcement, or political crusaders for assassination. Many Russian citizens have been victimized in robberies and elaborate schemes defrauding them of property and savings, some of which end in murder.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">Over the past five years, Russia's domestic market for illegal drugs has grown substantially as the flow-through of hashish, heroin, and other opiates from Southwest Asia, through Central Asia and Russia, to Western Europe--fed by the surge in Afghan opium production--increased with the end of Soviet travel controls and the opening of borders with Europe. Official Russian data show dramatic increases in drug addiction and crime rates since the collapse of the Soviet Union. In 1999, according to Russian data, there were 350,000 officially registered drug users in Russia, of which 175,000 were considered drug addicts. The Russian Ministry of Interior (MVD) and Health Ministry, however, estimate that the actual totals are 10 times greater--more than 3 million users and almost 2 million addicts; 3 million users would be about 2 percent of the Russian population. Russian and international health officials estimate that intravenous drug users are responsible for 80 to 90 percent of the 36,000 officially registered HIV cases; because of the lack of comprehensive HIV testing and reliable reporting methods, government officials and international experts suspect the actual number of Russian HIV cases may be five to 10 times higher than official estimates.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">The growth of crime and widespread corruption, together with Russia's struggling economy, is undermining Russia's transition to a fully functioning democracy and free market economy. Many Russians blame free market reforms for the breakdown of law and order and for having benefited primarily criminal entrepreneurs. Discredited for corruption and political ineffectiveness, it has become increasingly difficult for the Russian Government to meet its citizens' expectations for social justice, equality of opportunity, and improved living standards. Popular perceptions of liberal democracy as ineffectual, corrupt, and even in league with organized crime may boost the appeal of antidemocratic politicians opposed to further reform.</span><br />
<h2>
<span style="color: white;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="r7"></a><a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/pub45270chap3.html#7">The Baltic States</a></span></h2>
<span style="color: white;">The relative dependence of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania on Russian energy supplies and the importance of Baltic ports for Russian transit trade provide significant opportunities for Russian and other organized crime groups. Although all three countries have reoriented their trade more toward the West, Russia remains a major trading partner for Latvia and Lithuania. The Baltic states are the major commercial outlet between Russia and the West; according to Interfax Foreign Trade Report figures, the major Baltic ports handle nearly 13 million tons of Russian cargo annually. Russian and other organized crime groups are taking advantage of the high volume of trade through these ports to smuggle contraband both ways, including drugs transiting Russia to Western markets and automobiles stolen in Europe for Russian buyers. The trade in strategic commodities--particularly fuel and energy resources--is a particularly lucrative target for criminal groups.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">Operating within the sizable ethnic Russian population in the Baltic countries, Russian crime groups have taken advantage of the privatization process to buy business enterprises that became part of their criminal empires. They have established numerous front companies, particularly in the import/export sector for the purposes of facilitating illicit trade and laundering money.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: white;">The rapid growth and poor government oversight of the Baltic countries' financial sectors enabled a few Russian criminal groups to acquire some control or influence in banking institutions to launder money and to make insider loans to their own front companies. The collapse of Latvia's Bank Baltja--the largest commercial bank in Latvia at the time of its failure in August 1995--illustrates the potentially severe implications of this trend. Bank Baltija was the centerpiece of a Russian and Latvian crime syndicate that used the bank to make bad loans to its own companies, defrauding the bank's accounts of as much as $40 million. The bank's collapse provoked a major financial crisis in Latvia, contributed to the fall of the government, and forced Latvia to seek short-term assistance from the International Monetary Fund. This episode prompted Latvia to adopt tougher laws regulating the banking sector.</span><br />
<h2>
<span style="color: white;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="r8"></a><a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/pub45270chap3.html#8">Ukraine and Moldova</a></span></h2>
<span style="color: white;">As a strategic crossroads between East and West, Ukraine has experienced a significant increase in all forms of organized criminal activity during the 1990s. Transportation routes through Ukraine are used by Russian and Ukrainian organized crime groups to smuggle arms, drugs, other contraband, illegal immigrants, and trafficked women between Russia, Ukraine, and Western Europe. The volume of legitimate trade, including in strategic commodities such as oil, make Black Sea ports in Odesa and in the Crimea attractive to organized crime. Russian organized crime groups are particularly well-connected in Crimea and Odesa--dating back to Soviet rule.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">Organized crime has flourished in Moldova over the past decade, especially in the breakaway Transnistria Region. Moldova's local crime groups have established close ties to Russian, Ukrainian, and other foreign criminal syndicates that also act in the country. Criminal groups in Moldova are frustrating government efforts to attract needed foreign investment and are contributing to political and social instability.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">Moldova is one of the largest per capita sources of trafficked women and girls in the NIS, primarily for the sex industry in Turkey, Greece, Italy, and the Balkans.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">As in Russia, the overlapping connections among the new business class, criminal groups, and government officials have made corruption a significant problem for Ukraine and Moldova. Political connections have assisted criminal groups and their front companies' efforts to acquire lucrative contracts or state-issued licenses for exports, particularly in the energy and metals-trading industries. Corruption in Ukraine has contributed to a significant level of gangland violence that has involved or targeted government officials.</span><br />
<h2>
<span style="color: white;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="r9"></a><a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/pub45270chap3.html#9">The Caucasus and Central Asia</a></span></h2>
<span style="color: white;">In both regions, criminal groups are taking advantage of nominal border controls and weak law enforcement. The mountainous, remote Caucasus countries of Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan, have traditionally not had the benefit of active control by law enforcement. Criminal activity there has been largely local and focused on extortion, robbery, smuggling, and kidnapping. The Central Asian countries have become an increasingly important alternative to traditional Southwest Asian-Balkans routes for heroin and hashish shipments from Afghanistan destined for Russia and Europe. Tajikistan is the major gateway for Afghan heroin being smuggled into Russia. Organized crime groups in Central Asia and the Caucasus will look to take advantage of development in the Caspian Sea oil basin, which gives them potential access to lucrative oil revenues.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">The Central Asian countries are increasingly calling for action against the expanding drug trade from Afghanistan. Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan in particular believe that drug trafficking is a major source of funds for insurgencies threatening their national security.</span><br />
<h2>
<span style="color: white;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="r10"></a><a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/pub45270chap3.html#10">Russian Organized Crime</a></span></h2>
<span style="color: white;">Powerful Russian criminal organizations with international networks are one of the most troubling and dangerous legacies of the former Soviet Union. Russian criminal groups had their genesis in the Soviet era when the black market helped to grease the wheels of the command economy, including ensuring that large state-owned factories received the necessary supplies to keep operating. They also developed allies among Soviet officials by providing them goods and services difficult to obtain in the USSR. While in Soviet prisons during the 1970s and 1980s, some of the top crime leaders forged personal ties that today facilitate occasional coordination of activities, sharing of business investments, and support for one another when in trouble. Russian organized crime groups exploited the privatization of state-owned resources and systemic weaknesses in Russia's fledgling market economy following the collapse of the Communist system to build powerful criminal empires. They cultivated mutually beneficial relationships with government officials and politicians to become powerful players in Russian politics and society.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">According to the MVD, there are 89 major criminal communities in Russia that comprise about 1,000 smaller criminal groups. Eleven of these communities, made up of 243 groups with some 50,000 members, also operate in 44 other countries. The US Government estimates there are about 200 sophisticated organized crime groups in Russia with a broad range of operations, some of which extend beyond Russia's borders in some 60 different countries. Most Russian criminal organizations are located in industrial and commercial centers, giving them opportunity to make inroads into lucrative sectors of the Russian economy.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">Russian crime groups are characterized by ruthlessness and violence, and many are very well armed-- presenting a formidable challenge to Russian law enforcement elements, which are often outgunned, and underfunded particularly at the local level. There is no apparent supreme hierarchy among Russian organized crime groups, nor is any one group masterminding the activities of the others. Instead, Russian criminal organizations have their own spheres of influence that are generally defined by geography, ethnicity, and, in some cases, specific criminal activity.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><b>International Bases of Operation</b><br />From their Russian base, the leaders of major Russian organized crime groups have broadened their influence worldwide through political and business contacts, which they have used to facilitate their legitimate and illicit business interests on a global scale. Since the collapse of the Soviet Union, Russian organized crime groups have spread rapidly beyond the former Soviet borders and have a presence in some 60 countries in Europe, North and South America, the Caribbean, Asia, and Africa. The international presence of Russian organized crime, however, is most pronounced in Eastern and Central Europe, where Russian crime groups are involved in narcotics and weapons trafficking, car theft, and financial crimes. Russian organized crime money-laundering operations have been observed in offshore banking centers in the South Pacific, Cyprus, and various Caribbean islands as well as in East European economies. These groups tend to mount sophisticated large-scale financial fraud schemes.</span><br />
<b><a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/752571.gif"><span style="color: white;">Map<br />Drug-Trafficking Routes From Northern Afghanistan</span></a></b><br />
<br />
<table bgcolor="#CCCCCC" border="1" cellpadding="10" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr><td><i><b><span style="background-color: #cccccc; color: red;">Solntsevo: Russian Organized Crime Group With International Dimensions</span></b></i><br />
<i><span style="background-color: #cccccc; color: red;">The Solntsevo criminal organization is widely perceived to be the most powerful Russian crime syndicate in terms of wealth, influence, and financial control. Its leadership, structure, and operations exemplify the new breed of Russian criminals that emerged with the breakup of the Soviet system. Rather than the traditional "thieves-in-law" who dominated the criminal underworld during the Soviet period and played more of a "godfather" role in overseeing loosely organized criminal networks, the leaders of Solntsevo and other post-Soviet Russian criminal groups are not only more flamboyant, aggressive, and politically savvy, but also well-versed in modern technology and business practices that allow them to operate efficiently across international borders.</span></i><br />
<i><span style="background-color: #cccccc; color: red;">The power and wealth of the Solntsevo crime group derive largely from its financial and business network in Russia and highly placed political connections. According to press reports, Solntsevo benefits from Moscow city projects through its reported links to a construction, tourism, real estate, and utility conglomerate that obtained many of its properties from the city and holds others jointly with the municipal government.</span></i><br />
<i style="background-color: #cccccc;"><span style="color: red;">While dominating Moscow's criminal underworld-- including the market for drugs, particularly cocaine-- Solntsevo also has extensive worldwide operations. Solntsevo's internation</span><span style="color: red;">al criminal activities are said to include trafficking narcotics and arms and money laundering.</span></i></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="color: white;">Outside former Soviet Bloc borders, Russian criminals take advantage of places that are most attractive to Russian businessmen and tourists, using them as cover and opportunity to engage in a broad range of criminal activities. Russian criminals use overseas resorts frequented by Russian speakers to run extortion rackets and prostitution rings, trade in black-market consumer goods and drugs, and to launder money.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">Russian crime groups are also attracted to countries that have liberal cash circulation laws, few restrictions on direct investment, and allow nonresidents to establish businesses. Investments in the real estate, tourist, and entertainment sectors, interest in banks and financial services companies, and the establishment of front companies in countries frequented by tourists and businessmen from the former Soviet Union provide a ready haven for laundering and hiding illicit proceeds earned there and smuggled out of Russia and the NIS.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">Russian organized crime groups have affiliated themselves with Italian criminal organizations to increase their illicit profits and range of operations, according to press reporting. They have used their ties to Italian criminal groups to establish extensive businesses in Italy--investing as much as $4-7 billion between 1993 and 1995 alone, according to Italian trade industry estimates--primarily to facilitate money laundering. Russian and Italian criminals cooperate in international drug trafficking, arms smuggling, and counterfeiting.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: white;">Over the last several years, Russian organized crime groups have been expanding their operations internationally by establishing international business enterprises in offshore financial centers. Low incorporation fees and quick startup provisions in many offshore havens have enabled Russian criminals to change firm names--complicating any law enforcement investigations against them--with relative ease and low cost. The use of nominee shareholders and directors also hides ownership and helps to avoid account inquiries in the case of litigation or criminal investigations. Once Russian criminal proceeds have been placed in an offshore firm, they can be moved quickly and relatively safely through the global electronic funds transfer network supporting international banking and commerce.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><b>Transnational Crimes</b><br />Russian organized crime groups are heavily involved in <b>economic crimes</b>.<b> </b>The bulk of the most serious economic crimes are in the credit and financial spheres; the Russian Government reported more than 300,000 economic crimes in 1999, about 10 percent of the total crimes registered. The most common financial crimes include credit defaults, theft by bank employees, and forging of documents.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">Russian criminal groups take advantage of the tourist industry and prey on Russian tourists and Russian-owned businesses overseas, particularly in the countries they most frequent. Tourism industries abroad catering to Russian visitors are shaken down and exploited by Russian organized crime. According to Russian press reporting in 1998, Russian crime groups routinely demand 10 to 15 percent of the revenue from hotels, casinos, and restaurants frequented by Russian speakers. Crime groups from the former Soviet Union use the tourism industry to move women--posing as tourists or members of large tour groups--overseas to serve in prostitution rings. Some, if not most, of the women reportedly are held in virtual slavery.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">Some Russian crime groups own interests in several airlines, air charters, and travel agencies operating in the former Soviet Union and elsewhere that they use to facilitate and conceal their criminal operations overseas. The travel industry provides Russian criminals with cover and the means to smuggle contraband from abroad into Russia, including drugs and electronic appliances, clothing, and other consumer goods that they sell on the black market.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">With the former Soviet Union having opened as an avenue for narcotics shipments from Afghanistan, Russian criminal organizations have gotten increasingly involved in the <b>drug trade</b>. There is little information confirming major Russian involvement in the transit of narcotics across the former Soviet Union, but Russian organized crime groups dominate the domestic drug market and take advantage of Baltic seaports and Russia's now-porous borders with Eastern Europe to smuggle heroin into West European markets and bring cocaine into Russia.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">Press reporting from the region says that Russian troops in Tajikistan have accepted large bribes to facilitate the movement of Afghanistan-produced narcotics into Central Asia and are themselves involved in drug trafficking. In the most notable incident, Tajikistan officials seized 109 kilograms of opium from a Russian Border Guards helicopter in August 1996.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: white;">International drug traffickers and Russian criminal groups have established relationships both to move narcotics through the former Soviet Union and to supply the Russian market. Press reporting, which cited Russian law enforcement and Interpol information, indicates that by the mid-1990s Italian and Russian crime groups had at least tacit agreements to cooperate in the movement of narcotics through the former Soviet Union.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">With close ties to corrupt officers and soldiers in the Russian armed forces, Russian organized crime groups are heavily involved in illicit <b>arms trafficking</b>. Most Russian criminal arms deals involve sales within Russia and other countries of the former Soviet Union, including to combatants in ethnic conflicts in Chechnya, Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan. Some Russian arms trafficking has been to countries in the throes of civil conflict. Unconfirmed press reporting indicates that Russian criminal groups have sold large caliber weapons to Latin American drug traffickers in exchange for cocaine.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><b>Russian Organized Crime in the United States</b><br />Russian organized crime has been a growing law enforcement problem in the United States since small groups began establishing a foothold in this country in the late 1970s. Although many Russian crime groups are based in the United States, others are cells of criminal organizations based overseas. As in Russia, there is no supreme authority tying these groups together in the United States.</span><br />
<b><a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/376917.gif"><span style="color: white;">Graphic<br />Most Frequent Violations Found in US Investigations Involving Russian Organized Crime, FY 2000</span></a></b><br />
<span style="color: white;">Larger Russian criminal organizations based in Moscow and other locations overseas have become an increasing law enforcement concern since they began establishing a US presence after the 1991 dissolution of the Soviet Union. Unlike the smaller gangs that were already established in Russian-speaking enclaves--whose criminal focus is on white-collar fraud crimes and which do not have any specific ties to Russian organized crime abroad--these larger groups are involved in large-scale criminal activities, with international dimensions, that generate enormous profits. Their connections to powerful criminal organizations in Russia provide them a source of illicit contraband and criminal expertise. The US-based members or affiliates of these groups provide services like laundering large sums of money or acquiring drugs for the Russian market.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">Russian criminal organizations in the United States are adept at moving funds through a global complex of front companies, offshore financial service centers, and crime-controlled banks to facilitate extraction of criminal proceeds originating in Russia, as well as to launder funds generated from US-based criminal operations.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: white;">Although Russian organized crime is still not as significant a threat in the United States as La Cosa Nostra and some other ethnic-based crime groups, the sophistication and international connections of Russian crime groups in the US make them well-positioned to expand their criminal operations. US law enforcement indicates that Russian criminals in the United States are, in general, better educated and more skilled than members of La Cosa Nostra; law enforcement analysts consider Russians among the best in the world in orchestrating economic and financial crimes.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">Russian criminal organizations operating in the United States are primarily involved in extortion, drug trafficking, auto theft, cigarette smuggling, trafficking in stolen art and icons, and money laundering. Russian crime groups are not major players in the US drug market--although the potential is there--but use the United States as a transit avenue for cocaine destined for Russia.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: white;">Russian criminals are also extensively involved in a wide array of fraudulent schemes, including health care fraud and defrauding financial institutions. Some of these scams are in league with La Cosa Nostra. Insurance fraud schemes in the United States by Russian crime groups netted $2 billion from California's subscribers to one insurance company in the 1990s, according to press reports, and $200,000 from an insurance company in Boston in the late 1990s.</span></li>
</ul>
<h2>
<span style="color: white;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="r11"></a><a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/pub45270chap3.html#11">The Balkans</a></span></h2>
<span style="color: white;">The breakup of the former <b>Yugoslavia</b> and ensuing regional conflicts there have led to a sharp rise in criminal activity in the region. Previous Serbian, Croatian, and Bosnian Governments all used criminal networks as a means to evade international sanctions and acquire material necessary for the war effort. The collusion between governments and local criminal gangs weakened law enforcement and provided an environment ripe for corruption. Under Milosevic, the Serbian Government colluded with criminal smuggling networks to evade Western sanctions. These networks were critical in supplying the black market, which served as Serbia's de facto service economy, and may have accounted for some 20 to 40 percent of the country's GDP.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">Many of the criminal business enterprises set up to circumvent earlier sanctions are still operating. The lifting of many sanctions since the Dayton peace accord in 1995 did not diminish the activities and local influence of criminal groups in the region because they were now firmly rooted in society. As the region struggles to rebuild local economies, criminal groups have little trouble finding gang-member recruits from the large number of unemployed and underemployed, many of whom view crime as an attractive source of income. Organized crime in the former Yugoslavia also continues to benefit from corruption and weak law enforcement.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">Local crime groups in all the countries of the former Yugoslavia are taking advantage of opportunities for gunrunning, smuggling liquor and cigarettes, trafficking in women for prostitution, extortion, and money laundering. Trafficking of heroin through the former Yugoslavia toward markets in Western Europe has become a major business for organized crime groups. Criminal groups tied into manufacturing enterprises are engaged in theft of intellectual property rights. Moreover, the region's local crime groups have established cooperative networks to move relatively freely across borders.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">Local crime groups not only threatened implementation of police and justice provisions of the Dayton peace accord, but their activities also impeded efforts to promote political reconciliation and economic reconstruction. Criminal gangs remain a significant problem throughout Bosnia.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">Kosovo remains plagued by criminal activity. Ethnic Albanian, Bosnian, Croatian, and Serbian organized crime groups are taking advantage of corruption and the region's porous borders to traffic women, drugs, arms, and other contraband. The former Kosovo Liberation Army may have used its organized crime links to Europe to obtain arms and ammunition.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">Organized crime groups from outside the region, primarily from Italy, have forged ties to local criminal groups in the former Yugoslavia to facilitate their own international criminal activities--particularly arms and drug smuggling. They have also used the opportunity to set up various criminal rackets in the region, including financial fraud schemes involving investments that can destabilize the economy. Italian organized crime groups have strengthened criminal relationships across the Adriatic, according to press reporting.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><b>Albania</b>, once the most isolated country in Europe, became a haven for local and foreign criminal groups after the collapse of its Stalinist regime. The opening of the country's borders and political disarray in Tirana have allowed Albania to become a primary alternative to traditional Balkan smuggling routes through the former Yugoslavia that were disrupted by the breakout of ethnic fighting in the early 1990s. Italian organized crime groups--particularly the Sacra Corona Unita from Italy's Puglian region across the Adriatic Sea--were quick to establish a presence in Albania. They routinely use Albania's long and now virtually unguarded coastline as a staging area for smuggling drugs, arms, and other contraband across the Adriatic Sea to Italy.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">Albanian crime gangs flourished in the political and economic chaos that followed the Hoxha regime's downfall. They are very well armed--having acquired sizable quantities of weapons from former government stocks--and dominate much of the rural countryside, particularly in the southern part of the country. Criminal syndicates have a powerful presence in the port cities of Durres and Vlore and other major cities. Relying on longstanding cross-Adriatic and Balkans smuggling routes, Albanian crime gangs control the local black market in consumer goods, weapons, and narcotics. In addition to acquiring heroin from Turkish criminal organizations, Albanian crime groups have become involved in cocaine trafficking, with some South American cocaine being shipped directly into Albania. Albanian crime groups are cultivating marijuana throughout Albania for distribution in both the domestic and broader European market, particularly Italy and Greece.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">As a result, Albania has become a Balkans hub for drug trafficking--including cocaine and heroin for the European market--alien smuggling, and other contraband smuggling. Albanian crime groups have expanded their criminal operations across the Adriatic into Italy, where they have become a significant criminal threat.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: white;">Organized crime has influenced political and economic developments in Albania. Thousands of Albanians lost their life savings to complex countrywide pyramid investment fraud schemes run by Albanian crime gangs and largely stage-managed by Italian criminal organizations. The collapse of the pyramid firms in late 1996 provoked a political crisis so severe it toppled the central government. Despite the restoration of public order since then and efforts by the government and police to curb their activities, Albanian crime groups remain powerful and a corrupt influence on Albania's fragile institutions.</span><br />
<h2>
<span style="color: white;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="r12"></a><a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/pub45270chap3.html#12">Ethnic Albanian Criminal Groups</a></span></h2>
<span style="color: white;">Ethnic Albanian criminal syndicates are one of the most significant of the smaller, more local crime groups that have recently expanded beyond their country's borders. Primarily a legacy of the political, social, and economic chaos that resulted from the downfall of Albania's Stalinist regime and the breakup of the former Yugoslavia in the early 1990s, ethnic Albanian crime groups have established a presence throughout Europe and are becoming a growing problem for European law enforcement. Albanian crime groups, whether originating in Kosovo or Albania itself, are typically from tightly knit clans.</span><br />
<b><a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/754791.gif"><span style="color: white;">Map<br />Smuggling Routes Through the Balkans</span></a></b><br />
<span style="color: white;">By collaborating with criminal organizations in neighboring countries and with Italian organized crime groups, ethnic Albanian crime gangs have become very active in smuggling drugs, arms, cigarettes, and illegal aliens and trafficking women throughout the region. Ethnic Albanian criminal gangs have also used ties to foreign organized crime groups and the large number of expatriate Albanians to expand their operations into the European Union countries. While relying on Turkish traffickers as a source for heroin, ethnic Albanian groups have become major competitors of Turkish criminal groups in trafficking drugs-- particularly Southwest Asian heroin--to parts of central and northern Europe, according to police agencies throughout the continent. Police officials have been quoted in the media as saying that Albanians now dominate local sales of heroin in Norway, Sweden, southern Germany, and Switzerland. Albanian criminal groups may also be challenging Italian organized crime interests in Italy, including heroin distribution and movement of illegal aliens from southern Italy to the north. According to Italian law enforcement, Albanian crime syndicates by 1999 controlled most of the prostitution rackets in Italy and were smuggling heroin, hashish, cigarettes, weapons, and other contraband into Italy for shipment to Western Europe. Italian law enforcement officials claim ethnic Albanian crime groups also traffic women and children to Italy.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">Albanian criminal syndicates are moving into the northeastern United States, although their criminal activities are still small-scale.</span></li>
</ul>
<h2>
<span style="color: white;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="r13"></a><a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/pub45270chap3.html#13">South Asia, Turkey, the Middle East, and Eastern Mediterranean</a></span></h2>
<span style="color: white;">Criminal organizations with international networks centered in Turkey, Pakistan, India, the United Arab Emirates (UAE), and Cyprus operate within a centuries-old commercial tradition of moving contraband merchandise through the South Asia-Middle East-Eastern Mediterranean region. The region is a focal point for narcotics and arms smuggling between Europe and Asia and for brokering a wide range of illicit deals, including to evade US or international sanctions and to transfer controlled technologies and materials associated with weapons of mass destruction. Major port and commercial cities in the region-- particularly Istanbul, Karachi, Mumbai (Bombay), and Dubai--are key centers of criminal activity. Criminal organizations in these cities exploit extensive underworld connections, pervasive political and business corruption, and the large volume of trade and financial transactions. Although commercial centers now have modern financial services, criminals also hide their funds and arrange illicit financing through complex, virtually impenetrable underground banking systems.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><b>South Asia</b><br />The South Asia region is a primary source of heroin for the international drug trade, primarily for the West Asian, European, and Eurasian markets. Afghanistan is the world's largest producer of illicit opium. Pakistan is a major transit country for Afghan-produced opiates and is also a source of illicit opium poppy. In India, substantial amounts of opium are diverted to the black market from legal production for pharmaceutical industries in the United States and elsewhere. South Asian heroin traffickers maintain extensive networks throughout the region in commercial centers and port cities to arrange financing and movement of drugs. Interpol reports that some 80 percent of the heroin used in Western Europe comes from South Asia.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">The US Government's annual crop estimates show that opium production in Afghanistan is more than eight times higher than in 1990. Illicit opium poppy cultivation has increased despite public pronouncements by the Taliban, which controls most of Afghanistan, that they were cutting back on the opium industry. Afghanistan by itself now accounts for 72 percent of illicit worldwide global opium production.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: white;">Illicit opium poppy cultivation in Pakistan, on the other hand, has declined from once significant to marginal levels, in large part because of intensive eradication efforts. Pakistan now accounts for less than 1 percent of the world's illicit opium production.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: white;">Illegal drug abuse has skyrocketed in the major source and transit countries that are at the crossroads of the Southwest Asia heroin trade: 3.5-5 million local addicts consume much of the region's opium and heroin production, according to UN estimates. In Pakistan alone, the heroin addict population has grown from virtually none in 1980 to more than 2 million and perhaps as high as 4 million, according to some estimates.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: white;">Under predominantly Taliban rule, international terrorists and drug traffickers have been able to operate with impunity in <b>Afghanistan</b>. The Taliban have given sanctuary to renegade Saudi terrorist Usama Bin Ladin, allowing him and other terrorist groups to operate training camps in Afghanistan. Bin Ladin, in return, has used his extensive wealth and business network to help financially support the Taliban. Despite the Taliban's public condemnation of the illicit narcotics industry, virtually all of Afghanistan's opium poppy cultivation and morphine base and heroin processing laboratories are located in Taliban-controlled territory. The Taliban profits from the Afghan drug trade by taxing opium production and drug movements.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><b>Iran</b> remains the most important conduit for Afghan drugs being moved toward lucrative markets in Western Europe. Traffickers use historical trade routes to move drugs, as well as other contraband, from Southwest Asia through Iran to Turkey, or to Iranian Persian Gulf coast seaports and harbors for shipment to the Arabian Peninsula. Bedeviled by its own large opium and heroin abuse problem, Iran has given high priority to drug interdiction and harsh punishment for captured traffickers. In recent years, Iran has been among the top countries in making drug seizures and has paid a high price in lives with more than 3,000 killed in armed confrontations with traffickers since 1988.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><b>Pakistan</b> and <b>India</b> both have traditional and modernizing criminal underworlds involved in contraband smuggling, including drugs, gold, and consumer goods. Until Afghanistan began emerging as a major center for refining opiates into morphine base and heroin in the mid-1990s, most of the region's opiate processing laboratories were located in remote Pakistani territory adjacent to the Afghan border. With its better-developed infrastructure, including a major regional commercial center and port in Karachi, Pakistan remains a major transshipment route for Afghan-produced opiates. India's well-developed transportation infrastructure, long and porous coastline, and lenient export policies and controls have played into the hands of criminal smuggling operations for drugs, gems, and other prized contraband. Inland container depots provide an easy means of smuggling drugs and other contraband from the interior to Indian seaports like Mumbai, Goa, Chennai (Madras), and Calcutta that handle a large volume of international trade.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">India's legitimate industries that support the world's pharmaceutical markets are a source of supply for raw materials and precursor chemicals for the illicit drug trade. Indian officials acknowledge a significant problem of diversion from India's extensive legitimate opium industry--which supplies much of the world's pharmaceutical market--to the more lucrative black market. As much as 25 percent of India's projected 1999 opium crop may have been diverted to the black market, according to Indian officials. In addition, some Indian-produced ephedrine and pseudoephedrine intended for pharmaceutical manufacturers has gone toward the production of methamphetamine in Southeast Asia.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><b>Turkey</b><br />Astride the Europe-Asia continental divide, Turkey also has a traditional criminal underworld and history of smuggling. While traffickers are making greater use of the former Soviet Union as an alternative route for moving Southwest Asian heroin to Western markets, Turkey remains a linchpin in the region's heroin trade. Narcotics brokers in Turkey play a critical role in buying morphine base and heroin from producers in Southwest Asia and moving the drug to distribution networks in Europe and North America. Much of the heroin entering Turkey passes through territory in the southeast controlled by the Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK), which is considered a terrorist group. The PKK reportedly levies taxes on traffickers moving drugs through border crossings with Iran or territory in southeastern Turkey that it controls.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">PKK members in Europe have been involved in wholesale and retail distribution of heroin, as well as other criminal activities, to help fund their operations. Some may funnel narcotics and criminal proceeds into party coffers. It is unclear, however, whether or to what extent the PKK central command may direct or participate in such activities, or has ties to other drug-trafficking groups in Turkey.</span></li>
</ul>
<b><a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/376932.gif"><span style="color: white;">Graphic<br />Afghanistan Opium Cultivation</span></a></b><br />
<span style="color: white;"><b>The United Arab Emirates</b><br />As a regional transportation, banking, and commercial crossroads between Europe, the Middle East, North Africa, and Asia, the UAE--with its permissive business environment--has emerged as an important locus of criminal activity. The UAE maintains an advanced maritime shipping infrastructure, including at least 15 commercial seaports, to facilitate international trade. According to the international shipping industry, UAE seaports are handling nearly 5 million containers per year, 2.8 million in Dubai alone. More than 70 percent of containers arriving in UAE ports are in transit and are not inspected by customs officials, making them an attractive shipping option for criminals trafficking contraband through the region. The UAE also has extensive international air connections; more than 60 airlines provide scheduled passenger service between Dubai and more than 150 foreign destinations. Some UAE-based firms are probably front companies for criminal organizations or states of concern.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">There is extensive smuggling of contraband through Dubai, into whose ports more than half of the containers shipped to and through the UAE arrive. Dubai is an important transit point for precursor chemicals required for the production of heroin in Afghanistan and Pakistan. The UAE is becoming a more important transit avenue for drug shipments from Southwest Asia on their way to Turkey, Europe, and Africa.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: white;">Organized crime groups from Russia and other former Soviet countries--particularly from Central Asia--have established criminal and money-laundering networks in Dubai.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: white;">Dubai has become a significant center for financing illicit activities, in part because the preference of many businesses to deal in large amounts of cash makes it difficult for banks to distinguish between legitimate and illicit transactions. Drug traffickers, criminal organizations, and terrorist groups appear to use the Dubai banking system to launder money and conduct major financial transactions. The UAE is also a major center for underground banking hawala networks tied to India and Pakistan.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">According to press reports, money-laundering activity in the UAE may total $1 billion annually. The UAE is actively considering statutes that would make money laundering a crime, and the UAE Central Bank has recently issued new regulations to combat money laundering.</span></li>
</ul>
<table bgcolor="#CCCCCC" border="1" cellpadding="10" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr><td><i><b><span style="color: red;">South Asian Heroin Trafficking and Criminal Networks</span></b></i><br />
<i><span style="color: red;">Much of the Afghan opium industry and drug trafficking in Southwest Asia is controlled by a network of traffickers based in Pakistan and Afghanistan. Their ethnic, tribal, and political affiliations give them the connections and capability to negotiate drug transactions, assemble drug loads, and transport shipments to wholesale buyers in Turkey and other international markets. This network of loosely affiliated traffickers frequently cooperates with other traffickers based in Pakistan, Afghanistan, Iran, and the UAE.</span></i><br />
<i><span style="color: red;">Powerful Indian criminal syndicates, particularly Mumbai-based crime groups, became involved in international drug trafficking in the mid-to-late 1980s when the Iran-Iraq war disrupted traditional Southwest Asian heroin trafficking routes from Pakistan, through Iran, to Turkey. Relying on Indian expatriates living in the UAE, Indian crime syndicates use long-established networks for smuggling gold, silver, counterfeit currency, electronic goods, and other contraband to transship heroin from South Asia to markets in Europe and, to a lesser extent, North America.</span></i><br />
<i><span style="color: red;">Indian criminal syndicates also may be involved in arms trafficking, alien smuggling, and trafficking in women. Narcotics trafficking may be an important source of revenue for Indian crime syndicates; trafficking patterns show connections to Europe, Africa, Southeast Asia, and regionally to Sri Lanka. Indian crime groups also dominate the methaqualone drug trade in eastern and southern Africa; South Africa is a particularly important market for methaqualone, also known as mandrax, which is produced primarily in India.</span></i></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="color: white;"><b>Lebanon</b><br />Although its political situation is stabilizing, Lebanon remains a haven for terrorist training, as well as a minor drug-trafficking and processing center. Several Islamic extremist and Middle East terrorist factions continue to maintain training camps in the Bekaa Valley, and some have used the country as a staging area for terrorist attacks against Israel. Syrian and Lebanese authorities cracked down on opium and cannabis cultivation in the 1990s, but drug traffickers continue to operate in the area. Opiates from Southwest Asia and cocaine from South America appear to be moving through Lebanon into Turkey, Syria, Israel, Jordan, the Arabian Peninsula, and other destinations.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><b>Israel</b><br />Since the collapse of the Soviet Union, Israel has become a significant operating area for Russian criminals, who take advantage of Israel's large Russian immigrant community of more than 600,000 to conduct criminal activities in Israel and abroad and launder illicit proceeds. Several international criminal figures from Russia, Ukraine, and other NIS have obtained Israeli citizenship and passports, often fraudulently, for the purpose of establishing a safehaven in Israel and to facilitate their international travel. According to press reports, Israeli police officials have estimated that 10 to 15 organized crime groups from the former Soviet Union, including Solntsevo, have a presence in Israel.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">Russian criminals who have obtained Israeli citizenship appear to believe they are protected from foreign law enforcement investigations and that they will not be extradited to a foreign country to stand trial for crimes committed there.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: white;">Prior to Israel's passing a law making money laundering a crime in August 2000, strict bank secrecy laws and the absence of currency import controls and bank reporting requirements made Israel a major haven for money laundering by Russian criminal syndicates. Israeli police sources estimate that organized crime groups have invested as much as $4.5 billion in Israel since the early 1990s. The security of Israeli investments and the stability and growth of the Israeli economy are attractive to criminals seeking investment opportunities for their illicit proceeds. One recent press report cited Israeli police sources as saying about $5 billion of Israel's $17 billion in foreign exchange reserves may be attributed to money belonging to Russian organized crime.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">The growing presence of Russian crime groups has exacerbated the organized crime problem in Israel. Russian crime groups traffic women into Israel from Russia and the NIS, control prostitution rackets, and illegally produce and import music and computer software CDs. Russian criminals in Israel may also be involved in diamond smuggling; Israel is a hub of the legitimate international diamond trade, importing more than half of worldwide diamond production.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><b>Cyprus</b> With a business environment that features a minimum of regulations and a location astride major commercial routes, Cyprus has<i><b> </b></i>been a regional center for arms trafficking, sanctions evasions, and trade in dual-use goods related to weapons of mass destruction. Nicosia's focus on developing the island's offshore business sector through corporate-friendly policies intended to lure legitimate businesses to Cyprus also attracted firms and individuals involved in illicit international trade and illicit financial transactions. Banking and corporate secrecy, little or no taxes, and simplified incorporation procedures have made it easy for states of concern, terrorist groups, and organized crime groups to set up numerous front companies to facilitate illicit arms transshipments, acquire proscribed technologies, and launder funds. Commercial information indicates that the island's development of free ports and free trade zones in Limassol and Larnaca have been attractive to businesses seeking to transship illicit cargo because goods in transit are rarely inspected; according to industry journals, about 5,000 ships from some 100 shipping lines call at Cypriot ports annually.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">There are some 24,000 offshore firms registered in Cyprus, of which approximately 1,100 maintain a physical presence on the island.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: white;"><b>Greece</b><br />With its extensive Mediterranean and Aegean coastlines, numerous islands, overland borders with the Balkans, and vibrant banking sector, Greece has emerged as an increasingly active hub for international criminal activity. Greece is located along two spurs of the traditional Balkans route for drug trafficking. Crime syndicates from the Balkans--including ethnic Albanian crime groups--Western and Central Europe, Africa, and the former Soviet Union use Greek territory to smuggle drugs, arms, cigarettes, and illegal migrants to Western Europe. Italian criminal organizations control the illegal cigarette trade in Greece, according to press reports, and earn as much as $500 million per year from cigarette smuggling. Greek law enforcement officials are particularly worried about the presence of Russian criminal groups that are engaged in money laundering, extortion, and trafficking women for the sex industry.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">According to Greek police officials, international crime syndicates operating in Greece take in as much as $11.5 billion annually from their criminal operations.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: white;">Weak enforcement of money-laundering laws has made Greece an attractive locale for money laundering, particularly by Russian organized crime.</span></li>
</ul>
<table bgcolor="#CCCCCC" border="1" cellpadding="10" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr><td><i><b><span style="color: white;">Southeast Asian Drug-Trafficking Networks</span></b></i><br />
<i><span style="color: white;">Heroin and methamphetamine production in Southeast Asia is dominated by ethnic drug-trafficking armies operating mostly in Burma's remote opium-producing region. The drug-trafficking armies had begun as insurgent groups and still claim to have an ethnic-based social and political agenda, but the largest have become primarily engaged in the production and trafficking of heroin and methamphetamine and in other illicit and lucrative economic activities--including gem smuggling and illegal logging and timber smuggling. Since its continuing crackdown on the prodemocracy movement began in 1988, the military regime in Burma has reached agreements with most of these ethnic armies in remote regions which have allowed the regime to focus on prodemocracy threats in critical urban areas while turning a blind eye to drug trafficking and other criminal activities.</span></i><br />
<ul>
<li><i><span style="color: white;">With the breakup of the Mong Tai Army, which had been led by the notorious heroin kingpin Khun Sa, in 1996 as a result of disruptions caused by the arrests of high-level associates in a joint US-Thai law enforcement operation, Thailand's closing of border checkpoints used by the trafficking group, and Burmese military pressure, the United Wa State Army (UWSA) has become the largest drug producer in Southeast Asia. In addition to being the biggest regional producer of heroin, the UWSA is also the dominant producer of methamphetamine, for which there is a large market in Thailand.</span></i></li>
</ul>
<i><span style="color: white;">Ethnic Chinese and Thai criminal networks in Thailand and Burma play a major role as brokers, financial backers, and transporters in the Southeast Asian heroin trade. Operating in major regional commercial centers like Bangkok, Hong Kong, Singapore, and Taiwan and using a wide array of interchangeable front companies and legitimate businesses, Chinese and Thai criminal networks also arrange financing and transportation of drugs, routing drugs through many different ports--largely by commercial shipping--to their final destination.</span></i></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h2>
<span style="color: white;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="r14"></a><a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/pub45270chap3.html#14">Southeast Asia</a></span></h2>
<span style="color: white;">The export-oriented economies of Southeast Asia provide both opportunity and cover for international criminal activities, as well as a market for drugs, counterfeit products, and other contraband. Bangkok, Singapore, and Kuala Lumpur are attractive locales for international criminal activity because they are the region's largest commercial centers. The high volume of land and maritime trade, particularly containerized shipping, extensive manufacturing industries, and breadth of financial activity facilitate contraband smuggling, money laundering, and violations of trademark and intellectual property rights. Firms in Malaysia are major counterfeiters of US audio, visual, and software products. Nearly one-third of all the women and children victimized by trafficking rings for the worldwide sex industry are from Southeast Asia. Singapore is an increasingly important hub for drug and other contraband smuggling because of its high-volume seaport.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">According to trade data, Singapore vies with Hong Kong as one of the world's busiest container ports, handling 15.3 million containers; 80 percent of all Southeast Asian maritime traffic destined for US west coast seaports has a Singapore nexus, according to the US Customs Service. Singapore's international airport is Asia's busiest air cargo terminal.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: white;">Investments in the region's infrastructure development by businessmen engaged in a wide variety of illegal trade activities have facilitated contraband smuggling and money laundering. Unscrupulous businessmen in all of the region's countries, many of whom had long been involved in drug or contraband smuggling, exploited Southeast Asia's economic boom prior to late 1997 to raise wealth and significant political influence. In Thailand and Singapore in particular, they took advantage of ambitious government programs for economic growth and infrastructure development to establish lucrative criminal enterprises alongside legitimate businesses. Some have accumulated significant wealth through dealings in narcotics, illegal gambling, lotteries, illegal logging, prostitution, extortion, contraband smuggling, and arms trafficking. Major drug traffickers in Burma reportedly have become significant investors in infrastructure development, which can be used to facilitate both drug smuggling and money laundering.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">Opium poppy growing regions in remote areas of Burma and Laos make Southeast Asia the world's second-largest source region, after Southwest Asia, for illicit opium for the international heroin trade.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="ft1"></a><a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/pub45270chap3.html#rft1"><b>(1)</b></a>Opium poppy cultivation is an important income-earner for the hill tribes residing in these impoverished regions, where the infrastructure for supporting legitimate economic activity is either lacking or in poor repair.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">Southeast Asia accounts for more than half of illicit opium poppy cultivation, according to the US Government's narcotics production estimates, despite poor growing weather from 1997 to 2000 that substantially reduced the size of the crop. Nonetheless, Burma alone accounted for about 50 percent of the world's illicit opium cultivation in 2000. In contrast to its high cultivation, Burma produced only 21 percent of the world total of illicit opium. Laos ranked third with 4 percent of illicit global production. Southeast Asia's opium production is substantially lower than Southwest Asia's only because opium yields are about one-fourth those of Afghanistan.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: white;">Unskilled young males in or from these regions-- especially those who have migrated to urban areas where they have few job prospects--are a prime source of recruits by drug trafficking and other criminal organizations. Many of the crews of fishing boats used to smuggle heroin through the Gulf of Thailand to major commercial maritime transshipment ports in the region--Singapore and Hong Kong, for example--are migrants from northeastern Thailand and similarly impoverished regions in Burma and Cambodia.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">The social and political consequences of criminal activity have been considerable for all countries in the region. A large criminal underground largely immune from law enforcement and judicial actions because of bribes and favors bestowed on powerful politicians, bureaucrats, police, and military figures has helped undermine the credibility of Southeast Asian institutions. Criminal earnings, especially from the drug trade, underpin important new investments in Southeast Asia. Russian crime groups, for example, are involved in the tourism industry in Ban Phattha Ya, Thailand. Meanwhile, Southeast Asia's longtime role as a major conduit for Burma-produced narcotics-- both heroin and, more recently, methamphetamine-- has fed a growing drug addiction problem.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">About 800,000 Thai are infected by HIV, some 10 percent from heroin abuse, according to Bangkok's Ministry of Health.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: white;">In recent years, international criminal activity has become a more significant problem for Indochina. As a result of Thailand's intensified efforts against drug smuggling, traffickers primarily use southern China as a transit route but have also increased their use of Cambodia and Vietnam as an alternative transshipment route. Opium poppy cultivation has become established in northern Vietnam, and Hanoi's efforts to improve the country's transportation and import/ export infrastructure are making Vietnam more attractive to drug traffickers and other criminals. Phnom Penh's renewed emphasis on economic development has increased opportunities for corrupt business entrepreneurs like Teng Boonma, a longtime reputed drug trafficker in Southeast Asia. According to the Cambodian press, Teng owns most of Kampong Saom--the country's most important port city--and a key transit point for Cambodian marijuana.</span><br />
<b><a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/376933.gif"><span style="color: white;">Graphic<br />Burma's Opium Production, 1988-2000</span></a></b><br />
<h2>
<span style="color: white;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="r15"></a><a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/pub45270chap3.html#15">China</a></span></h2>
<span style="color: white;">China's increasing role as a source area of international criminal activity, including greater worldwide influence of Chinese criminal syndicates, has paralleled its emergence as a global economic power and Beijing's opening to foreign investment. US law enforcement reporting indicates that, since the early 1990s, more than half of the heroin produced in Burma now transits Yunnan Province and other regions of China on its way to drug markets in China itself and in North America and Australia. Fujian Province is a major base of operations for criminal brokers known as "snakeheads" who, using contacts around the world, orchestrate the movement of illegal Chinese immigrants to the United States, Canada, Europe, Latin America, Asia, and Australia. Legitimate textile works, factories, and high-tech manufacturers in Guangdong Province are major producers of pirated and counterfeit products; according to the International Intellectual Property Alliance, China is a leading violator of US intellectual property rights.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">Criminal activity flourishes in China despite extremely strict penalties, including death, for many crimes.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: white;">Beijing's economic reforms and priority given to promoting international trade and investment have created opportunities for both mainland and overseas Chinese organized crime syndicates.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">Economic liberalization has allowed criminal syndicates to establish front companies and to invest in legitimate business enterprises. As in legitimate ventures, government officials and enterprises are often enlisted as partners to help facilitate business operations. In some cases, participation of Chinese authorities in criminal business ventures helps shield them from investigations and prosecutions.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: white;">The substantial improvements being undertaken or planned for mainland China's seaport facilities-- including expanded capacity to handle large container ships--open more options for Chinese criminals using international trade as a cover for their operations. Larger capacity ports allow them to diversify routes by transporting illicit cargoes, including drugs and arms, directly across the Pacific to major seaports in the United States, Canada, or Panama without having to transit Hong Kong, Taiwan, Singapore, or Japan. Moreover, technology improvements at the new port facilities--together with corrupt local customs enforcement--allow criminals to move goods faster, cheaper, and often with less risk.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: white;">The decline of some traditional Communist social policies in China has given criminal groups unprecedented flexibility. The abolition of internal travel controls facilitates moving drugs, arms, and illegal migrants to coastal ports for smuggling out of the country, as well as the movement of contraband to big city markets inside China. Moreover, the large "floating population" of rural migrants seeking work provides a steady source of recruits for Chinese crime groups.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: white;">Widespread corruption, particularly at the local level, has contributed to increasing international criminal activity in China. Often lacking modern equipment and training in modern police tactics, China's police are ill-equipped to deal with the growing crime problem. In some regions of China, local military units have supplemented the police in law enforcement operations, especially against smuggling networks. Corrupt officials in some Chinese Government organizations and state-run business enterprises have been involved in illicit activities ranging from facilitating drug trafficking and alien smuggling, to providing arms to criminal groups in the black market, to smuggling strategic materials--particularly petroleum products--into the country.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">The entrepreneurial stake of many Chinese officials in various business enterprises--fully legitimate and otherwise--lends itself to criminal activity for profit. Chinese arms factories under pressure to earn hard currency and attracted to easy money on the black market may be a source of weapons for Chinese arms traffickers. Ephedrine and pseudoephedrine produced in China for the world's legitimate pharmaceutical markets are also illegally exported or diverted to the international illicit drug-producing market, where these commodities are key components in the production of methamphetamine; in November 1997, authorities in Shaanxi Province seized 10 metric tons of ephedrine that was on its way to Burma.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">These developments, together with Beijing's policy of inviting overseas Chinese businessmen to trade and invest in China, have allowed powerful Chinese triad criminal organizations from Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan to establish strong footholds on the mainland, especially southern China. The triads have set up many varied businesses in Guangdong and Fujian Provinces, the Shenzhen and Xiamen Special Economic Zones, and Beijing where there is a significant international business presence and a substantial volume of trade and financial transactions. Firms associated with import/export trade and manufacturing may be used as cover for drug trafficking, arms trafficking, alien smuggling, and the piracy and distribution of products protected by intellectual property rights. Entertainment businesses--such as gambling, prostitution, nightclubs, karaoke parlors--that cater to Chinese elites and foreign businessmen are cash-intensive and provide excellent cover for money-laundering schemes.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">Press reporting indicates the Hong Kong triads have been cultivating Chinese officials since the early 1990s to ease their way into mainland China.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: white;">Mainland Chinese crime groups exploiting widespread corruption have established strong ties of their own to Chinese officials and entrepreneurs. In Fujian Province, Chinese alien smuggling networks operate with the assistance of corrupt officials, local police, and customs officers. Through these activities and the establishment of international networks, mainland Chinese criminal syndicates may be eclipsing the once-dominant role played by triad members from Hong Kong and Macau.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><b>Political and Economic Impact</b><br />Chinese authorities are increasingly concerned about the impact of criminal activity on Chinese society. Drug abuse and violent crime have become more pronounced, challenging China's police and social services and undermining Communist Party authority. The impact on the Chinese economy has been significant; criminal activities have cost the Chinese Government sizable losses in tax revenues, impeded industrial growth, and aggravated the difficulties facing legitimate state-owned enterprises. The Chinese leadership is particularly focused on corruption because the perception of widespread corruption at all levels of government and law enforcement is corroding the credibility and performance of Chinese leaders and law enforcement personnel.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">Public concerns about corruption were a factor in the social tensions leading up to the Tiananmen protests and crackdown on the prodemocracy movement in 1989.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: white;">In the last year in particular, China has selectively investigated, prosecuted, convicted, and punished several high-level provincial officials for criminal corruption, including trade frauds. The dynamics of leadership politics and rivalries, however, have kept several high-level political and military leaders and their families safe from prosecution despite credible allegations of their involvement in criminal or corrupt activities.</span></li>
</ul>
<b><a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/754730.gif"><span style="color: white;">Map<br />Southern China's Criminal Infrastructure</span></a></b><br />
<span style="color: white;">Heroin addiction has become an enormous problem since China became an increasingly important transshipment route for heroin produced in Burma. Before 1990, when most Southeast Asian heroin transited Thailand, China had few problems with drug trafficking or addiction. Between 1990 and 1998, however, the number of registered drug abusers in China increased by a factor of 10 from some 70,000 to nearly 700,000, according to official Chinese statistics; unofficial estimates of drug addiction in China range from 1 to 12 million.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="ft2"></a><a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/pub45270chap3.html#rft2"><b>(2)</b></a> A January 1998 Chinese press article reported that addicts in China spend some $17 billion annually on illicit drugs.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">Intravenous heroin use is contributing to a significant HIV/AIDS problem in China, accounting for 70 to 90 percent of HIV transmissions, according to Chinese press reporting. In late 1998, Chinese officials estimated there were some 300,000 HIV/AIDS cases in China, but this figure is probably conservative given weaknesses in China's HIV/AIDS reporting and monitoring system. The Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine forecasts more than 10 million by 2010 if control efforts are not successful.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: white;">Contraband smuggling has become a target for a major law enforcement crackdown beginning in July 1998. Chinese Premier Zhu Rongji in August 1998 announced that rampant smuggling had reached unprecedented levels in terms of its scope and quantity of products. He also blamed smuggling for corrupting government officials, poisoning social morals, and a surge in other crimes. China's high tariffs and taxes, as well as nontariff barriers to trade, make smuggling of foreign-produced automobiles, cigarettes, computer software and equipment, electronics, petroleum products, and other goods extremely lucrative for criminal groups and corrupt officials. Illegal imports, besides depriving the government of substantial customs revenue, have seriously disrupted China's key oil industry, as well as the country's computer, automobile, and cigarette sectors, according to press reports. Organized crime syndicates, including Hong Kong's 14K triad and mainland criminal groups, are heavily involved in the smuggling of automobiles and cigarettes into China for Chinese consumers and for reexport to foreign markets.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">Local press reports in 1998 indicated that the value of goods smuggled into China totals about $12 billion annually. During the first eight months of 1998, Chinese officials seized more than $650 million in smuggled goods that would have netted $200 million in customs duties. A good portion of China's capital flight--estimated by one business industry journal at $20 billion for 1998--is said to go toward smuggled goods.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: white;">China is also struggling to control a growing black market in small arms, including military weapons, that are sold to criminal groups throughout East Asia. Increasing quantities of firearms have shown up inside China, contributing to the crime problem and sometimes challenging the firepower available to local Chinese police and security officers. Chinese police in Guangdong and Liaoning Provinces have encountered crime gangs armed with military-style assault rifles. A portion of the weapons traded on China's black arms market are sold to criminal groups in Hong Kong and Macau, adding to Beijing's concern about crime and social order in both enclaves. Chinese authorities claim most of the arms come from Vietnam and that Vietnamese gunrunners dominate the trade, but many of the weapons trafficked in China probably are from police and military stocks or from Chinese arms factories.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">Infrastructure development projects in China designed to attract and support foreign trade and investors are a major draw for investment by Chinese criminal groups. Some Chinese criminal syndicates try to profit from ambitiously planned infrastructure development projects in China by direct investment, offering loans, or arranging financing.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">Chinese authorities report that organized crime groups target legitimate investors in large-scale scams. According to 1998 press reports, Beijing closed down 25 large-scale investment scams each involving $125,000, and in the last half of 1998 the Chinese broke up pyramid schemes worth more than $250,000.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: white;"><b>Hong Kong</b><br />As one of the world's leading commercial, financial, and transportation centers, Hong Kong has long been a hub of criminal activity in East Asia--a status that has not changed since China assumed sovereignty over the territory in 1997. The massive volume of trade in containerized shipping through Hong Kong offers substantial opportunity for criminals to smuggle all kinds of contraband, including drugs and arms, and illegal migrants.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">Handling some 16 million containers annually, according to Hong Kong Government data, Hong Kong vies with Singapore as the busiest container port in the world.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: white;">In October 2000, Hong Kong Customs officials discovered 26 illegal Chinese migrants hidden in a maritime container about to be shipped to Long Beach, California.</span></li>
</ul>
<b><a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/376936.gif"><span style="color: white;">Graphic<br />China's Registered Drug Addicts, 1990-99</span></a></b><br />
<span style="color: white;">The volume of traffic between Hong Kong and the Chinese mainland provides enhanced cover for international criminal transactions. In 1999, according to Hong Kong Government data, some 12 million travelers and 700,000 vehicles crossed the land border from China.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">The projected growth in Hong Kong's international transportation connections is expanding the options available to Chinese criminal syndicates for smuggling drugs, arms, and other contraband products.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: white;">Hong Kong's status as one of the world's most developed financial centers makes it vulnerable to attempts to use its financial institutions for laundering illicit proceeds. Wide-ranging links to the international business community and the modern banking sector in Hong Kong provide extensive cover for money-laundering operations and for financing illicit activities.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">Daily foreign exchange turnover amounted to about $90 billion and total bank deposits approached $280 billion at the time of Hong Kong's reversion to China in 1997, according to press reports, illustrating both the potential scope and the difficulty of monitoring illicit transactions.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: white;">Hong Kong is one of East Asia's major sanctuaries for heroin drug profits. Heroin traffickers launder proceeds through numerous businesses in Hong Kong that are associated with Chinese triads.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: white;">Hong Kong's ethnic Chinese organized crime groups, commonly known as triads, control local criminal activity. As they did during the former British colonial rule, triad members continue to infiltrate and cultivate contacts in Hong Kong's civil service, political parties, news media, and stock exchange who can help protect or further their interests. While they do not monopolize international smuggling and illicit financial transactions, triad members frequently help broker deals and facilitate shipments of drugs, arms, and other illicit contraband through Hong Kong to overseas destinations.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">Hong Kong's two largest triads, the 14K and Sun Yee On, protect many of the retail businesses involved in manufacturing and distributing counterfeit compact discs and are engaged in buying, moving, and selling contraband CDs. A series of raids against several compact disc factories by Hong Kong authorities in 1998 resulted in the seizure of more than 1.8 million pirated discs. Moreover, Hong Kong's lucrative film industry is widely regarded as controlled by the triads.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">As an international commercial and financial center, Hong Kong probably continues to attract both legitimate and illicit business enterprises from the Chinese mainland. Relatively simple procedures for registering companies allow criminals to establish front companies, particularly export/import firms, to facilitate their attempts at smuggling and money laundering. At the same time, however, increasing direct interactions between southern China's major commercial centers and the international business community reduce the incentive for criminal groups or illicit businessmen to move to Hong Kong's much stricter law enforcement environment.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">In stark contrast to much of the rest of China, Hong Kong has made major headway against corruption, primarily because of its strong and effective anticorruption agency, deeply entrenched common law system, strong rule of law tradition, and well-organized and well-equipped law enforcement bodies. Over the years, Hong Kong has developed strong legal and financial systems to counter money laundering. It is substantially in compliance with the standards set by the FATF, and Hong Kong is a leader in the regulation and supervision of its financial sector. Nevertheless, despite recent legislative improvements, banking and other financial institutions in Hong Kong continue to operate with loopholes that can be exploited by international criminals, including the lack of mandatory reporting for currency deposits exceeding certain levels, tight bank secrecy laws, low taxation rates, the absence of controls on money flows into and out of Hong Kong, and the availability of underground banking networks.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><b>Macau</b><br />Since Macau's reversion to Chinese administration in 1999, organized crime continues to have substantial influence over the enclave's economy. Organized crime groups still dominate Macau's gaming industry, the primary engine of the economy. In addition to the substantial revenues they generate of their own accord, gambling and prostitution rackets in Macau are used by local and other crime groups for money laundering.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">Macau business tycoon Stanley Ho, a reputed organized crime figure, controls the gaming monopoly that has the sole license for casino gambling in Macau. In 1999, according to press reports, Ho's gaming monopoly generated a net profit of about $100 million.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: white;">Contributing to and exploiting pervasive corruption and lax law enforcement in Macau before the colony's handover to China, triad criminal groups also controlled or had substantial influence in many legitimate business enterprises, including manufacturing plants, some of which were used to cover for criminal activities. With easy access to Hong Kong, a more open border with the mainland, and few extradition or mutual legal assistance treaties with other jurisdictions, Macau had also become a transit route for arms traffickers and alien smuggling groups.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">Turf wars to control gaming parlors, loan-sharking, protection rackets, and prostitution rings were widespread in Macau before the handover.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: white;">Local and national Chinese law enforcement authorities have been working to diminish the power of organized crime in Macau since its reversion to China. Although triad involvement in casinos and other businesses remains a serious problem, there has been a marked decline in organized-crime-related violence in Macau: there were only seven murders in Macau in the first 10 months of 2000, compared to 37 murders the previous year.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">The weakness of Macau laws to combat money laundering remains a serious problem.</span></li>
</ul>
<h2>
<span style="color: white;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="r16"></a><a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/pub45270chap3.html#16">Taiwan</a></span></h2>
<span style="color: white;">Organized crime is deeply entrenched in Taiwan's business and political sectors. Large ethnic Chinese criminal syndicates such as the United Bamboo and Four Seas triads--which followed the ruling Kuomingtang party from the mainland to Taiwan in the late 1940s--and Taiwanese criminal gangs have established strong influence in Taiwan's local communities. Criminal groups are extensively involved in feeding off Taiwan's generally strong economy. They reportedly have been involved in direct extortion of "protection" money from construction firms, engage in bid-rigging for public works projects, and have tried to manipulate the island's stock market.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">Three gangs were said in 1997 to be taking 8 to 15 percent of southern Taiwan's budget for public engineering contracts, according to press reporting.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: white;">Although the organized crime problem in Taiwan is largely domestic, Taiwan-based criminal groups use the island's extensive international trade and financial links to further their illegal activities overseas. According to world trade data, the port of Kao-hsiung handles some 5 million containers annually, the third largest volume after Singapore and Hong Kong, making it vulnerable to narcotics and contraband smuggling through Taiwan to other international destinations. Shipping and other businesses in Taiwan, some influenced by organized crime, that have established subsidiaries and partners in major commercial centers in other countries, particularly Panama and elsewhere in Latin America, are believed to be used as fronts for smuggling, illicit transactions, and money laundering.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">Increasing indirect trade between China and Taiwan, and Beijing's policy of encouraging investment by Taiwan businessmen, probably is contributing to growing contacts between Taiwan and mainland Chinese criminal syndicates. Some Taiwan-based triads have links to Hong Kong and China, including establishing front companies or investing in specific criminal ventures. In 1998, Chinese authorities discovered two Taiwanese-financed methamphetamine drug laboratories in Hunan Province.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">Vote buying has provided criminals significant influence within Taiwan's political system, especially at the local level. Members of crime groups themselves seek, and often win, public office, which allows them access to lucrative public contracts and offers limited immunity from prosecution and a chance to cleanse criminal reputations.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">Political corruption and the ties of former ruling party politicians to organized crime continue to be potent political issues in Taiwan. Taiwan's new President, who won election in March 2000 largely on an anticorruption, clean government platform, has pledged to make this one of his highest domestic priorities.</span></li>
</ul>
<h2>
<span style="color: white;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="r17"></a><a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/pub45270chap3.html#17">Ethnic Chinese Criminal Networks</a></span></h2>
<span style="color: white;">The international criminal threat posed by ethnic Chinese criminal networks has become more complex as crime groups originating in mainland China have joined the traditional triad societies of Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan in expanding their networks far beyond China's borders. While the powerful triads, which trace their origins to Chinese secret societies in the 17<sup>th</sup> century, are the largest of the Chinese criminal associations, they continue to operate largely according to traditional practices and their criminal activities are largely focused on more traditional extortion, gambling, drug trafficking, gunrunning, and alien smuggling enterprises. The upstart Chinese criminal groups from mainland China, on the other hand, are more loosely organized, their members more flamboyant, and their criminal operations often more sophisticated. These groups are also extensively involved in international drug trafficking, alien smuggling, arms trafficking, and money laundering, but they have also moved more aggressively than the triads into more sophisticated and highly profitable areas of credit card fraud, theft of computer chips, software piracy, and other intellectual property violations.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">Both the triads and crime groups originating in mainland China have established relationships with ethnic Chinese crime groups in countries throughout the Pacific Rim, Europe, and the Western Hemisphere. Using traditional Chinese practices of networking, ethnic Chinese crime groups rely on a broad criminal fraternity that can broker contacts in any country where there is a large ethnic Chinese community and help facilitate transnational criminal activity.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">Chinese organized crime has strong roots in Chinese ethnic enclaves around the world. Local Chinese crime groups--ranging from street gangs to more formally structured groups modeled after, or affiliated with, traditional triads--typically are extensively involved in local rackets like gambling, loan sharking, narcotics distribution, prostitution, and business extortion.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: white;">While they are closed and secretive to outsiders, Chinese criminal organizations generally have few qualms about cooperating with other ethnic criminal groups in profitable joint ventures. For example, in the United States, Canada, and Europe, Chinese organized crime groups have worked with Italian and Dominican criminal organizations in trafficking heroin.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">Europe and North America are major targets for Chinese criminal networks. Although ethnic Chinese groups are not as powerful as Italian or Russian organized crime in Europe, they have long-established footholds in the Chinese communities of several European nations from which they appear to conduct most of their illegal operations. International Chinese organized crime groups are particularly strong in the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, and Germany. Since the late 1980s, Chinese criminal organizations have also established themselves in Central Europe, which has become a major conduit for moving illegal Chinese immigrants to Western Europe.</span><br />
<b><a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/754787.gif"><span style="color: white;">Map<br />Worldwide Triad Activity, 1998</span></a></b><br />
<span style="color: white;"><b>Triads Versus Mainland Chinese Criminal Groups</b><br />Most triad societies are based in Hong Kong, Taiwan, or Macau, but their influence spans international boundaries with members located in virtually every country that has a sizable Chinese community. Triads, which collectively have an estimated worldwide membership that exceeds 100,000, are fluid associations of ethnic Chinese criminals and quasi-legitimate businessmen involved in an array of criminal enterprises. Most Hong Kong triads have evolved into loose-knit groups operating and cooperating with each other on the basis of personal introductions and mutual interests. Triad leaders do not dictate to members what criminal activities they should pursue and generally do not receive monetary benefits unless they are directly involved with the actual criminal enterprise.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">Hong Kong police estimate there are 50 to 60 different triad societies operating in Hong Kong. Currently, Hong Kong's largest triad, Sun Yee On, is the only one with a true hierarchical structure. By contrast, the 14K triad, still one of the most powerful, is comprised of more than 15 loosely affiliated groups.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: white;">In addition to their traditional criminal enterprises, Hong Kong triads have diversified more into sophisticated white-collar crimes. Recent Hong Kong government figures suggest increased triad involvement in high-tech computer crimes and criminal activities such as possible manipulation of the stock and futures markets. Using connections in mainland China and taking advantage of the different legal systems in Hong Kong and the Guangdong region of southern China, the Hong Kong triads have also increased their cross-border criminal activities.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: white;">The major triads like 14K and Sun Yee On, both based in Hong Kong, and the United Bamboo Gang, based in Taiwan, have autonomous branches extending worldwide that help to facilitate transnational criminal activities. In the 1990s, Hong Kong triads strengthened their presence and relationships in Western countries, including by making various investments in legitimate businesses, as a hedge against the political, economic, and law enforcement uncertainties of Hong Kong's reversion to China in 1997. The two largest Hong Kong triads, 14K and Sun Yee On, have made substantial property investments in Canada this decade. The 14K reportedly is the fastest growing triad in Canada. The FBI also reports there is a substantial 14K presence in the United States.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">It is not unusual for different triad groups, both in Hong Kong and abroad, to work together where there is a specific opportunity for mutual profit. Hong Kong police, however, maintain that there is no international triad network or centralized control over cross-border activities, such as drug trafficking or alien smuggling, between mainland China and Hong Kong. Most cooperation in such criminal enterprises is more ad hoc collusion, according to Hong Kong authorities.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: white;">Criminal groups from mainland China, typified by the Big Circle Gang and the Fuk Ching Gang, have cells operating in countries around the world that cooperate with one another on an ad hoc basis to conduct far-reaching criminal schemes. These criminal cells typically operate autonomously with no known central authority controlling them. Cell leaders use their extensive connections to organize often very complex criminal operations that require a high degree of organization and planning. The coordinated efforts of members in various countries enable them to carry out international drug trafficking, arms trafficking, alien smuggling operations, as well as a variety of more sophisticated financial fraud crimes.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">US and Canadian law enforcement reporting indicates the Big Circle Gang, which is the dominant organized crime group in China, has in a short time become one of the most active Asian criminal organizations in the world. By the early 1990s, the Big Circle Gang had established criminal cells in Canada, the United States, and Europe, It is extensively involved in drug trafficking, alien smuggling, vehicle theft and trafficking, and various financial, intellectual property rights, and high-tech crimes. Big Circle Gang cells are also highly sophisticated in their use of technology to thwart law enforcement investigations, according to US law enforcement. Since first appearing in the United States in the early 1990s, Big Circle Gang members have been detected in New York, Boston, Seattle, San Francisco, and Los Angeles.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: white;">The Fuk Ching Gang is most notorious for alien smuggling, including the Golden Venture tragedy off New York in 1993.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: white;"><b>Chinese Criminal Threat to the United States</b><br />The United States faces a growing threat from Chinese organized crime groups that are using Canada as a base from which to conduct criminal activities that impact our country. Members of ethnic Chinese criminal groups from China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Macau have exploited Ottawa's immigration policies and entrepreneur program to enter the country and become Canadian residents, which makes it easier for them to cross into the United States. Canada has become a gateway for Chinese criminal activity directed at the United States, particularly heroin trafficking, credit card fraud, and software piracy.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">The two largest Hong Kong triads, 14K and Sun Yee On, increased their presence and made substantial property investments in Canada during the 1990s. Prominent 14K members from Hong Kong and Macau have emigrated to Canada during this time, and Sun Yee On triad members have settled in Toronto, Edmonton, and Vancouver. The 14K, which maintains a chapter in Toronto, also has been tied to Asian criminal activities in New York and other US cities. Sun Yee On members are involved in trafficking heroin and methamphetamine, as well as alien smuggling, to the United States, where the triad has ties to New York's Tung On Gang.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">The most active Asian criminal group operating in Canada, however, is the Big Circle Gang. The Big Circle Gang is responsible for importing much of the Southeast Asian heroin entering Canada--much of which is then smuggled into the United States--and the source for many of the counterfeit credit cards used in North America.</span><br />
<h2>
<span style="color: white;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="r18"></a><a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/pub45270chap3.html#18">Japan</a></span></h2>
<span style="color: white;">Over the years, Japanese crime syndicates, known as yakuza, have exploited their traditional roles in arbitrating disputes and loan collection to gain a wide measure of public acceptance. The yakuza's practice of "sokaiya," corporate extortion, often by threatening to disrupt corporate shareholders meetings, has been generally tolerated by Japanese society, despite the economic influence it has given organized crime. Their role in local communities has sometimes placed the yakuza in a better position than the government to respond to civic emergencies, such as when they responded more quickly and efficiently than the Japanese Government in bringing relief aid to victims of the 1996 earthquake in Kobe. The yakuza have also benefitted from historically weak anti-crime legislation and limited law enforcement investigative authority. By adhering to rules of conduct that preclude violence against the police and innocent civilians, Japanese crime syndicates traditionally have been able to operate largely in the open, including highlighting the location of their headquarters in local communities.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">The yakuza were able to cash in on Japan's economic and real estate boom in the 1980s to expand their profit-making activities beyond their traditional criminal arenas of drugs, gambling, prostitution, and corporate extortion. Housing loan companies, jusen, that were affiliated with major Japanese banks reportedly issued a portion of their loans, many of which were not repaid, to yakuza-tied firms as part of the speculative boom in real estate in the 1980s. As a result, the yakuza were behind many of the problem loans leading to the 1996 collapse of the jusen mortgage industry.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">One expert on Japanese crime believes that yakuza interests may have directly accounted for 10 percent of the banking industry's bad loans, which he estimated as high has $700 billion, and an additional 30 percent of the bad loans may have been indirectly tied to yakuza affiliations.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="ft3"></a><a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/pub45270chap3.html#rft3"><b>(3)</b></a> The president of a Japanese corporation assigned to help collect the bad debts stated in 1998 that yakuza-affiliated companies tied to billions of dollars of bad debt were the most formidable obstacle to recovering those loans. In some cases, the yakuza sought to block the disposal of real estate assets that underlie the bad loans.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: white;">Although information is limited, press accounts indicate it is very likely that the yakuza have links to Japanese Government officials and have influenced some government decisions. Few of these incidents are widely publicized. In November 1997, however, yakuza connections to sokaiya scandals involving major Japanese banks and similar related allegations against members of the powerful Finance Ministry were widely reported in the Japanese media.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">Despite the longstanding tradition of tolerance for the yakuza, the Japanese have become less accepting of organized crime activities in recent years, primarily because of public concerns about increasing street crime and drug abuse, rather than the yakuza role in the financial crisis and banking scandals. "Anti-yakuza" legislation implemented in the early 1990s and updated in 1997, such as recently implemented legislation allowing wiretaps in some criminal investigations and a nationwide crackdown on sokaiya, appears to have helped curb some organized crime activities. Despite the yakuza, ethnic Chinese criminal gangs linked to illegal immigration, drug smuggling, and arms trafficking are publicly perceived as the most serious criminal threats to Japan.</span><br />
<h2>
<span style="color: white;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="r19"></a><a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/pub45270chap3.html#19">Japanese Yakuza</a></span></h2>
<span style="color: white;">Taken as a whole, the yakuza are among the world's largest and most powerful criminal confederations. The yakuza are highly structured and criminally diverse organizations that have thoroughly penetrated Japanese society, including the legitimate economic sphere, through their extortion-like practice of "sokaiya." There are an estimated 3,000 yakuza groups and subgroups based in Japan. According to Japan's National Police Agency, 60 percent of the estimated 90,000 members and associates of yakuza families are affiliated with one of three groups: the Yamaguchi-Gumi, Sumiyoshi-Kai, and Inagawa-Kai. These groups control most organized criminal activity in Japan, including gun trafficking, drug smuggling, alien smuggling, prostitution, illegal gambling, extortion, and white-collar crime through infiltration of legitimate businesses.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">Academic specialists on Japanese organized crime have estimated the annual revenue of the yakuza at about $13 billion.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: white;">While most of their criminal operations are in Japan, yakuza groups have established a presence throughout Asia, Australia, and the Western Hemisphere. The yakuza have used their international networks primarily to acquire narcotics, guns, or illegal immigrants-- particularly women for prostitution--for the Japanese market.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">Yakuza groups acquire most of their heroin and methamphetamine from Chinese criminal groups in Taiwan and Hong Kong and may have established relationships with South American trafficking organizations for obtaining cocaine.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: white;">China, Taiwan, and Russia are major sources of firearms for the yakuza; Japanese police officials have estimated that 90 percent of the illegal weapons seized each year come from overseas because of Japan's strict gun control laws.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: white;">The yakuza also rely on their international connections for illegal aliens to work in the prostitution, entertainment, and construction enterprises they control in Japan. The Yamaguchi-Gumi group, which includes 900 affiliated gangs throughout Japan, runs extensive prostitution rings that prey on women from Latin America, Russia, and Southeast Asia.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: white;">Some of the Chinese migrants smuggled into Japan continue on to the United States, but there is only fragmentary evidence indicating that yakuza groups are directly involved in smuggling illegal aliens into this country.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: white;">Although most yakuza criminal relationships overseas are used to facilitate their own criminal activities, some yakuza families are establishing more longterm alliances with other international crime organizations. The Russian connection appears to be particularly important to yakuza groups; in 1992 the Japanese press reported that the head of the Yamaguchi-Gumi had announced his intention to establish working relationships with the Russian mafia. Russia has become a major source of firearms and prostitutes, and a growing source of drugs, for the Japanese yakuza. The establishment of regular flights between major Japanese and Russian cities and relaxed travel restrictions are likely to facilitate long-term ties between Russian and Japanese crime groups.</span><br />
<br />
<table bgcolor="#CCCCCC" border="1" cellpadding="10" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr><td><i><b><span style="color: red;">North Korea's Role in International Drug Trafficking</span></b></i><br />
<i><span style="color: red;">A large share of the methamphetamine consumed in Japan comes from North Korea, according to media reports; more than 40 percent of the methamphetamine seized in Japan in 1999 came from North Korea. There have been regular reports from many official and unofficial sources that impoverished North Korea has engaged in drug trafficking--mostly to Japan, Russia, and China--as a criminal state enterprise to raise badly needed revenue. Over the years, customs and police officials of many countries have apprehended North Korean persons employed as diplomats or in quasi-official capacities at North Korean state trading companies trying to smuggle drugs produced elsewhere.</span></i></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="color: white;"><b>Yakuza Threat to the United States</b>One of the most significant threats posed by Japanese organized crime groups is their investment in legitimate businesses in foreign countries to launder proceeds from their criminal operations in Japan. The yakuza reportedly have invested heavily in US and Canadian real estate, ranging from golf courses to hotels. By playing the stock market, yakuza groups have also laundered criminal proceeds through US financial institutions, according to US law enforcement.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">Japanese criminal activity in the United States has primarily involved fraud and money-laundering activity.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: white;">The Inagawa-Kai yakuza crime group, which is involved in drug and arms trafficking, extortion, investment frauds, and money laundering, has invested heavily in Hawaii and the states on the west coast of the United States.</span></li>
</ul>
<h2>
<span style="color: white;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="r20"></a><a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/pub45270chap3.html#20">Africa</a></span></h2>
<span style="color: white;">Porous borders, ample routes for smuggling drugs, weapons, explosives, and other contraband, and corruptible police and security forces make Sub-Saharan Africa an inviting operational environment for international criminals, drug traffickers, and terrorists. Major Sub-Saharan cities with extensive commercial, financial, and sea and air transportation links to Europe, the Middle East, and Asia are hubs for international criminal activity, particularly by Nigerian criminal<br />syndicates. These include Nairobi and Mombasa in Kenya, Addis Ababa in Ethiopia, Abidjan in Cote d'Ivoire, Johannesburg in South Africa, and Lagos in Nigeria.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><b>Nigeria</b>Nigeria is at the center of international criminal activity coming from Africa. Powerful and sophisticated criminal syndicates based in Nigeria have extensive networks that reach into the Western Hemisphere, Europe, Russia and the NIS, Southeast and Southwest Asia, Australia, and Africa. With Nigeria an historical trading crossroads both in Africa and along maritime routes between East and West, the international criminal operations of Nigerian syndicates are the legacy of a history of moving capital and commodities on a global scale.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">Nigerian criminal syndicates centered in Lagos, many of which have global networks, operate with virtual impunity in an environment of pervasive corruption. Decades of mostly military rule in Nigeria have exacerbated the problem, ruining the Nigerian economy and nearly bankrupting the Nigerian Government. Moreover, decades of gross economic mismanagement, with which the newly elected civilian government has just begun to grapple, have left not only private citizens but also government and law enforcement officials and junior and noncommissioned military officers with great incentive to engage in criminal activity to make ends meet. Under the recent military regime, many of Nigeria's political and military leaders, government bureaucrats, and business elites routinely accepted and demanded bribes or kickbacks in return for facilitating profitable business activity-- whether in the lucrative oil sector, competitive procurement contracts, or the drug trade.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">Corruption and resource constraints have made meaningful law enforcement investigations and prosecutions against the crime barons very difficult in Nigeria. Corruption extends to all levels of the military, which has dominated politics in Nigeria for most years since independence. Likewise, civilian politicians and bureaucrats have engaged in massive corruption, whether during periods of civilian or military rule. Nigerian sea and airports are rife with corruption, and borders are porous to criminals, terrorists, and illegal migrants. The decades-long history of corruption and mismanaged exchange rates has also benefited the money-laundering activities of Nigerian criminal syndicates.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">Past Nigerian regimes have typically tried to cast the drug trafficking and financial frauds committed by Nigerian criminal syndicates as victimless crimes that are driven by demand in Western countries. Anticorruption campaigns mounted by military and civilian governments alike have yet to alter the culture of corruption in Nigeria. Nevertheless, some Nigerian elites, including in the military, have come to recognize that pervasive crime and corruption in Nigeria have crippled the economy, contributed to social and political tensions, and undermined relations with major historical trading partners, including the United States and West European countries. Widespread fraud has caused Nigeria to lose billions of dollars in business and foreign investment, according to press reporting. These factors have caused many Nigerian elites to advocate a crack down on corrupt officials and criminal activity, and the new civilian government seems much more inclined to take up this challenge.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">Nigeria's President Obasanjo, elected in the aftermath of a highly corrupt military regime, has pledged institutional reforms to cut down on pervasive corruption and to crack down on criminal activity, particularly drug trafficking. The country's history of widespread corruption, however, and the influence of powerful crime barons make effective follow-through on these promises highly problematic.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><b>South Africa</b><br />As a major locus of maritime trade and air traffic between Asia, Europe, and the Western Hemisphere, South Africa is emerging as a significant hub of international criminal activity. The lifting of international trade sanctions with the end of apartheid has made South Africa readily accessible to international criminals whose operations take place within the framework of legitimate commercial business activities. South Africa's modern airports and harbors--including container ports at Durban, Cape Town, Port Elizabeth, and East London--are attractive to criminals smuggling narcotics and other contraband. South Africa's well-developed business connections to the West and political connections to some states of concern can be used by criminals to broker illicit transactions involving arms, controlled technologies, or strategic commodities. For criminal organizations, South Africa also has the advantage of a modern financial system linked to financial markets worldwide, which facilitates money laundering. And, as happened in Russia, criminal organizations recruit professionals with skills well-suited to competing in the modern business environment who were pushed aside or sidelined by the political and economic changes taking place in South Africa.</span><br />
<b><a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/736502.gif"><span style="color: white;">Map<br />Major Nigerian Drug Trafficking Routes</span></a></b><br />
<span style="color: white;">With the increase in international travel and business since the apartheid government turned over power in 1994, the scope of organized crime in South Africa has evolved from generally small-scale operations centered in localities to nationwide syndicates. South African police officials have identified almost 200 organized crime groups operating throughout the country, with at least 32 having international connections, according to press reports in 1998. Almost half of the 200 groups were reported to be primarily involved in drug trafficking, and approximately 60 groups were associated with financial crimes. Foreign organized crime groups, primarily Nigerian, Russian, and Chinese syndicates, have established bases of operations in South Africa since the mid-1990s for a variety of illegal activity, including drug trafficking and other contraband smuggling, poaching and trafficking in endangered species, money laundering, and financial crimes.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">The South African police estimated in 1998 that more than 30 Asian, Italian, Nigerian, and Russian crime groups operating in the country were responsible for direct and indirect losses of government revenue totaling more than $3 billion annually.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: white;">The international drug trade has become a particularly serious problem for South Africa. Nigerian traffickers are finding South African air and seaports to be attractive gateways for transshipping both cocaine and heroin into the West European market. South Africa's growing role in the international drug trade has increased its domestic addiction problem, especially for cocaine, which Nigerian traffickers have made widely available at low prices.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">South African authorities are most alarmed by the presence and activities of Nigerian, Indian, and Russian criminal organizations. They are becoming concerned by growing numbers of Chinese triad criminal groups operating in South Africa. Nigerian criminal groups have established cells in expatriate communities in South Africa's major commercial centers, while Indian criminal organizations operate within the country's substantial South Asian population. Russian criminals have exploited legitimate business opportunities in South Africa to launder money and reportedly engage in money laundering, arms smuggling, automobile theft rings, and illicit strategic commodities transactions, including in gold and other minerals.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">The dramatic increase in criminal activity in South Africa initially caught the government unprepared. Violent crime and drug abuse have grown substantially since the early 1990s. In late 1997, South African police estimated that there were between 5 and 8 million illegal firearms in the country. Efforts to confront organized crime are undermined by widespread corruption in the police and the lack of tough laws. This environment has contributed to the rise of ethnic-based vigilante gangs, particularly among the Muslim minority, that have taken the law into their own hands. Alarmed by these developments, the South African Government has begun taking measures to improve its anticrime legislation and enforcement capabilities. In 1998, South Africa passed the Prevention of Organized Crime Act, which is similar to the US racketeer-influenced corrupt organization (RICO) statute, and which also contains anti-money laundering provisions.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><b>East Africa</b><br />Having a long tradition of contraband smuggling, the countries along Africa's Indian Ocean coast are emerging as significant transit points for international drug traffickers, particularly in the Southwest Asian heroin trade. The large volume of cargo handled by major East African seaports in Mombasa, Kenya, and Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, probably hides substantial amounts of contraband trade, including drugs, coming from the Middle East, Pakistan, India, and Southeast Asia. In addition, Nairobi and Addis Ababa are major international air hubs in the region.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">An increasing amount of Southwest Asian heroin is appearing in Kenya, some reportedly en route to Chicago and New York.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: white;">Trade and customs agreements among the East African countries are probably widely exploited by international criminals and traffickers, including to move drugs and contraband into southern Africa. This route is used by South Asian criminal organizations smuggling methaqualone, also known as mandrax, produced primarily in India to the lucrative South African market. The terrorists who bombed the US Embassies in Kenya and Tanzania in 1998 took advantage of lax border controls in the region and immigration procedures to move materials and personnel into place.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">Sudan remains a safehaven for terrorist groups.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: white;">As countries along the traditional routes used for trafficking Southwest Asian hashish and heroin have given more emphasis to drug interdiction, East Africa has become more attractive as a transshipment point not only because of its international transportation and commercial connections to the rest of the world but also because of lax law enforcement capabilities. Preoccupied with regional crises and substantial domestic problems, including high local crime rates, East African governments so far have not given priority to targeting international criminal activity, and they lack the resources to do so effectively. In addition, international criminals and drug traffickers routinely bribe customs and law officials to ignore contraband trade.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">Allegations of official complicity in drug trafficking through Kenya have increased in the last year, given impetus by a multi-ton seizure of hashish in Mombasa in January 2000. Members of parliament and high-ranking police and administrative officials have been linked to facilitating or protecting that shipment.</span></li>
</ul>
<h2>
<span style="color: white;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="r21"></a><a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/pub45270chap3.html#21">Nigerian Criminal Enterprises</a></span></h2>
<span style="color: white;">Worldwide, there are hundreds of Nigerian criminal cells located primarily in major metropolitan centers in North America, Europe, and Asia. Recent estimates suggest that more than 500 Nigerian crime cells are operating in at least 80 countries. Nigerian criminals take advantage of large West African ethnic communities in these cities to establish the infrastructure needed to support a wide range of criminal activity-- foremost among them drug trafficking and sophisticated schemes to defraud individuals, businesses, and governments--which reap billions of dollars in illicit proceeds. Nigerian crime groups also facilitate illegal immigration of Nigerian nationals to metropolitan areas around the world, whom they then use for filling high-risk, low-level roles in drug trafficking, and are involved in trafficking women and children to Europe, especially Italy. The United States and Britain are the primary targets of Nigerian criminal activity, with Nigerian crime cells elsewhere in the world purchasing drugs or providing financial and logistical support.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">Between 25 and 30 percent of the heroin seized at US international airports in recent years was taken from couriers employed by Nigerian trafficking groups, according to US Customs data.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: white;">While a large number of Nigerian criminal groups operating overseas appear to be small and autonomous, many others belong to large criminal syndicates based in Nigeria. The smaller groups frequently pool resources and are able to tap into highly fluid networks in countries around the world to facilitate their criminal operations. Many Nigerian crime groups in countries around the world appear to be compartmented cells of larger syndicates controlled by crime barons based primarily in Lagos. The barons, some of whom have substantial economic and political clout in Nigeria, oversee the day-to-day operations of a network of crime cells deployed worldwide to undertake or support a wide range of criminal activities.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><b>Drug Trafficking</b><br />Nigerian criminal syndicates are among the world's most active traffickers in Asian heroin--particularly to the United States--and are increasingly trafficking South American cocaine to various regions in Africa and throughout Europe. Producing no heroin of their own, Nigerian traffickers have well-established networks in Southeast and Southwest Asian countries to acquire the drug. The steady and virtually uninterrupted flow of Nigerian-controlled heroin from these source regions is facilitated by criminal cells in transit countries along the way. Nigerian traffickers typically smuggle only small quantities of drugs, using both express mail services and thousands of individual couriers in an effort to overwhelm market country customs and law enforcement capabilities and to lessen the cost of any seizures. They tend to avoid sending drug couriers on direct flights from drug-producing and key transit countries to market countries, relying instead on a widely diverse number of routes transiting airports throughout Asia, Africa, and Latin America.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">Using techniques and concealment methods similar to those used to smuggle heroin from Asia, Nigerian criminal syndicates dominate transatlantic cocaine shipments between Brazil and Africa, from where the drug is transshipped to markets in South Africa and Europe.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: white;">In planning their drug courier runs, Nigerian traffickers make careful study of customs and security procedures in producer, transit, and market country air and sea ports. They readily adapt to international law enforcement measures against them. Nigerian traffickers, for example, are now recruiting "low profile" couriers who are less likely to draw the attention of international customs agents. These include Caucasians, women (often with children), and the elderly. To avoid scrutiny at US international airports, Nigerian traffickers sometimes deliver drugs to Canada or Mexico for overland transshipment into the United States.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: white;"><b>Financial Fraud Schemes</b><br />In addition to their significant role in narcotics smuggling, Nigerian criminal syndicates are involved in a wide variety of financial fraud schemes that target private citizens as well as businesses, particularly in the United States and the United Kingdom. The most notorious of these are advance fee scams, in which thousands of unsolicited letters and faxes based on fraudulent representation are sent by Nigerian criminals to businessmen worldwide with the promise of great profits at the cost of upfront cash investment. The letters and faxes set forth simple investment schemes, promises of "easy money," elaborate assurances, and extraordinarily low risk. They provide detailed instructions for establishing linked bank accounts and exchange of authorization letters and account numbers to give the appearance of legitimacy, then require various transaction fees before any moneys can be released. Victims of Nigerian fraud schemes may be strung along for months or years paying transactions fees and taxes before realizing they are being conned.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">In 1999, US victims reported several hundred million dollars of losses to Nigerian advance fee frauds, according to US law enforcement. These figures do not include losses to victims from outside the United States. In addition, many people do not report being victimized by advance fee fraud schemes because of fear or embarrassment.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: white;">During one six-week period in 1998, US postal authorities destroyed some 700,000 advance fee letters that had arrived in New York's JFK International Airport.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: white;">Nigerian criminal cells worldwide also specialize in sophisticated schemes targeting banks and financial institutions through credit card and check fraud, student loan and mortgage frauds; insurance companies through fraudulent claims for automobile accidents, personal injuries, and life insurance; and government entitlement programs through false or appropriated identifications and theft from legitimate recipients. Illicit funds raised through financial fraud schemes are often used to capitalize narcotics trafficking. The penetration of government bureaucracies in many countries has enabled local Nigerian cells to defraud government entitlement programs.</span><br />
<h2>
<span style="color: white;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="r22"></a><a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/pub45270chap3.html#22">South America</a></span></h2>
<span style="color: white;">As the exclusive source of cocaine for the world market, South America is a primary locus of the international drug trade. Colombian traffickers are responsible for producing most of the world supply of finished cocaine, and they have established drug-trafficking networks throughout the Western Hemisphere. Analysis of cocaine flows data from US detection and monitoring assets and data on cocaine use elsewhere in the world show that most of the cocaine produced in Colombia is for the US market. Colombia, Venezuela, and Ecuador are the primary staging areas for drug exports destined for the United States.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">In the last decade, however, international criminal activities linked to South America have expanded beyond the drug trade and become more multifaceted. The continent's increased commercial and transportation links to Europe and Africa, as well as to the Caribbean basin and the United States, have attracted an increased presence of foreign criminal organizations. Greater regional economic integration has helped South America emerge as a significant source of counterfeit products for the international market. Money launderers are exploiting the region's weak enforcement against illicit transactions to move and shelter criminal proceeds.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">The power and influence of criminal organizations have eroded good governance, diverted attention and resources away from more pressing political and security problems, and skewed the economies of many South American countries. Throughout the region, the activities of local criminal mafias have become a significant political, as well as law enforcement, concern. Crime groups in many countries have suborned local police officers and other public officials to safeguard their illegal activities.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><b>Colombia</b><br />The drug trade in Colombia has helped fuel decades of violence, corruption, political strife, and, particularly in recent years, insurgency. Colombian drug profits since the 1970s have bought power and influence at the highest levels of the government, judiciary, and financial institutions. Government leaders have faced daunting obstacles, including bribes, threats, violence, and other tactics, as they to control drug-trafficking operations. The level of violence and narco-terrorism reached its apex in the late 1980s and early 1990s when countless police were killed by traffickers, a major presidential candidate was assassinated, the headquarters of Colombia's lead investigative agency was destroyed in a high-casualty bombing, and an airliner was destroyed in flight. In 1994, trafficker financial support may have been influential in the victory of President Samper in a close election. Bogota's antidrug efforts since the mid-1990s--including arrests of key traffickers, increased interdiction, and recent extradition of three traffickers to face drug-trafficking charges in the United States--have reduced much of the overt influence exercised by powerful trafficking organizations, but Colombian traffickers have adapted to stay atop the worldwide cocaine trade.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">The dramatic increase in coca cultivation in Colombia--from less than 20 percent of the Andean total in 1994 to 67 percent in 1999--is the primary catalyst of the current crisis.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: white;">The United States is committed to substantial support for Plan Colombia, Bogota's response to the crisis developed in close collaboration with Washington. Central to Plan Colombia's success will be crippling the drug trade by substantially reducing coca cultivation and the processing and movement of cocaine and heroin within three years.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: white;">Of particular significance in Colombia's current crisis, surging drug production is providing substantial resources to insurgent and paramilitary groups that threaten the country's stability. In more than half of Colombia's national territory, the FARC and ELN rebel groups or the paramilitaries have free rein. Promoting and protecting coca cultivation in the areas it controls, the FARC has emerged as a major player in the drug trade throughout Colombia, particularly in the south where cultivation increases have been the greatest. The substantial revenues raised by the FARC through its involvement in the drug trade have increased the ability of the insurgents to operate freely throughout the country and to finance growing numbers of armed combatants.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">US Government analysts estimate that the FARC could potentially earn nearly half of its total revenues from taxing the drug trade. Other illicit activities, which include kidnappings, robberies, and other crimes, account for most of the rest.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: white;">Meanwhile, paramilitary involvement in drug trafficking is also increasing. The leader of the most notorious paramilitary group stated publicly that 70 percent of his budget comes from the drug trade.</span></li>
</ul>
<b><a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/376855.gif"><span style="color: white;">Graphic<br />Andean Coca Cultivation, 1999</span></a></b><br />
<span style="color: white;">Along with guerrilla attacks against economic targets, the drug trade has been a major factor in Colombia's economic difficulties. The black-market peso exchange used extensively by Colombian traffickers, through which drug proceeds in the United States are exchanged for trade goods that are smuggled into Colombia, has caused the contraband import industry to capture more than 25 percent of the country's retail market. Contraband trade goods financed largely by cocaine profits entering the Colombian marketplace were estimated to be as high as $1.7 billion in 1999; the value of Colombia's legal imports in 1999 was about $12 billion, according to the former Colombian trade minister.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">Colombia's imports from Panama, whose robust financial and commercial sectors make it an outlet in the black-market peso exchange, are now dominated by contraband. The Colombian comptroller's office reports that of $1.3 billion worth of reexport goods entering Colombia from Panama's Colon Free Zone in 1997, only $170 million was recorded as legal commerce.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: white;">Colombian money transmitters have adapted to disruptions caused by successful enforcement operations--such as the 1998 Operation Casablanca, which targeted the Mexican financial system--and to US regulatory efforts, such as the Geographic Targeting Order in New York, to continue laundering drug proceeds through the black-market peso exchange.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: white;">Colombia is also the world leader in the production of counterfeit US currency. Ongoing investigations in Colombia indicate that drug trafficking and counterfeiting are linked; the same courier networks are often used for trafficking drugs and counterfeit US dollars. Many of the crime groups involved in producing and trafficking counterfeit currency originated from areas controlled by the FARC and ELN.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">Since 1986, some $187 million in counterfeit US currency seized or passed in the United States and abroad was manufactured in Colombia.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: white;"><b>The Andes</b><br />Along with Colombia, the other Andean countries are integral to the South American drug trade. Peru and Bolivia are major sources of coca for the cocaine trade; Venezuela is a major transshipment avenue for drug shipments destined for US and European markets through the Caribbean; and Ecuador's harbors and seaports have become more important as Colombian traffickers make greater use of eastern Pacific maritime routes to move cocaine to Mexico and on to the United States. Bolivia and Peru in recent years have had success in attacking the large coca economies in their countries through alternative development, voluntary eradication, and forcible eradication of coca crops. Although both countries have achieved substantial reductions in their coca crop--more than half in both countries between 1995 and 1999, according to US Government estimates--their coca constituencies remain strong. In Bolivia, powerful unions supporting their coca growing constituencies continue to stage protests and blockades to impede the government's eradication efforts. In Peru, there are indications that a rebound in coca leaf prices is causing some farmers to return to coca cultivation.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">Ecuador and Venezuela are most vulnerable to coca cultivation spreading to their countries if the Colombian Government is successful in meeting its goal of substantially reducing drug crops and crippling the drug trade. Such a development would also increase the incentive for traffickers and farmers in Peru and Bolivia to grow more coca.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: white;">The role of foreign crime groups has been most pronounced in Bolivia, whose reputation as one of the world's most corrupt countries is attractive to international criminals. In recent years, Bolivia has been rocked by a corruption scandal involving ties that a Sicilian Mafia crime group has to high-level military, police, and political leaders. Pervasive corruption has also contributed to Bolivia being a major staging area for thousands of US-bound migrants from China and the Middle East.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><b>Brazil and the Southern Cone</b><br />Expanding trade relations within the region and between South America and the rest of the world have helped make Brazil and the Southern Cone countries major venues for international contraband smuggling and economic crimes. Modern manufacturing capabilities in several South American countries have opened the door to illegal duplication of CDs, videos, and cassettes; illegal production of these products is centered in Brazil and Argentina, whose governments have toughened their IPR laws. Growing consumerism and middle class prosperity in the largest South American countries has made them an important market for drugs, pirated or counterfeit products, and other illicit contraband.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">Patent and trademark infringements in Argentina and Brazil cost US firms $500 million in lost sales annually, according to a 1998 estimate by the International Intellectual Property Alliance.</span></li>
</ul>
<table bgcolor="#CCCCCC" border="1" cellpadding="10" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr><td><i><b><span style="color: red;">Evolution of the Colombian Drug Trade</span></b></i><br />
<i><span style="color: red;">Colombia's drug-trafficking organizations are the most powerful and influential in South America. Prior to the incarceration of its top leaders in 1995 and 1996, Colombia's Cali drug mafia was believed by several international crime experts to be the world's most profitable criminal organization. Although the setbacks suffered by Cali traffickers have ended their dominance, Colombian traffickers not only continue to meet most of the world's cocaine demand, but have become the largest supplier of heroin available in the United States. Nevertheless, the disruptions caused to Colombian trafficking operations have allowed rival groups in Peru and Bolivia to increase their share of the international cocaine market--primarily in Europe and South America--by establishing direct relationships with foreign criminal organizations.</span></i><br />
<i><span style="color: red;">Despite the dismantling of the Cali cartel in the mid-1990s, the continuing shift in coca cultivation from Peru and Bolivia to Colombia that began then has increased the central role that Colombia plays in the Andean cocaine trade. Reinforced by substantially greater coca production in Colombia, Colombian traffickers continue to process most of the world's finished cocaine. Smaller, less powerful trafficking groups have emerged since the powerful Cali drug lords were imprisoned. While becoming less dependent on Peru and Bolivia for supplies of cocaine base, Colombian traffickers have greater expertise, more capital, and better overseas networks than emerging rivals from Peru and Bolivia. This new generation of Colombian trafficking groups maintains lower profiles, focuses on limited aspects of the drug trade, and forms more ad hoc alliances that make them more difficult law enforcement targets. In addition, Colombian traffickers have adjusted their routes and methods for moving cocaine.</span></i></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="color: white;">International crime groups from outside the Western Hemisphere involved in drug trafficking, particularly Italian, Russian, and Nigerian syndicates, have increased their presence in Brazil, Argentina, and Paraguay to take advantage of these countries' well-developed transportation and commercial connections to Europe and Africa. Asian criminal groups appear to be involved in a network of smuggling and counterfeiting enterprises in the "tri-border" region of Brazil, Paraguay, and Argentina. Some foreign criminal organizations have also established a foothold in South America's money laundering, gambling, racketeering, alien smuggling and trafficking in women, and auto theft crime sectors--although local crime groups dominate most criminal enterprises in the region. A 1996 UN study estimated that $20 billion is laundered through Brazil annually from drug trafficking and contraband trade.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">The Southern Cone countries have been hard pressed to cope with rising crime rates and criminal violence. Criminality is most severe in Brazil, where the illegal import of firearms, used frequently to protect turf and resolve disputes with rival crime gangs, and rising street crime, kidnappings for profit, and drug addiction have exacerbated social tensions. Allegations of criminal corruption have contributed to political scandals or crises in several countries, including Brazil, Argentina, and Paraguay.</span><br />
<h2>
<span style="color: white;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="r23"></a><a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/pub45270chap3.html#23">The Caribbean</a></span></h2>
<span style="color: white;">The Caribbean has long been a major transit route for cocaine, marijuana, and more recently smaller quantities of heroin moving from South America to the United States and Europe. It is also an avenue for smuggling illegal migrants and other contraband, including arms. The Caribbean's vast stretches of open water and thousands of islands and cays--too numerous for law enforcement to effectively patrol-- afford drug traffickers and other smugglers many and varying transshipment routes. The Bahamas alone has some 700 islands and more than 2,000 cays.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">About one-third of the cocaine entering the United States transits the Caribbean, according to US Government estimates.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: white;">Jamaica is the largest exporter of marijuana in the Caribbean and has well-established networks of crime gangs with ties to both Colombia and the United States.</span></li>
</ul>
<b><a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/749089.gif"><span style="color: white;">Map<br />Caribbean Offshore Financial Centers That Facilitate Money Laundering</span></a></b><br />
<span style="color: white;">Puerto Rico is a primary target of drug-trafficking flows in the Caribbean because of its central location astride the three major trans-Caribbean smuggling routes--directly from South America, through the Hispaniola countries of Haiti and the Dominican Republic, and through the Lesser Antilles island chain--and its attractiveness as a point of entry into the United States. Puerto Rico is a major commercial transit center in the Caribbean, with more than 14 million tons of cargo handled in San Juan alone each year. Once drug shipments or any contraband have been smuggled into Puerto Rico, they have entered the United States and can be moved to the mainland by commercial ships and planes generally not subject to US Customs inspections.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">Although Colombian traffickers are the prominent driving force in moving drugs through the Caribbean, Dominican trafficking groups dominate the transportation of cocaine and heroin from Puerto Rico to the US mainland. Their ties to Colombian traffickers, direct connections to the Dominican Republic--the primary staging area for drug shipments into Puerto Rico--and associations with Dominican criminal cells in major US eastern seaboard markets make them uniquely positioned to perform this role.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: white;">Drug traffickers and other international criminals also use offshore financial service centers in the Caribbean to launder their proceeds. Caribbean-based offshore and onshore banks, trust companies, international business corporations, casinos, and Internet gaming establishments are used by drug traffickers and Russian and Italian organized crime groups to launder illicitly derived funds. Many Caribbean financial centers, which were once characterized by strictly enforced bank secrecy legislation, have passed strong legislation that criminalizes money laundering related to drug trafficking and other crimes. Nonetheless, Panama and four Caribbean countries account for<br />one-third of the 15 countries and territories listed by the FATF as non-cooperating in combating money laundering.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">International criminal activity in the Caribbean has inculcated an environment of widespread corruption, and most Caribbean island nations have weak law enforcement capabilities. Because Caribbean countries have economies reliant on financial services or tourism and gambling, they are particularly vulnerable to high-level criminal influence. Faced with few economic alternatives to these industries and the overwhelming amounts of illicit money that typically help to sustain them, few Caribbean islands have the resources or legislative framework to fight money laundering through Internet gaming establishments and effectively control economic citizenship programs. Powerful local criminals also rely on bribes and strong-arm tactics to supplement their economic clout.</span><br />
<h2>
<span style="color: white;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="r24"></a><a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/pub45270chap3.html#24">Central America</a></span></h2>
<span style="color: white;">The Central American isthmus is a major corridor to Mexico for the movement of US-bound illegal aliens and a significant avenue for drug shipments. It is also an avenue for arms shipments of weapons stocks from previous conflicts in Guatemala, El Salvador, and Nicaragua to Colombia. Alien smugglers and drug traffickers take particular advantage of the all-weather Pan-American Highway that runs the length of the isthmus from Panama into Mexico, bypasses virtually all of the region's major international airports, and is within 80 kilometers of most of Central America's major seaports on the Pacific Coast. To improve their odds of success, smugglers often fan out from the highway when approaching border points and cross in remote locations where inspection is more lax or nonexistent. Airlines operating in Central America have extensive routes to South America, offering attractive options for drug traffickers and alien smugglers alike. The many miles of unpatrolled Caribbean coastline in Central America, as well as several commercial seaports, have long been integral to maritime drug smuggling into the region. Guatemala is the primary staging area for moving both drugs and illegal migrants into Mexico, from where they are smuggled across the US border.</span><br />
<br />
<table bgcolor="#CCCCCC" border="1" cellpadding="10" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr><td><i><b><span style="color: red;">Cuba: Emerging Criminal Hub in the Western Hemisphere?</span></b></i><br />
<i><span style="color: red;">Economic and, to a lesser extent, political change in Cuba may make the island a major hub for criminal activity in the near future. As the Cuban economy becomes more liberalized and tourism increases, international organized crime groups would probably view Cuba as an attractive location for criminal activities, particularly if the Communist regime collapses and restrictions on travel are lifted. There are many favorable conditions in Cuba that could facilitate the penetration and growth of organized crime.</span></i><br />
<i><span style="color: red;">Cuba's geographic position astride Caribbean sea lanes between South America and the United States and its close proximity to US shores make it ideally situated as a potential hub for contraband smuggling. Its seaports already handle a significant volume of commercial maritime trade with South America, Europe, and Africa.</span></i><br />
<ul>
<li><i><span style="color: red;">Drug traffickers in the past have flown through Cuban airspace to make airdrops to Florida and The Bahamas. In 1998, Colombian authorities seized a 7-metric-ton shipment of cocaine bound for Spain via Cuba, indicating the possibility that Colombian drug traffickers have been using Cuba as a transshipment hub.</span></i></li>
</ul>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="color: white;">Panama's position as a crossroads between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans and between North and South America, and its modern and vibrant international trade and financial sectors, makes it one of the most attractive sectors for criminal activity in the Western Hemisphere. As a major hub of commercial activity, Panama has long been an important transit site for drugs smuggled in commercial maritime cargo and a major offshore center for laundering criminal proceeds. Modern seaports adjacent to the Colon Free Zone and at the Pacific end of the Panama Canal handle large volumes of containerized and bulk cargo and are important terminals for transshipping Colombian cocaine in and out of Panama. Trafficker penetration of the shipping industry, corrupt port and Colon Free Zone authorities, and extensive use of front companies facilitate drug shipments. Drug traffickers and other criminals give significant priority to courting politicians and government officials, as well as executives in the financial sector.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">As illegal migration from Latin America to the United States has increased, Panama's accessibility from South America has helped make it a key transit point for regional alien smugglers. According to US Government data, some 30,000 northbound migrants-- including Ecuadorians, Peruvians, Colombians, Dominicans, Chinese, and Indians--transit Panama annually on their way to the United States. Dozens of alien smugglers are entrenched in the country, where they exploit porous borders, corrupt officials, and lax inspections by immigration authorities and airlines.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">The huge volume of financial transactions handled by Panamanian banks has made Panama a significant offshore money-laundering center. Panama's dollar-based economy, robust offshore banking and company-formation sector, and extensive use of cash in the loosely regulated Colon Free Zone allow money launderers to conceal the origin of their funds.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">The value of the import/export trade turnover in the Colon Free Zone alone is estimated by trade journals at $10 billion annually. The amount of money laundered in the Colon Free Zone has been estimated at $1-4 billion annually, much of it through the black-market peso exchange.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: white;">Money-laundering investigations in Panama remain hampered by their complexity, the amount of time and resources required, and by inadequate anti-money- laundering legislation, which requires prosecutors to tie money laundering directly to drug trafficking. Following Panama's inclusion on the multilateral FATF noncooperative list in 2000, the new Panamanian administration has passed new legislation expanding the list of predicate crimes and permitting Panama's financial analysis unit to share information with other countries.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">After Mexico, Central America is by far the largest source of illicit migration to the United States. The US Government estimates that some 325,000 US-bound migrants originate from or transit through Central America annually before entering Mexico en route to the US border. This is equivalent to about two-thirds of the 500,000 non-Mexican illegal migrants who enter the United States each year.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">About 225,000 illegal migrants being smuggled through Central America on their way to the United States are native to the region. Most are from Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador, which have large immigrant communities in the United States that represent a pull factor by verifying the availability of jobs, providing housing upon US arrival, and sending remittances to family members considering immigration.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: white;">Because alien smuggling networks are able to operate with virtually no constraints in the region, Central America is also a major gateway into Mexico and on to the United States for illegal aliens from outside the region. The US Government estimates that some 100,000 US-bound migrants from other regions--including 40,000 from South America, 12,000 from China, 6,000 from India, and the remainder from other Asian, African, and Middle Eastern countries--transit Central America each year. The 12,000 Chinese passing through Central America and Mexico account for about one-third of the total 30,000 to 40,000 illegal Chinese migrants estimated by the US Government to have been smuggled into the United States in 1999.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: white;">The Central American countries, along with Mexico, the Dominican Republic, and Colombia, are primary source countries for women and children trafficked throughout Latin America and to Western Europe, especially Spain.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">Most US-bound illegal migrants from outside the region arrive in Central America by air, mostly on flights from South America. Several of the region's airlines regularly carry illegal migrants. Smugglers take advantage of corrupt employees, lax controls, and the extensive air service offered throughout the hemisphere by these airlines. Many Chinese migrants are brought to Central America by freighters; the US Government estimates that several thousand Chinese arrive by boat directly into the Central American region each year.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">Alien smugglers in Central America rely on the Pan-American Highway as the main route for transporting their clients into Mexico. Its ready access to the coast and to international airports helps facilitate the efficient movement of US-bound illegal migrants coming from South America or Asia. Boats are sometimes used by smugglers to bypass part of their overland journey, particularly across the Golfo de Fonseca between Nicaragua and El Salvador and between Guatemala and Mexico.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">In the last four years, nearly one-third of the South American cocaine transported to Mexico to be smuggled across the US southwest border transited through Central American countries, according to US Governments estimates. Central America's importance has grown as drug flows to Mexico through the western Caribbean to the Yucatan Peninsula have declined in recent years because of increased maritime interdiction efforts. Panamanian sea and air ports are pivotal entry points for drugs entering Central America, but South American traffickers also deliver cocaine by boat to remote beaches and harbors on both the Pacific and Caribbean coastlines. Colombian traffickers own most of the cocaine transiting Central America, but rely on regional organizations to arrange and coordinate overland transportation of drug shipments to Mexico.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">Poorly policed borders and corrupt officials, some at the highest levels of government and law enforcement, are routinely exploited by drug traffickers and alien smugglers operating in Central America. Relatively low pay and standards of living for law enforcement officers and overburdened police and judicial systems allow drug traffickers considerable room for maneuvering. Corruption involving alien smuggling is particularly widespread, because most officials perceive they are committing no crimes against their own country since the migrants are only transiting en route to the United States. Corrupt officials in the Central American countries accept handsome bribes to assist alien smugglers by providing legitimate documentation, actively facilitating the movement of US-bound illegal migrants through airports and border crossings, or turning a blind eye to such activities.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">While most Central American governments are in various stages of boosting their antidrug efforts, they are generally reluctant to deal with the problem of alien smuggling through their countries. Instead, press reports show that the region's governments tend to view the flight of poor citizens to the United States as a way to relieve pressure on their economies and provide a source of revenue for families in the form of remittances. Moreover, US-bound migrants from within and outside Central America may be seen as helpful to their economies because they fill hotels, buy food, clothing, and supplies, and use transportation services.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">In most of Central America--with the exception of Nicaragua and Honduras, which have poor enforcement records--it is not illegal to aid and abet illegal migrants. Without antismuggling legislation, law enforcement agencies have few tools other than enforcing laws against illegal documents to deal with the problem. Constrained by small budgets and not enough law enforcement personnel, the region's governments give greater priority to committing resources against rising crime rates than to targeting alien smuggling networks.</span><br />
<h2>
<span style="color: white;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="r25"></a><a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/pub45270chap3.html#25">Central American Alien Smuggling Networks</a></span></h2>
<span style="color: white;">There are no major organizations or cartels that control or dominate alien smuggling through Central America or any particular country. The 325,000 US-bound migrants that are estimated to move through Central America are handled by several hundred independent smugglers who cooperate in loosely linked networks stretching across the region; a small number have extensive networks throughout Central America. Most smugglers cover a specific territory--one or two countries--from which they pass clients to other smugglers or guides known as "coyotes," rather than accompanying or having control over them for the full trip into the United States.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">The US Government estimates that alien smuggling networks in Central America generate up to $1 billion in gross annual revenue.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: white;">Almost all Central American alien smugglers rely on widespread, illicit partnerships with agents in the travel industry to move their clients northward. Travel agencies, many of which are owned and operated by the smugglers themselves, arrange tickets and provide cover for groups of aliens moving through the region. Hotels and safehouses serve as rest stops and rendezvous points on each leg of a typical smuggling trip. Bus lines and rental car companies provide transportation. Alien smugglers also depend on corrupt officials to obtain travel documents or to facilitate the movement of US-bound illegal migrants across borders.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">Some alien smugglers in Central America specialize in moving US-bound illegal migrants from Asia, especially China and India. They serve largely as regional subcontractors--with associates in Asia, South America, and the United States--that oversee the movement of US-bound illegal aliens through Central America. Unlike most of the other smugglers who organize alien smuggling runs on an ad hoc though frequent basis, these specialists tend to operate pipelines in which people movements are preplanned and consistent. Careful planning is essential because they must coordinate arrangements with the arrival of boats, from which their clients are often off-loaded offshore rather than in port, and flights carrying illegal migrants.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">A regionwide law enforcement effort against alien smuggling in 2000 resulted in Costa Rica's arrest of Gloria Nino Canales, who headed one of Central America's largest migrant-smuggling networks.</span></li>
</ul>
<h2>
<span style="color: white;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="r26"></a><a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/pub45270chap3.html#26">Mexico</a></span></h2>
<span style="color: white;">Sharing a long 3,300-kilometer border with the United States, Mexico historically has been a hideaway for bandits and a staging area for cross-border smuggling. Terrain features ranging from the easily crossed Rio Grande to expansive stretches of remote, rugged, and inhospitable desert along the US southwest border have long been used by migrants and contraband smugglers to move back and forth across the border illegally. The urban sprawl that straddles both sides of the border in twin cities like San Diego-Tijuana and El Paso-Juarez has complicated the problem. In addition, inadequate law enforcement coverage of remote regions allows criminals to fly small aircraft or land small boats in US territory unnoticed. Multiple jurisdictions on both sides of the border further complicate organized, coherent efforts to control the border.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">Criminal activity across the US southwest border has been aided by the increased volume of legitimate commerce, comparatively lower industrial wages that attract US manufacturing firms, and expanded bilateral trade agreements. The substantially increased volume of trade between the United States and Mexico resulting from NAFTA, while greatly benefiting legitimate business interests on both sides of the border, has also generated greater opportunity for traffickers smuggling drugs, as well as illegal migrants and other contraband, across the US southwest border. Extensive legitimate commerce and traffic make the border between the United States and Mexico the busiest in the world.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">The tremendous amount of legitimate commercial traffic that crosses the border on a daily basis makes effective interdiction an even more difficult challenge. Since 1993, when NAFTA went into effect, according to US Customs information, the number of commercial trucks legally crossing the US-Mexican border has increased by more than 70 percent, and the number of railcars entering the United States has increased about 60 percent.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: white;">According to US Customs, 295 million people, 88 million automobiles, and 4.5 million trucks and railroad cars entered the United States from Mexico through 38 official points of entry in 1999. Mexico is the United States' second-largest trading partner, with more than $100 billion of legitimate commercial trade crossing the US southwest border each year.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: white;">Powerful Mexican drug-trafficking organizations exert considerable influence on the Mexican side of the border, where they use bribes and violence in efforts to corrupt or intimidate police officials and private businessmen into allowing them to operate with limited constraint. They take advantage of the tremendous volume of cross-border trade to smuggle cocaine, heroin, marijuana, and methamphetamine into the United States.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">More than half of the cocaine smuggled into the United States comes across the southwest border with Mexico.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: white;">Mexican traffickers have also come to dominate methamphetamine production and distribution in the United States, which had been controlled by outlaw elements in US motorcycle gangs.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: white;">Besides drug smuggling, Mexican criminal groups are involved in illegal alien smuggling, product piracy, and cross-border trafficking--from the United States into Mexico--of stolen vehicles, firearms, tobacco, alcohol, and other contraband. Mexico has become a key way station in the pipeline of illegal migrants, including large numbers from Asia, traveling from South and Central America to the United States. Mexico also has a problem with businesses violating patent and trademark protections. From January to October 1998, Mexican authorities seized 23.4 million pirated goods, up from 12.6 million pirated items seized in all of 1997.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">Mexico is the top money-laundering country in Latin America. Mexican drug traffickers reportedly repatriate much of their profits in bulk cash shipments directly from the United States to Mexico and launder funds using money exchange houses along the US-Mexican border, Mexican banks, stocks and commodities markets, and other financial institutions. Laundered funds have been used by Mexican criminal kingpins to invest in Mexico.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">Cross-border currency smuggling continues to be linked to both Mexican and Colombian drug money laundering, according to US law enforcement. There is evidence that dollar-denominated non-negotiable monetary instruments are being exported to Mexico from the United States as a way to avoid large bulk movement of paper currency across the border.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: white;">Despite progress in Mexico's national money-laundering control policies and regulations, recent law enforcement initiatives indicate there are continued problems involving Mexican financial institutions.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: white;">The power and influence of Mexican criminal organizations are having a significant political and economic impact in Mexico. Law enforcement and press reporting clearly indicates that criminal violence--including between rival drug-trafficking organizations--kidnappings for profit, carjackings, and extortions have increased in recent years, making Mexico's rising crime rate a major political issue. Drug violence has been particularly noxious--from the 1993 killing of the Archbishop in Guadalajara, gunned down in crossfire between rival drug-trafficking groups, to killings of law enforcement officials, to small-scale massacres in vendettas by one drug trafficking or criminal group against another.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">A major concern is the potential threat posed by particularly violent drug traffickers based in Tijuana and Juarez not only to Mexican rivals and law enforcement officers, but also to US enforcement officers operating on the US side of the border.</span></li>
</ul>
<table bgcolor="#CCCCCC" border="1" cellpadding="10" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr><td><i><b><span style="color: white;">Mexican Drug-Trafficking Organizations</span></b></i><br />
<i><span style="color: white;">The Mexican drug-trafficking organizations that control cocaine movements through Mexico and are major distributors of cocaine, heroin, marijuana, and methamphetamine in the United States continue to grow. Powerful Mexican trafficking organizations receive up to half of each Colombian cocaine shipment moving through Mexico as payment for a successful smuggling operation, according to DEA. They also appear to have increased outright purchases of Colombian cocaine and have taken other measures to assert their independence from Colombian traffickers.</span></i><br />
<i><span style="color: white;">The Mexican drug trade is controlled by several powerful trafficking organizations, most notably the <i><b>Arellano Felix organizatio</b>n and elements of the <b>Carrillo Fuentes organization</b>, which split into factions since the death of drug lord Amado Carrillo Fuentes in 1997. These drug-trafficking organizations control most acquisition and transportation of drugs through Mexico and its trafficking across the US border. The Arellano Felix organization is considered by US law enforcement officials to be the most ruthless and violent drug-trafficking organization in Mexico.</i></span></i><br />
<ul>
<li><i><span style="color: white;">Mexican drug-trafficking organizations are most likely to take a wait-and-see attitude toward the new reform-minded administration of President Fox.</span></i></li>
</ul>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="color: white;">Widespread corruption associated with the drug trade has challenged the Mexican Government's ability to operate effectively. Corruption has certainly impaired Mexico's ability to target major drug traffickers. In several high-profile cases, senior officials, including the former Mexican drug czar, and police officers have been implicated in drug-related corruption.</span><br />
<b><a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/376856.gif"><span style="color: white;">Graphic<br />Commercial Trucks Entering the United States Through Southwest Border Crossings With Mexico, 1992-99</span></a></b><br />
<span style="color: white;">The fundamental change in Mexico's political landscape caused by Vicente Fox's election following 71 years of one-party rule presents an opportunity to attack corruption. Fox has called narcocorruption a "national cancer," promised to launch an aggressive campaign against Mexico's drug-trafficking organizations, and proposed changes to federal law enforcement agencies that would restructure the country's antidrug forces. Nonetheless, rooting out corrupt officials and reversing ingrained patterns of institutional corruption will be difficult and meet significant bureaucratic and political obstacles.</span><br />
<h2>
<span style="color: white;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="r27"></a><a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/pub45270chap3.html#27">United States</a></span></h2>
<span style="color: white;">The same factors of size, population diversity, economic strength, modern business and transportation infrastructure, and legal protections that make the United States a lucrative target for international criminals provide an environment that supports and sustains international criminal activity originating in this country and extending well beyond US borders:</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">Continental breadth and extensive Atlantic and Pacific coastlines make the United States a trading crossroads to Europe, Asia, and the rest of the world--an advantage exploited by international criminals as well as by legitimate commercial and financial businesses.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: white;">Both foreign and domestic crime groups are able to mask their criminal networks and activities within the broad ethnic diversity of the US population.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: white;">With the world's largest and most diversified economy, and a high standard of living, the United States provides numerous opportunities for lucrative criminal ventures.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: white;">International criminals operating in the United States also take advantage of the world's most modern telecommunications, transportation, and financial systems; extensive legal protection of intellectual and real property rights; and policies and laws that promote the free exchange of ideas and products that have contributed to the US global dominance as an economic and commercial power.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: white;">Although the investigative and enforcement capabilities and effectiveness of US law enforcement agencies pose a considerable threat to organized crime, international criminals using the United States as a base of operations gamble that the legal protection of individual liberties and due process in this country and the integrity of the US judicial system will reduce their exposure and risk.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: white;">The United States is one of the world's leading sources of contraband luxury goods, firearms, tobacco products, and alcohol smuggled and sold overseas. Both US and foreign crime groups operating in the United States are involved in rackets stealing cars and other high-priced items and illegally shipping them out of the country. International criminal groups profit from evading import and other taxes in countries of destination and selling them below retail price to consumers unwilling to pay exorbitant markups and taxes in the legitimate marketplace. The smuggling of US-produced firearms to other countries is also a significant international problem; the United States is a primary source for criminal groups involved in the international smuggling of firearms because there are fewer restrictions on manufacture and sale of firearms than in most other countries.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">The tremendous volume of goods entering and leaving the United States in legitimate trade provides criminal groups with unparalleled opportunities to smuggle contraband through US ports to overseas destinations. In addition to being a point of origin for contraband smuggled overseas, the United States is used by international criminals as a transit country for contraband being shipped from one foreign destination to another. International criminals know that containers arriving from the United States are less likely to arouse suspicion in most destination countries. According to the US Customs Service, more than 14 million standard shipping containers entered the United States by maritime, rail, and truck transport in 1998, most of which contained products for the US market. Some containers, however, transited in bond to other countries; criminals transshipping contraband through US ports seek to hide the true country of origin of contraband products and hope to avoid rigorous US customs scrutiny.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">While the United States is the world's leading importer of illicit drugs, it is also a major source of illegal drugs--some of which are smuggled overseas. The United States is one of the world's leading producers of marijuana, crack cocaine, and methamphetamine.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">Latin American drug traffickers acquire many of the precursor chemicals they require for producing cocaine and heroin from US sources. They rely on US chemical sources of supply because the distance and transportation required to ship often unstable chemicals are shorter and more reliable than from other producers. Most of these chemicals are produced legally and exported overseas legally to legitimate users. Despite the enactment of sweeping US and international chemical control regulations, however, many chemical shipments are diverted from licit channels for use in the manufacturing of illegal drugs. Drug traffickers establish front companies, fraudulently obtain dealer licenses for chemical transactions, or acquire precursors through corrupt officials in chemical companies.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">In an effort to evade US interdiction, foreign drug-trafficking groups typically import chemicals into neighboring countries in an attempt to disguise their purpose and destination, before diverting and smuggling the chemicals to their drug-producing laboratories.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: white;">Despite strict regulations and currency reporting requirements, the United States continues to be attractive to international criminals seeking to launder money because of the complexity, strength, and stability of the US economy and financial system. Some international criminals exploit private or personal banking services to establish accounts for money laundering purposes. The wide variety of nonbank financial institutions that are more difficult for US law enforcement to monitor for illegal activity provide launderers with many different options to dispose of criminal proceeds. These include brokers and dealers of securities, money order vendors, casinos, money transmitters, check cashiers, change bureaus, and the US Postal Service. Many foreign crime groups, particularly Latin American drug-trafficking organizations, use illicit proceeds to purchase consumer goods in the United States, which are then exported to their home countries for sale in the local currency. Moreover, international money launderers operating in the United States are increasingly using professional facilitators such as accountants, notaries, lawyers, real estate agents, and brokers to mask the origin of tainted funds.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><b>US Crime Groups Abroad</b><br />Some US crime groups have established cells and networks in foreign countries, and are engaged in a wide range of criminal activities. In many cases, the US crime groups use their overseas networks to acquire drugs and other illicit contraband or to prey upon US businesses, as they do in the United States. Law enforcement authorities in other countries also report that US crime groups are involved in money laundering, extortion, prostitution, drug trafficking, firearms smuggling, car theft, street crimes, and contract murders.</span><br />
<b><a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/749110.gif"><span style="color: white;">Map<br />US Motorcycle Clubs: Presence Overseas</span></a></b><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">The most notorious US crime groups operating overseas are outlaw elements of motorcycle gangs, according to US law enforcement agencies. Some of the approximately 900 motorcycle gangs that have been identified as having outlaw elements by US law enforcement have worldwide chapters and are expanding into other countries at a significant rate. The increasing overseas presence of US motorcycle gangs, together with their criminal members' tendency to associate with other crime groups to further their criminal ends, are causing increasing concern among law enforcement authorities around the world. Law enforcement authorities in countries where motorcycle gangs have established themselves indicate that the motorcycle gangs are extensively involved in organized crime and have particularly bad reputations for violence, property crimes, prostitution and extortion rackets, and trafficking in drugs and firearms.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: white;">According to US law enforcement agencies, the oldest and largest organized crime group in the United States, La Cosa Nostra, has extensive international connections. La Cosa Nostra has been historically linked to the Sicilian Mafia and other Italian criminal organizations, particularly for smuggling heroin and contraband into North America and firearms and cocaine to Canada and Europe. Some La Cosa Nostra members are involved in international racketeering activities, and the crime group controls several offshore casinos and Internet gambling sites. La Cosa Nostra's influence and control over certain labor unions in the United States has a far-reaching impact on some international commerce. Moreover, La Cosa Nostra's extortion and fraud schemes directed against US businesses may extend to their foreign operations. La Cosa Nostra launders illegal proceeds through offshore banks in the Caribbean, as well as through European and South American financial institutions and businesses. Of particular concern is La Cosa Nostra involvement in illegal stock market fraud and stock manipulation, which affects international investments and has the potential to destabilize US financial markets.</span></li>
</ul>
<hr />
<h3>
<span style="color: white;">Footnotes</span></h3>
<span style="color: white;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="rft1"></a><a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/pub45270chap3.html#ft1"><b>(1)</b></a> Thailand, which in the past had been a larger producer of opium, now accounts for less than 1 percent of the region's total opium production because of effective crop eradication efforts.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="rft2"></a><a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/pub45270chap3.html#ft2"><b>(2)</b></a> The reliability of some Chinese statistics is questionable, particularly for much of the data dealing with the societal consequences of crime. In some cases, China does not have good data collection, which almost certainly underestimated--perhaps significantly--the scale of these problems. Since 1997, Beijing has waged an intensive publicity campaign to encourage honesty and accuracy in reporting data.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="rft3"></a><a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/pub45270chap3.html#ft3"><b>(3)</b></a> One press report estimated the banking industry's bad loans to be as high as $1 trillion.</span><br />
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Maxmillianhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18157780153171885687noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3003895380147156708.post-61455493266754015772015-08-27T06:00:00.000+02:002015-08-27T06:00:07.720+02:00Federation of American Scientists: International Crime Threat Assessment - Introduction and Sections 1 & 2<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/pub45270index.html">International Crime Threat Assessment</a><br />
<span style="color: white;"><br /></span>
<h1>
<span style="color: white;"><img height="207" src="http://fas.org/irp/threat/45270_banner.jpg" width="720" /></span></h1>
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<h2>
<b><span style="color: white;">Introduction</span></b></h2>
<span style="color: white;">The rapid spread of international crime since the end of the Cold War is unprecedented in scale, facilitated by globalization and technological advances, and poses a significant challenge to the United States and democratic governments and free market economies around the world. The President has identified international crime as a direct and immediate threat to the national security of the United States. To meet this challenge, the Departments of Justice, State, and Treasury--working closely with numerous federal agencies--jointly developed a comprehensive national strategy to fight international crime and reduce its impact on Americans. The International Crime Control Strategy, which was released in May 1998, provides a dynamic action plan that serves as a roadmap for a coordinated, effective, long-term attack on international crime. The Strategy's eight overarching goals, supported by implementing objectives, are as follows:</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">Extend the first line of defense beyond US borders.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: white;">Protect US borders by attacking smuggling and smuggling-related crimes.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: white;">Deny safehaven to international criminals.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: white;">Counter international financial crime.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: white;">Prevent criminal exploitation of international trade.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: white;">Respond to emerging international crime threats.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: white;">Foster international cooperation and the rule of law.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: white;">Optimize the full range of US efforts.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: white;">At the direction of the President and as part of the International Crime Control Strategy, a US Government interagency working group has prepared the following comprehensive assessment of the threat posed by international crime to Americans and their communities, US businesses and financial institutions, and global security and stability. The assessment is divided into five parts:</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">Chapter I addresses the <b>Global Context of International Crime</b>, identifying those factors--including the implications of a changing world, the greater sophistication of criminal organizations, and institutional shortcomings elsewhere in the world--that have contributed to the growing problem of international crime.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: white;">Chapter II provides a comprehensive overview of specific <b>International Crimes Affecting US Interests--</b>including their effect on American lives and livelihood, costs to US business interests at home and abroad, and impact on US national security interests around the world.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: white;">Chapter III addresses <b>Worldwide Areas of International Criminal Activity</b>, particularly as source areas for specific crimes and bases of operations for international criminal organizations. This section includes an analysis of the driving factors in different countries and regions that allow criminal organizations and international criminal activity to flourish, as well as an assessment of the impact of international criminal activity on stability in these countries and regions, including threats to the growth and nurturing of democratic and free market systems. Finally, this section discusses the characteristics, criminal operations, and international presence of organized crime groups originating in these countries or regions.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: white;">Chapter IV addresses the <b>Consequences of International Crime for US Strategic Interests</b>, including the ability to work cooperatively with foreign governments and the problem of criminal safehavens, kleptocracies, and failed states.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: white;">Chapter V offers a perspective on the <b>Future of International Crime</b> as it develops in the next 10 years.</span></li>
</ul>
<br />
<br />
<a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/pub45270chap1.html">International Crime Threat Assessment</a><br />
<br />
<h1>
<img src="http://fas.org/irp/threat/45270_banner.jpg" height="207" width="720" /></h1>
<h1>
<b><span style="color: white;">Chapter I</span></b></h1>
<hr />
<h3>
<b><span style="color: white;">Contents</span></b></h3>
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="r1"></a><a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/pub45270chap1.html#1">Global Context of International Crime</a><br />
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="r2"></a><a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/pub45270chap1.html#2">Implications of a Changing World</a><br />
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="r3"></a><a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/pub45270chap1.html#3">Growing Global Reach of Organized Crime Groups</a><br />
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="r4"></a><a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/pub45270chap1.html#4">Greater Sophistication of Criminal Organizations</a><br />
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="r5"></a><a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/pub45270chap1.html#5">Insurgency and Extremist Group Involvement in Organized Crime Activities</a><br />
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="r6"></a><a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/pub45270chap1.html#6">Corruption and the Political-Criminal Nexus</a><br />
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="r7"></a><a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/pub45270chap1.html#7">Institutional Shortcomings</a><br />
<hr />
<h2>
<b><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="1"></a><a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/pub45270chap1.html#r1">Global Context of International Crime</a></b></h2>
<h2>
<b><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="2"></a><a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/pub45270chap1.html#r2">Implications of a Changing World</a></b></h2>
<span style="color: white;">Law enforcement officials around the world have reported a significant increase in the range and scope of international criminal activity since the early 1990s. The level and severity of this activity and the accompanying growth in the power and influence of international criminal organizations have raised concerns among governments all over the world--particularly in Western democracies--about the threat criminals pose to governability and stability in many countries and to the global economy. International criminal networks have been quick to take advantage of the opportunities resulting from the revolutionary changes in world politics, business, technology, and communications that have strengthened democracy and free markets, brought the world's nations closer together, and given the United States unprecedented security and prosperity:</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;"><i><b>Post-Cold War landscape.</b></i> The end of the Cold War resulted in the breakdown of political and economic barriers not only in Europe but also around the world. This change opened the way for substantially increased trade, movement of people, and capital flows between democracies and free market countries and the formerly closed societies and markets that had been controlled by Soviet power. The end of the Cold War also brought with it an end to superpower rivalry in other regions of the world, encouraging movement toward peace and more open borders. These developments have allowed international criminals to expand their networks and increase their cooperation in illicit activities and financial transactions.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: white;"><i><b>Economic and trade liberalization.</b></i> Increasing economic interdependence has both promoted and benefited from reforms in many countries opening or liberalizing state-controlled economies with the intention of boosting trade and becoming more competitive in the global marketplace. Criminals have taken advantage of transitioning and more open economies to establish front companies and quasi-legitimate businesses that facilitate smuggling, money laundering, financial frauds, intellectual property piracy, and other illicit ventures. Multilateral economic agreements reducing trade barriers in North America, Europe, Asia, and other regions of the world have substantially increased the volume of international trade. In the United States, the volume of trade has doubled since 1994, according to the US Customs Service, and will double again by 2005. Criminal groups have taken advantage of the high volume of legitimate trade to smuggle drugs, arms, and other contraband across national boundaries.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: white;">The advent of intermodal commercial shipping-- including standardized cargo containers, computerized cargo tracking, and automated cargo-transfer equipment--enables shippers to securely and efficiently transfer containers delivered by sea to other ships for onward shipment or to commercial railroads and trucks for overland transportation. Criminals are able to exploit the complexity of the intermodal system to hide drugs or other contraband or to conceal the true origin and ownership of cargo within which contraband is hidden.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;"><i><b>Technological advances.</b></i> The last decade has presented revolutionary advances in information and communications technologies that have brought the world closer together. Modern telecommunications and information systems that underpin legitimate commercial activity in today's fast-paced global market are as easily used by criminal networks. Commercially available state-of-the-art communications equipment greatly facilitates international criminal transactions--including making deals and coordinating the large volume of illicit trade. In addition to the reliability and swiftness of the communications, this also affords criminals considerable security from law enforcement operations. According to US law enforcement agencies, many international crime groups and drug traffickers use a combination of pirated and encrypted cellular phones and bootleg or stolen phone cards that they replace after short periods of use.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: white;">Through the use of computers, international criminals have an unprecedented capability to obtain, process, and protect information and sidestep law enforcement investigations. They can use the interactive capabilities of advanced computers and telecommunications systems to plot marketing strategies for drugs and other illicit commodities, to find the most efficient routes and methods for smuggling and moving money in the financial system, and to create false trails for law enforcement or banking security. International criminals also take advantage of the speed and magnitude of financial transactions and the fact that there are few safeguards to prevent abuse of the system to move large amounts of money without scrutiny. More threateningly, some criminal organizations appear to be adept at using technology for counterintelligence purposes and for tracking law enforcement<br />activities.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;"><i><b>Globalization of business.</b></i> The revolution in modern telecommunications and information systems and lowering of political and economic barriers that have so greatly quickened the pace, volume, and scope of international commerce are daily being exploited by criminal networks worldwide. International criminals are attracted to major global commercial and banking centers where they take advantage of gateway seaports and airports, the high volume of international trade, the concentration of modern telecommunications and information systems, and the presence of major financial institutions. They count on avoiding close scrutiny of their activities because of the importance to businesses and governments of facilitating commercial and financial transactions and rapid transshipment of products.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: white;"><i><b>Explosion in international travel.</b></i> With the breaking down of international political and economic barriers and the globalization of business, there is more freedom of movement, and international transportation of goods and services is easier. The proliferation of air transportation connections and easing of immigration and visa restrictions in many countries to promote international commerce, especially within regional trade blocs, have also facilitated criminal activity. In the past, more limited travel options between countries and more stringent border checks made crossing national boundaries difficult for international criminals. Now, criminals have a great many choices of travel routes and can arrange itineraries to minimize risk. Border controls within many regional economic blocs--such as the European Union--are often nonexistent.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: white;">In 1999, some 395 million people entered the United States overland from Mexico and Canada, 76 million people arrived on more than 928,000 commercial airline and private flights, and 9 million arrived by sea, according to the US Customs Service. In addition, 135 million vehicles--including automobiles and commercial trucks--crossed US borders with Mexico and Canada, and more than 200,000 merchant and passenger ships and other maritime vessels docked at US seaports or US coastal harbors. US seaports handled more than 4.4 million shipping containers and 400 million tons of cargo in 1999. US Customs is able to inspect only about 3 percent of the goods entering the United States, a figure that will drop to about 1 percent in the next five years as the volume of trade continues to grow. This tremendous volume of traffic and trade into the United States provides international criminals tremendous opportunity to smuggle contraband--including drugs and counterfeit products--into the country, as well as to illegally export firearms, stolen vehicles, and other contraband overseas.</span><br />
<h2>
<b><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="3"></a><a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/pub45270chap1.html#r3">Growing Global Reach of Organized Crime Groups</a></b></h2>
<span style="color: white;">The phenomenon of international organized crime is not new. Italian, Chinese, and Nigerian criminal groups, for example, have long had members or cells in foreign countries and international connections to obtain, distribute, or market contraband. In general, however, their international criminal activities were more limited in scope, and their foreign cells operated mostly autonomously or performed a few specific functions for the larger group. Border controls, the slower pace of transportation and communication, and the requirement to move illicit money in bulk cash were significant impediments to international criminal activity. For many organized crime groups, their international criminal activities were more regional than global. For those with a more worldwide presence, their operations were mostly confined to countries with a large ethnic expatriate population.</span><br />
<a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/376886.gif"><b>Graphic<br />Total Persons Entering the United States, 1990-99</b></a><br />
<a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/376885.gif"><b>Graphic</b></a><a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/376885.gif"><b>Maritime Containers Entering US Commercial Seaports, 1990-99</b></a><br />
<a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/376887.gif"><b>Graphic</b></a><b><a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/376887.gif">International Commercial Flights and Persons Entering the United States By Air Transport, 1990-99</a></b><br />
<span style="color: white;">The dynamics of globalization, however, particularly the reduction of barriers to movement of people, goods, and financial transactions across borders, have enabled international organized crime groups to expand both their global reach and criminal business interests. International organized crime groups are able to operate increasingly outside traditional parameters, take quick advantage of new opportunities, and move more readily into new geographic areas. The major international organized crime groups have become more global in their operations, while many smaller and more local crime groups have expanded beyond their country's borders to become regional crime threats.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">Since the end of the Cold War, organized crime groups from Russia, China, Italy, Nigeria, and Japan have increased their international presence and worldwide networks or have become involved in more transnational criminal activities. Most of the world's major international organized crime groups are present in the United States.</span><br />
<br />
<table bgcolor="#CCCCCC" border="1" cellpadding="10" style="height: 548px; width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top"><td height="549"><h1>
<i><span style="color: red;">General Characteristics Common to Organized Crime Groups</span></i></h1>
<i><span style="color: red;">Organized crime is defined by US law enforcement as a "continuing and self-perpetuating criminal conspiracy, having an organized structure, fed by fear and corruption, and motivated by greed." Organized crime groups often have a family or ethnic base, but members usually identify more closely with the organization than they do with blood relatives. They typically maintain their position through the threat or use of violence, corruption of public officials, graft, or extortion. The widespread political, economic, social, and technological changes occurring within the world have allowed organized crime groups to become increasingly active worldwide. The ability of organized crime groups to adapt to these changes and their use of improved transportation and communication technology have hindered law enforcement efforts against them.</span></i><br />
<i><span style="color: red;">Most organized crime groups have the following characteristics in common:</span></i><br />
<ul>
<li><i><span style="color: red;"><b>Seeking financial gain.</b> A business must profit to survive, and organized crime functions in much the same way. Greed and the quest for profits probably dictate more organized crime decisions than any other single motive. It is this consuming desire for money, and the power that typically goes with it, which drives and sustains organized crime.</span></i></li>
<li><i><span style="color: red;"><b>Requiring member loyalty through ethnicity and family considerations.</b> Although not an absolute mandate for every organized crime group, most groups require their members to be of the same ethnic background. The purpose of this preference is twofold. First, criminals generally believe they can better trust those people they know, or know of, thereby reducing the likelihood of law enforcement infiltrating the group. Second, some of these groups originated from the pursuit of a common goal or scheme, whether economic, societal, or political.</span></i></li>
<li><i><span style="color: red;"><b>Pursuing corruption of government officials. </b>Most organized crime groups have been enormously successful in their illegal ventures because they have successfully corrupted those persons charged with investigating and prosecuting them. In fact, some of these groups have so thoroughly and utterly corrupted those officials that it is no longer possible to distinguish between the two.</span></i></li>
<li><i><span style="color: red;"><b>Hierarchical structure. </b>Generally, organized crime groups maintain a structure with defined leadership-subordinate roles, through which the group's objectives are achieved.</span></i></li>
<li><i><span style="color: red;"><b>Criminal diversity. </b>Typically, organized crime groups engage in more than one type of crime.</span></i></li>
<li><i><span style="color: red;"><b>Organizational maturity.</b> In most cases organized crime groups have some permanence and do not depend on the continuing participation of one or a few individuals for their existence.</span></i></li>
<li><i><span style="color: red;"><b>Multijurisdictional activities.</b> Usually, organized crime groups operate or have influence over large areas of a region, country, or countries.</span></i></li>
</ul>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h2>
<b><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="4"></a><a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/pub45270chap1.html#r4">Greater Sophistication of Criminal Organizations</a></b></h2>
<span style="color: white;">International criminal networks--including traditional organized crime groups and drug-trafficking organizations--have taken advantage of the dramatic changes in technology, world politics, and the global economy to become more sophisticated and flexible in their operations. They have extensive worldwide networks and infrastructure to support their criminal operations; they are inherently flexible in their operations, adapting quickly to challenges from rivals and from law enforcement; they have tremendous financial resources to draw upon; and they are completely ruthless. International criminals spare no expense to corrupt government and law enforcement officials in foreign countries that serve as their bases of operation or as critical avenues for transshipment of drugs, arms, other contraband, illegal aliens, or trafficked women and children. Organized crime groups routinely resort to violence to advance and protect their interests.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">Organized crime groups remain ruthless in protecting their interests from rivals and law enforcement alike. Criminal violence--contract killings, vendetta murders, kidnappings, bondage, even occasional small-scale massacres--has increased with competition for illicit markets and resources, and it often has spilled over into society at large.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: white;">Globalization has bred a more professional criminal element. International criminals make use of the latest commercial and technological developments to expand and improve the efficiency of their operations, and they have the financial resources to obtain whatever access, know-how, and technology they may need or desire. Many criminal groups employ individuals with specific expertise to facilitate their operations. As a result, they are able to quickly identify and adapt to market changes.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">Major drug smuggling and other international criminal groups use transportation specialists and legal experts to research commercial flows and to learn about tariff laws and administrative procedures in the world's major commercial ports. With such information, they are able to exploit international air, sea, and land shipping to move drugs, arms, other contraband, illegal aliens, and even money past customs and law enforcement.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: white;">International criminal organizations use financial experts (some trained in the world's best business schools) to identify new money-laundering mechanisms, to manage investments, and to establish fronts that can be used as covers for smuggling and fraud schemes. This has allowed criminal groups to increasingly diversify their financial operations on a global scale.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: white;">Legal expertise is effectively used by international criminals to protect themselves from investigations and prosecutions. Lawyers in their pay have used detailed knowledge of the law to manipulate the judicial system and to influence law enforcement legislation to protect criminal interests in countries around the world.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: white;">Globalization has enabled organized crime groups to diversify their criminal activities. Colombian drug-trafficking organizations, for example, are also involved in counterfeiting; Nigerian and Asian crime groups engage in alien smuggling; Russian and Asian crime groups traffic women for worldwide sex industries; and Russian, Asian, Nigerian, and Italian criminal syndicates engage in sophisticated, high-tech financial crimes. Many of the larger criminal organizations have established business-like structures to facilitate and provide cover for their operations, including front companies, quasi-legitimate businesses, and investments in fully legitimate firms.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">Much more than in the past, criminal organizations are networking and cooperating with one another, enabling them to merge expertise and to broaden the scope of their activities. Rather than treat each other as rivals, many criminal organizations are sharing information, services, resources, and market access according to the principle of comparative advantage. By doing so, they can reduce their risks and costs and are better able to exploit illicit criminal opportunities. Although most cooperation between criminal organizations so far has been largely tactical--such as collaborating in smuggling ventures, arranging illicit financial transactions, or laundering money--the potential for broader alliances to undertake more complex criminal schemes in an increasingly global economy is significant. The willingness and capability of large, well-established international organized crime groups to move into new areas and develop mutually beneficial relationships with local criminal groups is unprecedented.</span><br />
<h2>
<b><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="5"></a><a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/pub45270chap1.html#r5">Insurgency and Extremist Group Involvement in Organized Crime Activities</a></b></h2>
<span style="color: white;">One of the more significant developments since the end of the Cold War has been the growing involvement of insurgent, paramilitary, and extremist groups--whose crimes are primarily against the state--in criminal activities more associated with traditional organized crime groups and drug-trafficking syndicates. Although various insurgent and extremist groups had been involved in traditional criminal activities before, particularly the drug trade, their role typically was more a subsidiary one of extorting or offering protection to drug trafficking and crime groups operating in areas they controlled. Partnerships that some of these insurgent or extremist groups had with drug traffickers and other criminal organizations were often fleeting, but sometimes longer-standing symbiotic arrangements based on a coincidence of interests. In either case, the relationship was often strained and marked by mutual suspicion and wariness. For example:</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">In Peru from the late 1980s until the early 1990s, the extremist Sendero Luminoso insurgents profited from protecting coca fields and extorting drug traffickers operating in the Andean region they controlled.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: white;">In Western Europe, members of the terrorist Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) in Turkey have engaged in drug trafficking and other crimes to help finance local operations.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: white;">Among the changes brought by the end of the Cold War, however, was the loss of Soviet, Cuban, and other Communist benefactors for many regional insurgencies and extremist groups. Unable to rely on aid from state sponsors, many insurgent and extremist groups were forced to find alternative sources of funds to remain militarily relevant, and involvement in drug trafficking and other criminal activity became a priority as an independent source of revenue.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">In Colombia, since the late 1980s, Marxist insurgents have not been able to rely on financial support from Cuba and Russia. Some insurgent fronts of the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) and the National Liberation Army (ELN) generate substantial revenue by taxing and protecting coca cultivation, cocaine processing, and drug shipments in the areas they control. The US Government estimates that the FARC may earn as much as half of its revenue from involvement in the Colombian drug trade.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: white;">In Africa, both the National Union for the Total Independance of Angola (UNITA) in Angola and the Revolutionary United Front (RUF) in Sierra Leone raise most of the revenue to pay the costs of their insurgencies from mining and illegally exporting diamonds in the areas their forces control. For UNITA, exploiting the diamond industry became critical to its survival once Cuban and more limited Soviet aid dried up by the early 1990s. The RUF's principal external supporter, neighboring Liberia, receives payment in diamonds as the price for its troop, logistics, and material support.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: white;">Besides engaging in drug trafficking and other criminal activity to raise needed revenue, insurgent and extremist groups have other motivations for involvement. Among the most important is to advance their political objectives by isolating the regions they control from the national economy. By so doing, they deprive the government of the region's economic productivity--as is most notably the case with the diamond mines held by the insurgents in Angola and Sierra Leone--and increase the dependence of the local population on their control and authority. In some cases--such as in the drug-producing regions of Colombia, largely controlled by the FARC and rightwing paramilitary forces--insurgent and extremist groups support a widespread illegal economy or illicit activity that is the primary source of income for the local population.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">With the substantial decline in state-sponsored support, many insurgencies and extremist groups reach out to criminal networks to acquire arms and supplies that cannot be obtained through more traditional or legitimate channels. Unlike insurgent groups, criminal groups are well-connected to outside gray arms merchants, transportation coordinators, money launderers, and other specialists who can provide the weapons and other logistics support once given by state sponsors. Organized crime groups are also more likely than armed illegal political, ideological, or religious movements to have stables of corrupt contacts in customs, immigration, and other law enforcement authorities to facilitate the smuggling of weapons and other contraband to extremist and insurgent groups. Armed groups are also turning to criminals to acquire high-technology items, like encryption software or global positioning equipment, that are otherwise unobtainable.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">For some insurgent groups involved in criminal activity, the activity itself may eventually become their primary motivation. In Burma, for example, ethnic-based insurgent armies that were originally formed as national liberation movements supported by Communist China have become drug-trafficking armies. Particularly since Burma's military regime negotiated cease-fire agreements that leave them alone, insurgent armies like the United Wa State Army--the largest producer of heroin and methamphetamine in Southeast Asia--are now engaged almost exclusively in the lucrative business of drug trafficking. They turned increasingly to drug trafficking when China began substantially reducing its support in the 1970s.</span><br />
<h2>
<b><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="6"></a><a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/pub45270chap1.html#r6">Corruption and the Political-Criminal Nexus</a></b></h2>
<span style="color: white;">While organized crime groups and other criminal networks have become more sophisticated in their operations and capabilities, corruption remains an indispensable tool of the criminal trade. Corruption is inherent to criminal activity; criminal groups corrupt society, business, law enforcement, and government. Beyond corrupting mid- and low-level law enforcement personnel and government bureaucrats to turn a blind eye or proactively facilitate their on-site criminal activities, crime groups seek to corrupt high-level politicians and government officials for a variety of reasons, including to:</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;"><b>Gain high-level protection for themselves and their activities. </b>Implicit alliances with senior officials in a position to head off or limit policy or law enforcement initiatives that could interfere with their criminal activities allow crime groups to operate in a relatively benign environment. In some circumstances, the relative power of their high-level political protectors may be the most important factor in how well or poorly a criminal group prospers.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: white;"><b>Gain insider information on national-level law enforcement investigations. </b>Access to senior officials in a position to authorize or influence investigations and prosecutions provides major crime figures with warning of governments' attempts to target them, the potential to learn about the sources and direction of investigations, and the possibility to terminate or sidetrack investigations or to target a rival criminal group instead.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: white;"><b>Gain insider information on national economic planning. </b>Unsavory businessmen and many<br />organized crime groups seek to invest in productive business enterprises and to profit from economic and infrastructure development projects, both to use as fronts for their criminal operations and to legitimize their income and their role in society. Having advanced knowledge of government plans for privatization offerings or competitive bidding for development projects, for example, gives them a potential advantage over individuals and businesses without criminal ties. In many cases, criminal groups try to use their high-level official connections to ensure they win competitive bids.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: white;"><b>Influence legislation or statutory regulations that could affect their interests. </b>High-level politicians in league with crime figures could sidetrack or weaken provisions in key legislation that would threaten their safety, such as extradition, or push for laws that would promote their interests--such as their ability to launder money, make illicit financial transactions, engage in illegal trade practices, or move contraband products.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: white;">Criminal groups are most successful in corrupting high-level politicians and government officials in countries that are their home base of operations. Countries with policies that favor government subsidies and foreign trade restrictions to protect domestic industries, foreign exchange controls, and state control of utilities and natural resources are particularly vulnerable to high-level corruption. Senior officials who have authority to grant import or export permits, fix import and export duties, determine preferential exchange rates, decide on government-let contracts or privatization offerings, or waive internal taxes are routinely targeted by criminal groups or may themselves seek out a relationship with criminal interests. High-level politicians and government officials enter into corrupt alliances with criminal groups to:</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;"><b>Avoid pressure and reprisals from criminal groups demanding favors. </b>Politicians and officials who doubt the willingness or capability of their government to protect them from criminal threats are most vulnerable to the combination of lucrative bribe offers and intimidation.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: white;"><b>Use their public position or potential leverage for financial payoffs from criminal groups. </b>Officials in a position to decide or influence law enforcement operations or investigations may demand bribes either to preclude government interference in the activities of criminal groups or to help facilitate their operations.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: white;"><b>Exploit their public authority for personal profit from illicit activities. </b>High-level politicians and officials profit by using their ability to influence government economic decisions on behalf of criminal interests. For example, they may accept financial kickbacks for awarding contracts to business enterprises controlled or influenced by crime figures.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: white;"><b>Gain personal or political favors from criminal associations. </b>In some cases, senior politicians and officials seek criminal associations to obtain funds or assets that they can personally use for legitimate investments or for their own involvement in quasi-legitimate or illicit profitable business activities. Criminal associations can also help them to launder and hide illicit proceeds garnered through abuse of their positions of authority. In other cases, they rely on criminal groups for information that can discredit political or bureaucratic rivals or to provide under-the-table campaign financing.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: white;">Corruption on a grand scale weakens social, political, and legal institutions and acts as a catalyst for further criminal activity--including drug and contraband smuggling, illegal migration, and the penetration of criminal groups into the legitimate economy. This is particularly true in countries that are making the difficult transition to market economies, where widespread corruption degrades their ability to enforce the rule of law.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">In addition to undermining the political legitimacy of the government, the consequences of corruption can be severe for a country's economic performance. Corruption reduces incentives for investment because businessmen perceive whatever portion of an investment is claimed by corrupt officials as a tax. Corruption disrupts the productive allocation of talent and labor in society and distorts the composition of fiscal expenditure, since corrupt officials make key economic decisions that are often based on their own personal best interests, rather than those of the country. High levels of corruption are also associated with lower-quality public infrastructure projects and services, because productive expenditures are cut to offset costly kickbacks or the firms involved are inefficient or incompetent. Finally, in countries that are recipients of foreign assistance, the diversion of foreign aid flows from their intended projects by corrupt officials reduces the effectiveness of international donor efforts.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">As a result of foreign aid diversion, many donor countries have focused increasingly on issues of good governance. In some cases where corruption has significantly eroded the ability of the recipient country to use the aid as intended, international donors have scaled back their assistance.</span></li>
</ul>
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<tr align="left" valign="top"><td height="221"><h1>
<i><span style="color: red;">A Global Forum on Fighting Corruption: Safeguarding Integrity among Justice and Security Officials</span></i></h1>
<i><span style="color: red;">In February 1999, the United States hosted the first global forum to fight corruption among government officials responsible for upholding the rule of law. Officials from 90 countries participated and agreed on a declaration that calls on governments to adopt effective practices to promote integrity and fight corruption among justice, security, and other public officials and to assist each other in this regard through mutual evaluation. As a result of this initiative, several nations--such as Romania and South Africa--convened their own regional conferences in the past year to continue the work on a more local level. The Netherlands, with help from the United States, will host a follow-up global forum at the Hague in May 2001. The Dutch anticipate officials from 135-to-140 countries will attend.</span></i></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h2>
<b><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="7"></a><a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/pub45270chap1.html#r7">Institutional Shortcomings</a></b></h2>
<span style="color: white;">The growth and spread of international crime have also fed off the many institutional shortcomings of countries around the world. Police and judicial systems in many countries are ill-prepared to combat sophisticated criminal organizations because they lack adequate resources, have limited investigative authorities, or are plagued by corruption. Many countries have outdated or nonexistent laws to address corruption, money laundering, financial and high-tech crimes, intellectual property piracy, corrupt business practices, or immigration. Moreover, many governments have been slow to recognize the threat posed by criminal activities and increasingly powerful organized crime groups. Criminals use these shortcomings--and their tremendous resources to corrupt and intimidate public officials and business leaders--to find safehavens for themselves, their illicit operations, and their tainted money.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">Countries that do not allow or limit extradition or mutual legal assistance, do not recognize the relevance of some US laws, or that have no legal statutes to deal with some criminal activities are often ideal sanctuaries for criminals seeking to evade justice in the United States.</span></li>
</ul>
<a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/376867.gif"><b>Graphic<br />International Crimes Affecting US Interests</b></a><br />
<span style="color: white;">The resourcefulness of organized crime groups worldwide in acquiring sophisticated technology is posing unprecedented challenges for law enforcement and security forces. Many law enforcement agencies in world regions hard hit by criminal activity are poorly funded and equipped and are increasingly outmaneuvered by crime syndicates using state-of-the-art technology. Technological sophistication gives crime groups more options to target or retaliate against the police, judicial, or government officials if law enforcement pressure becomes too threatening to their operations.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">Law enforcement and security agencies increasingly may need to treat the security apparatus of sophisticated international criminal organizations the same as hostile intelligence services.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">Finally, while globalization has allowed international criminals to operate virtually without regard to borders, governments and law enforcement agencies remain limited by national boundaries. National sovereignty concerns and jurisdictional restrictions are impediments to targeting criminal activities that cross international boundaries. Unlike criminals, governments and law enforcement agencies must respect other nations' sovereignty and legal statutes in law enforcement operations.</span><br />
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<a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/pub45270chap2.html"><img border="0" src="http://fas.org/irp/threat/next.gif" height="42" width="172" /></a> <a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/pub45270intro.html"><img border="0" src="http://fas.org/irp/threat/prev.gif" height="42" width="172" /></a> <a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/pub45270index.html"><img border="0" src="http://fas.org/irp/threat/rettoc.gif" height="42" width="172" /></a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/pub45270chap2.html">International Crime Threat Assessment</a><br />
<br />
<h1>
<img src="http://fas.org/irp/threat/45270_banner.jpg" height="207" width="720" /></h1>
<h1>
<b><span style="color: white;">Chapter II</span></b></h1>
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<tr align="left" valign="top"><td rowspan="2" width="41%"><b><span style="color: white;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="toc"></a>Contents</span></b><br />
<a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/pub45270chap2.html#1">International Crimes Affecting US Interests</a><br />
<a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/pub45270chap2.html#2">Terrorism</a><br />
<a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/pub45270chap2.html#3">Drug Trafficking</a><br />
<a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/pub45270chap2.html#4">Alien Smuggling</a><br />
<a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/pub45270chap2.html#5">Trafficking in Women and Children</a><br />
<a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/pub45270chap2.html#6">Environmental Crimes</a><br />
<a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/pub45270chap2.html#7">Sanctions Violations</a><br />
<a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/pub45270chap2.html#8">Illicit Technology Transfers and Smuggling of Materials<br />for Weapons of Mass Destruction</a><br />
<a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/pub45270chap2.html#9">Arms Trafficking</a><br />
<a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/pub45270chap2.html#10">Trafficking in Precious Gems</a></td><td rowspan="2" width="59%"><a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/pub45270chap2.html#11">Piracy</a><br />
<a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/pub45270chap2.html#12">Nondrug Contraband Smuggling</a><br />
<a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/pub45270chap2.html#13">Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) Violations</a><br />
<a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/pub45270chap2.html#14">Foreign Economic Espionage</a><br />
<a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/pub45270chap2.html#15">Foreign Corrupt Business Practices</a><br />
<a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/pub45270chap2.html#16">Counterfeiting</a><br />
<a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/pub45270chap2.html#17">Financial Fraud</a><br />
<a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/pub45270chap2.html#18">High-Tech Crime</a><br />
<a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/pub45270chap2.html#19">Money Laundering</a></td></tr>
<tr></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<h2>
<b><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="1"></a><a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/pub45270chap2.html#toc">International Crimes Affecting US Interests</a></b></h2>
<span style="color: white;">The threat to the United States from international crime continues to grow as criminals exploit the globalization of trade and finance and rapid changes in technology. These developments have helped create new mechanisms for trafficking contraband, conducting illicit trade, laundering money, and engaging in large-scale economic crimes. They have also opened the door to new criminal opportunities. While organized crime groups have greatly benefited from these developments, the pace of globalization and technological advancements also have inadvertently resulted in some legitimate businesses becoming engaged in economic criminal activity.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">The President's International Crime Control Strategy states that international crime threatens vital US interests in three broad, interrelated categories:</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;"><b>Threats to Americans and their communities</b>, which affect the lives, livelihood, and social welfare of US citizens living in the United States and abroad.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: white;"><b>Threats to American businesses and financial institutions</b>, which affect US trade, the competitiveness of US products, and the US interest in a stable worldwide financial system.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: white;"><b>Threats to global security and stability</b>, which affect the broader US national security interest in promoting regional peace and democratic and free market systems, particularly in regions where outlaw regimes aspire to develop weapons of mass destruction or where US forces may be deployed.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: white;">This chapter addresses the major international crimes identified as a threat to US interests in the International Crime Control Strategy, including their impact and costs to American citizens, businesses, or national security interests. This survey does not address them in any priority order indicating severity of threat to US interests.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">International terrorism and drug trafficking most directly threaten American lives and property. These international crimes are addressed in greater detail in the State Department's annual <i>Patterns of Global Terrorism</i> and <i>International Narcotics Control Strategy Reports</i> and the administration's annual <i>National Drug Control Strategy</i>.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: white;">Illegal immigration, worldwide trafficking of women and children, and environmental crimes may pose direct threats to safety, health, stability, values, and other interests of American communities--as well as to the entire world community of which the United States is a leading member.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: white;">The illicit transfer or trafficking of products across international borders--including the violation of US or international sanctions, illicit transfer and smuggling of materials for weapons of mass destruction, arms trafficking, and trafficking in diamonds and other precious gems--undermines US national security objectives of isolating pariah regimes and promoting regional stability.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: white;">Economic trade crimes such as piracy, the smuggling of contraband, the violation of intellectual property rights (IPR) through product piracy and counterfeiting, industrial theft and economic espionage, and foreign corrupt business practices rob US companies of substantial commercial revenues and affect their competitiveness in world markets.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: white;">Financial crimes such as counterfeiting US currency and other monetary instruments, sophisticated fraud schemes directed at both individuals and businesses, high-tech computer crimes targeting businesses and financial institutions, and money laundering cause significant financial losses to American citizens and companies at home and overseas and contribute to instability in the international financial system.</span></li>
</ul>
<h2>
<b><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="2"></a><a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/pub45270chap2.html#toc">Terrorism</a></b></h2>
<span style="color: white;">Many international terrorist groups continue to see US interests as prime targets. Terrorists continue to demonstrate their operational ability to strike at a broad array of targets using both crude and sophisticated methods. The 1993 World Trade Center bombing in New York City; the 1995 and 1996 bombings in Saudi Arabia; the 1997 massacre of Western tourists in Luxor, Egypt; the 1998 bombings of US Embassies in Kenya and Tanzania; and the October 2000 suicide attack on the USS Cole in Yemen highlight the international terrorist threat posed to American lives and property, at home and abroad.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">In 1999, there were 169 terrorist attacks against US targets worldwide, a 52 percent increase from 1998, when there were 111 anti-US terrorist attacks-- including the bombing of US Embassies in Nairobi, Kenya, and Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.</span></li>
</ul>
<a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/376888.gif"><b>Graphic<br />Anti-US Terrorist Incidents 1990-2000</b></a><br />
<span style="color: white;">The terrorist threat to US citizens and national security interests comes principally from organized groups with political, ethnic, or religious agendas in their countries, state sponsors of terrorist organizations, and transnational groups with broader goals. Traditional, established terrorist organizations--some backed by state sponsors such as Iran, Iraq, Syria, Libya, Sudan, North Korea, and Cuba--remain a dangerous threat. Iran, which still considers terrorism a legitimate foreign policy tool, maintains a terrorist infrastructure and ties to Islamic extremists and Palestinian groups that give it a worldwide terrorist capability.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">Islamic terrorist groups with vague international agendas have become a growing threat in recent years. These groups are sometimes loosely organized, draw their membership from communities in several different countries, and obtain support from an informal international network of like-minded extremists rather than from state sponsors of terrorism. Many of these terrorists met while fighting against the Soviets in Afghanistan or have since received military and explosives training there.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">The group led by Ramzi Yousef, the convicted mastermind of the World Trade Center bombing, and the network maintained by Afghanistan-based terrorist Usama Bin Laden are prime examples of this evolution in the international terrorist threat.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: white;">Algerian national Ahmed Ressam, who was arrested in Port Angeles, Washington, attempting to smuggle bombmaking material into the United States from Canada, was associated with an extremist group based in Algeria that has ties to Bin Ladin's organization.</span></li>
</ul>
<a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/376889.gif"><b><span style="color: white;">Graphic<br />Total Persons Killed Worldwide in International Terrorist Incidents, 1990-2000</span></b></a><br />
<span style="color: white;">The international political and economic changes that drug-trafficking and organized crime groups are exploiting to facilitate their activities are enhancing the ability of terrorist groups to operate worldwide. International terrorist groups are particularly adept at exploiting the advantages of more open borders and the globalization of international commerce to move people, money, and material across national borders. Like drug trafficking and other criminal organizations, terrorist groups are becoming more sophisticated in the use of computer technology that enhances their communications and logistic networks.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">Although terrorist groups and criminal organizations have similar requirements for moving people, money, and material across international borders, traditionally there has been minimal cooperation between them. Terrorist groups maintain their own clandestine networks and typically control all aspects of their operations to minimize the risk of exposure. There is the potential, however, for cooperation between transnational terrorist groups and criminal organizations.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">Some terrorist groups that lack a single state sponsor may use criminal activities to help finance their operations.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: white;">Some terrorist groups look to organized crime groups to assist them in acquiring more sophisticated weapons or materials.</span></li>
</ul>
<h2>
<b><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="3"></a><a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/pub45270chap2.html#toc">Drug Trafficking</a></b></h2>
<span style="color: white;">The worldwide illicit drug industry is one of the greatest threats to social stability and welfare in the United States. In addition to the terrible human cost of addiction and associated health concerns--including HIV and AIDS--endured by users of illicit narcotics, drug abuse has a significant impact on the social fabric that affects all Americans. Drug abuse undermines family cohesion and has a terrible daily and often lifelong effect on the lives of children across the country.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">Results from the most recent National Household Survey on Drug Abuse indicated that 14.8 million Americans--about 6.7 percent of the population 12 years or older--were current users of illicit drugs, having used them within the previous 30 days.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: white;">In 1999, according to a study sponsored by the Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP), there were about 3.3 million hard-core users of cocaine and 977,000 hard-core heroin users in the United States.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: white;">ONDCP estimates there were 52,600 drug-related deaths in 1995, including 14,200 who died directly from drug consumption. This was the only year for which this estimate, derived from a methodology that incorporates deaths from other drug-related causes, was made.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: white;">Medical examiners from 42 metropolitan areas in the United States reported more than 10,000 direct drug abuse deaths in 1998, the latest year for which figures are available, according to a survey conducted by the Drug Abuse Warning Network.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: white;">Drug-related causes accounted for about 33 percent of new AIDS cases for men and 42 percent of new AIDS cases for women in the United States in 1998, according to data from the Centers of Disease Control and Prevention.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: white;">The economic costs of drug abuse to US citizens and society are substantial. These include significant personal spending of disposable income on illegal drugs; costs associated with medical care and drug rehabilitation programs for drug abusers; lost productivity in the workplace; and spending required by federal, state, and local law enforcement agencies and judicial and penal systems to deal with drug-related crimes.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">In 1999, Americans spent $63 billion on illegal drugs, according to a study sponsored by ONDCP.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: white;">The estimated total costs of drug abuse in the United States--including health care and lost productivity--were $110 billion in 1995, the latest year for which data are available, according to the US National Institute for Drug Abuse (NIDA). Nearly $12 billion of that was for health-care costs and medical consequences.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: white;">US Department of Labor studies have shown that drug users are less dependable than other workers; they are twice as likely as nonusers to take unexcused absences from work, are nearly twice as likely to switch jobs, and are more than three times as likely to be terminated.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: white;">More than 8.3 million Americans in the work force age 18 and older used illicit drugs in 1998, according to the National Household Survey on Drug Abuse; 6.4 percent of full-time workers and 7.4 percent of part-time workers reported current illicit use in the survey.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: white;">Drug use is estimated to cost $77 billion a year in decreased productivity and lost earnings in the United States, according to a 1998 report by NIDA.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: white;">Drug abuse also leads to antisocial behavior and promotes disrespect for laws and institutions. The drug trade brings with it high levels of street crime and violence by addicts needing to pay for drugs and by drug groups fighting for turf. There is a strong correlation between drug abuse and crime.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">More than two-thirds of the adult males arrested for crimes tested positive for at least one drug in 1998, according to the Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring Program sponsored by the National Institute of Justice.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: white;">In 1995, the latest year for which data are available, almost 225,000 people were incarcerated in state prisons and nearly 52,000 in federal prisons for drug offenses. About 60 percent of the federal prison population was incarcerated for drug-related crimes.</span></li>
</ul>
<a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/376893.gif"><b>Graphic<br />Estimated US Hard-Core User Population for Heroin and Cocaine, 1988-98</b></a><br />
<b><a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/376890.gif">Graphic<br />US Customs Seizures of MDMA (Ecstasy), 1997-2000</a></b><br />
<span style="color: white;"><b>Illicit Drug Production</b><br />The most dangerous drugs of abuse in the United States--cocaine, heroin, MDMA (also known as ecstasy), and much of the methamphetamine--are smuggled into the country by international criminal organizations from source countries in Latin America, Asia, and--for MDMA--Europe. <b>Cocaine</b> consumption in the United States, the world's most important and largest market, has declined somewhat since its peak in the late 1980s, but has remained relatively stable for most of the last decade. Cocaine is produced in the South American Andean countries of Colombia, Peru, and Bolivia; Colombia is the source of an estimated 90 percent of the cocaine supply in the US market.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">In 1999, the United States seized some 73 metric tons of cocaine at its borders, according to the US Customs Service.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: white;">Fueled by high-purity, low-cost heroin introduced into the US market by Southeast Asian and Colombian traffickers, <b>heroin</b> use in the United States increased significantly in the early-to-mid 1990s and has leveled off in recent years. The purity of heroin currently available in the United States is higher than ever. Southwest Asia's "Golden Crescent" (Afghanistan and Pakistan) and Southeast Asia's "Golden Triangle" (Burma, Laos, and Thailand) are the world's major sources of heroin for the international market, but Colombia is the largest source of supply for the US heroin market and Mexico the second largest. Colombia and Mexico account for about 75 percent of the US heroin market, with heroin from Southeast Asia making up most of the remainder.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">About 875 kilograms of heroin were seized at US ports-of-entry in 1999, according to US Customs Service data.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: white;">The use of synthetic drugs in the United States, many of which come from abroad, has become a more significant problem over the last decade. Beginning in the 1990s, there has been a dramatic surge in the worldwide production and consumption of synthetic drugs--particularly amphetamine-type stimulants, including <b>methamphetamine</b> and <b>ecstasy</b>.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">The majority of methamphetamine available in the US market is produced by Mexican traffickers operating in the United States or in Mexico; the US Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) estimates that Mexican trafficking groups control 70 to 90 percent of the US methamphetamine supply. There has been a significant increase in methamphetamine production in Southeast Asia in recent years. Although little has found its way to the US market from Southeast Asia, increasing quantities of "Thai Tabs" have been seized in the western United States.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: white;">Most of the ecstasy in the US market is produced in the Netherlands. Amsterdam, Brussels, Frankfurt, and Paris are major European hubs for transshipping ecstasy to foreign markets, including the United States. US law enforcement reporting indicates that the Dominican Republic, Suriname, and Curacao are used as transshipment points for US-bound ecstasy from Europe and that Mexican and South American traffickers are becoming involved in the ecstasy trade. In FY 1999, according to the US Customs Service, 3.5 million ecstasy tablets were seized being smuggled into the United States--a sevenfold increase over the 400,000 tablets seized in 1997. For FY 2000, more than 9.3 million tablets were seized.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: white;"><b>Marijuana</b> remains the most widely used and readily available illicit drug in the United States. It is the gateway drug for nearly all users of more dangerous illicit drugs. While most of the marijuana consumed in the United States is from domestic sources, including both outdoor and indoor cannabis cultivation in every state, a significant share of the US market is met by marijuana grown in Mexico, with lesser amounts coming from Jamaica, Colombia, and Canada. Very little of the cannabis grown in other major producers--including Morocco, Lebanon, Afghanistan, Thailand, and Cambodia--comes to the United States.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">In 1999, some 536 metric tons of marijuana were seized entering the United States, most of which came from Mexico.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: white;"><b>Drug-Trafficking Networks</b><br />International drug-trafficking organizations have extensive networks of suppliers and front companies and businesses to facilitate narcotics smuggling and laundering of illicit proceeds. Colombian and Mexican trafficking organizations dominate the drug trade in the Western Hemisphere. Colombia supplies most of the cocaine and contributes the largest share of heroin to the US market, and Mexico is the major avenue for cocaine trafficking into the United States as well as a major supplier of heroin, marijuana, and methamphetamine. In the Asian source regions, heroin production is dominated by large trafficking organizations, but the trafficking networks smuggling heroin from Asia are more diffuse. Asian heroin shipments typically change hands among criminal organizations as the drug is smuggled to markets in the United States and elsewhere.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">The evolution of the international drug trade in the last decade has included greater involvement by a growing number of players and more worldwide trafficking of synthetic drugs. Criminal organizations whose principal activities focus more on traditional contraband smuggling, racketeering enterprises, and fraud schemes have become increasingly involved in international drug trafficking. Although they generally are not narcotics producers themselves, many organized crime groups--including those from Russia, China, Italy, and Albania--have cultivated and expanded ties to drug-trafficking organizations to obtain cocaine, heroin, and synthetic drugs for their own distribution markets and trafficking networks. Traffickers from many countries increasingly are eschewing traditional preferences for criminal partnerships with single ethnic groups and collaborating in the purchase, transportation, and distribution of illegal drugs. Nontraditional trafficking groups--including rebel armies and extremist organizations--have also turned to the drug trade as a means of raising revenue.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">Taking advantage of more open borders and modern telecommunications technology, international drug-trafficking organizations are sophisticated and flexible in their operations. They adapt quickly to law enforcement pressures by finding new methods for smuggling drugs, new transshipment routes, and new mechanisms to launder money. In many of the major cocaine- and heroin-producing and transit countries, drug traffickers have acquired significant power and wealth through the use of violence, intimidation, and payoffs of corrupt officials. They are ruthless in protecting their operations, threatening and sometimes resorting to violence against US law enforcement officers and Americans working and living in drug-producing and transit countries.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><b>Global Implications</b><br />The consequences of drug abuse and trafficking are also a major challenge to countries worldwide, and they have become serious enough in recent years to affect regional stability. Countries that today are major narcotics producing or transit areas have significant drug addiction problems that grew with their involvement in the drug trade. In some countries, large segments of the population are stricken by AIDS, undermining economic growth and future prospects. The social, economic, and political stresses these problems cause are felt across national borders, contributing to regional economic problems and political tensions.</span><br />
<h2>
<b><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="4"></a><a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/pub45270chap2.html#toc">Alien Smuggling</a></b></h2>
<span style="color: white;">Alien smuggling groups traffic in "human cargo," criminally orchestrating the movement of undocumented or fraudulently documented foreign nationals to the United States and other prosperous countries in often cramped, unhealthy, and dangerous conditions. Countries under economic or demographic stress-- particularly China, India, and Pakistan in Asia, and Mexico, Caribbean island nations, and Central American states in the Western Hemisphere--are the major sources of illegal migrants seeking new homes and livelihoods in the United States and Canada. While most illegal migrants come for economic reasons, some are criminals and associates of extremist groups. Once in their destination country, illegal immigrants disappear into ethnic communities to find work and avoid the authorities.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">The US Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) estimated in 1996 that there were about 5 million undocumented aliens illegally in the United States, representing about 2 percent of the total US population. More than half of the illegal immigrants in the United States--some 2.7 million--are Mexican nationals; another 700,000 came from Central America. Most illegal aliens entered the United States without passing through immigration controls. The remainder--about 40 percent--overstayed their visas. Nearly 80 percent of foreign nationals illegally living or working in the United States are concentrated in five states: California, Texas, New York, Florida, and Illinois. Forty percent live in California alone.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">The US Government estimates that 500,000 illegal migrants are brought into the United States annually by organized alien smuggling networks; another estimated half-million enter without the assistance of alien smugglers. Most illegal migrants enter the United States overland from Mexico or Canada.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: white;">According to US Government estimates, some 500,000 to 600,000 illegal migrants who entered the United States in 1999 were Mexican nationals, and another 225,000 were Central American nationals.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: white;">Chinese smugglers, known as snakeheads, often move aliens into the United States by maritime vessels, including offshore transfers of migrants, but also transit South and Central America, Mexico, and Canada. The US Government estimates that 30,000 to 40,000 Chinese were smuggled into the United States in 1999.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: white;">Alien smuggling contributes to the broader problem of increasing numbers of foreign nationals illegally resident in the United States, as well as in other relatively prosperous countries, who are straining social and economic resources and contributing to rising crime and anti-immigrant sentiment. Illegal aliens undermine wages and working conditions for legal employees, increasing the potential health and safety risks to the work force. Illegal immigration also increases the burden and cost of some government social programs.</span><br />
<a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/752335.gif"><b>Map<br />The Illicit Chinese Migrant Flow to the United States, 2000</b></a><br />
<span style="color: white;">Indications of links connecting some alien smuggling to drug trafficking, terrorist or extremist political organizations, and other organized crime groups are a major cause for concern. Persistent--but largely unverified--reporting from a variety of sources suggests that drug shipments are sometimes collocated with illegal aliens in transit to the United States. Some primarily drug-trafficking groups are believed to include or work with alien smugglers. Many ethnic-based criminal organizations--particularly Nigerian, Chinese, and Russian crime groups--employ illegal aliens smuggled into the country to undertake higher-risk criminal activities. Terrorists and members of extremist organizations seeking to enter the United States and wanting to avoid detection at ports-of-entry sometimes use the services of alien smuggling networks, including document forging services.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">Several of the conspirators in the 1993 World Trade Center bombing entered the United States with false documents.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: white;">Alien smuggling also raises serious human rights concerns. Most illegal migrants come to the United States willingly in search of a better livelihood and higher standard of living, and they pay alien smugglers high prices for that opportunity. However, because they lack legal status and rights, they are often abused en route and once they reach their destinations. Some illegal migrants die in transit from cramped, unhealthy, and unsafe conditions or from abusive treatment by their handlers. Once in the United States, most illegal aliens work in menial jobs with few benefits, and their status puts them very often at the mercy of exploitative employers. To pay off large debts to their smugglers, many illegal immigrants wind up working in unregulated and untaxed industries. Some alien smuggling evolves into trafficking situations where the illegal migrants are forced by their smugglers into other crimes or virtual slavery to pay off their debts. <a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/pub45270chap2.html#ftn1">(1)</a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="rftn"></a></span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">To avoid US law enforcement authorities, it is not uncommon for smugglers to abandon their clients in the desert without food or water, or to toss them in frigid waters. On Chinese alien smuggling vessels in 1999, a number of migrants were beaten by smugglers until they lost consciousness, according to the US Coast Guard. Smugglers also coerced female migrants into sex by withholding food or otherwise making the journey miserable for noncompliant females.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: white;">In the last two years there have been several major incidents involving would-be illegal Chinese immigrants found dead inside cargo containers, including three in Seattle in January 2000 and 58 in Britain in June 2000.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><b>Alien Smuggling Networks</b><br />Illegal migration facilitated by organized alien smuggling networks is on the rise. The easing of national border controls worldwide, growth of commercial travel options, availability of technology that can be readily adapted to forge identification and travel documents, and the rising sophistication of global criminal networks are key factors contributing to this development. The vast pool of potential migrants seeking economic opportunity in the United States and other developed countries, diminished opportunities for legal migration as the world's more prosperous countries seek to reduce immigration, and increased border enforcement and interdiction of illegal migrants have translated into substantial profits for alien smuggling groups.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">The UN estimates that migrant smuggling worldwide involves 4 million people and $7 billion annually, according to a report in December 1997.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: white;">Besides being a profitable criminal business, smuggling illegal immigrants is less risky than trafficking in other illicit contraband, such as drugs. Only a handful of source and transit countries have enacted criminal statutes against alien smuggling, and virtually no ethnic group stigmatizes the practice. Most governments--including those in Central America, a primary conduit for smuggling illegal migrants into the United States--are lax toward alien smuggling because they view it largely as a US problem and perceive higher bilateral priorities with Washington.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">Alien smuggling thrives in corrupt environments, and bribery undermines effective enforcement against illegal border crossings and false documentation where corruption is less endemic. The ready availability of means to counterfeit and forge travel documents also minimizes the risks for traffickers in "human cargo."</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">The networks involved in alien smuggling are highly efficient movers of people across national frontiers. Unlike other international criminal organizations, some of which smuggle illegal aliens as an adjunct to other criminal activities, alien smuggling groups typically are less hierarchical and more characterized by loose networks of associates to facilitate the movement of illegal migrants across regions and continents. These networks typically include local agents who recruit people interested in illegal immigration to the United States and elsewhere and bring them together for departure; travel processors who arrange for identification and any necessary travel documents; and international "brokers" along the way who facilitate intermediate passages and make arrangements for arrival at final destinations. The widespread dispersion of associates gives alien smuggling groups the flexibility to quickly and easily shift routes or call upon different operatives if law enforcement or other conditions disrupt their operations. The fact that groups of illegal aliens are typically handed from smuggler to smuggler during portions of their journey makes it difficult to target and disrupt alien smuggling networks.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">Central America has emerged as the primary gateway for US-bound illegal migrants from all over the world. Scores of loosely linked networks that span the region and extend into Asia facilitate their movement. These networks include an abundance of smugglers and escorts, fraudulent document vendors, safehouse keepers, corrupt airline and bus company employees, and corrupt officials. While illegal migrants from China and elsewhere outside the Western Hemisphere have handlers for all stages of their journey through Central America, many Central American migrants do not enlist the services of a smuggler until they independently reach Mexico. Many illegal migrants caught in Central America are deported to the country from which they most recently arrived, which is usually another country in the region or hemisphere, because they travel without documents indicating their country of origin. From there, they usually resume traveling northward.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">Although many alien smuggling groups are highly specialized, the growing profitability of this criminal business has increased the involvement of larger polycrime syndicates. Some groups have engaged in moving both drugs and people, although not necessarily at the same time.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">The Chinese Fuk Ching Gang, for example, has engaged in large-scale smuggling of illegal immigrants by sea. This group was reportedly responsible for organizing the voyage of the Golden Venture, which ran aground off New York City in 1993 with hundreds of illegal Chinese aliens from Fujian Province aboard.</span></li>
</ul>
<h2>
<b><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="5"></a><a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/pub45270chap2.html#toc">Trafficking in Women and Children</a></b></h2>
<span style="color: white;">Trafficking in human beings, especially women and children, across international borders for sexual exploitation and forced labor is an increasing crime problem as well as a grave violation of human rights. People caught in human trafficking rings are placed in situations of abuse and exploitation--including enforced prostitution, sexual slavery, sweatshop labor, domestic servitude or other forms of coerced labor, service, or subjugation--that subject them to the threat of violence, rape, battery, and extreme cruelty.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">The US Government estimated in 1997 that 700,000 women and children were moved across international borders by trafficking rings each year. Some nongovernmental organizations estimate the number to be significantly higher.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: white;">The worldwide brothel industry earns at least $4 billion from trafficking victims, according to US Government estimates.</span></li>
</ul>
<a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/754727.gif"><b>Map<br />Global Trafficking in Women in Women and Children: Major Source Regions and Destinations</b></a><br />
<span style="color: white;">Some 45,000 to 50,000 women and children were trafficked to the United States, according to US Government estimates for 1997, about 6 to 7 percent of the worldwide total. Most are from Southeast Asia and Latin America. There have also been a few cases where American women have been trafficked abroad. US international airports in New York, Miami, Chicago, Los Angeles, and San Francisco are major entry points for traffickers bringing women and children into the United States. Greater Customs and Immigration scrutiny at these airports have caused the District of Columbia, Cleveland, Orlando, Atlanta, and Houston to emerge as significant ports-of-entry for victims of trafficking rings. Like alien smuggling in general, trafficking in women and children helps build criminal support structures in the United States.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">Trafficking to the United States violates US criminal, immigration, and labor laws, as well as the Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act. Trafficking also usually involves conspiracy and visa, mail, and wire fraud. The gross, systematic violation of human rights, which often includes kidnapping, extortion, and enslavement, is also a violation of US laws.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: white;">In 1997, Florida police arrested a brothel operator who smuggled Mexican women and underage children into the United States and forced them to work as prostitutes to pay off their $2,000 smuggle fee.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: white;">The dramatic rise in cross-border crimes against children is a growing concern. US law enforcement agencies also report an increase in international sex tourism in which adults--including US citizens-- travel to foreign countries to have sex with children.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">Typically, the children--some not yet teenagers-- are victims of trafficking, having been sold by their families or kidnapped and forced into bondage.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: white;"><b>Trafficking Networks</b><br />Traffickers of women and children, much like narcotics traffickers, operate boldly across sovereign borders. They prey on women from countries where economic and employment prospects are bleak, organized crime is rampant, and females have a subordinate role in society. Often these women are tricked into leaving their countries by false promises of a better economic life abroad; traffickers lure victims with false advertisements and promises of jobs as models, dancers, waitresses, and maids. Once the women are abroad, traffickers use a variety of coercive means to sell and enslave them. In other instances, traffickers buy young girls from their relatives. The UN Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice has reported a dramatic increase in the abduction of children for commercial purposes by organized crime syndicates.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">According to the US Government, an estimated 225,000 women and children from Southeast Asia were trafficked across international borders in 1997, accounting for nearly one-third of the worldwide total. Nearly half are younger than 18, and most--60 percent--are trafficked within the East Asia-Pacific region, primarily to wealthier markets such as Thailand, Hong Kong, Singapore, Japan, and Australia. An estimated 30,000 women from Southeast Asia were trafficked to the US market in 1997, about two-thirds of the total trafficking victims brought into the United States that year.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: white;">Latin America was the second-largest source region for women and children trafficked to the United States in 1997. About 10,000 of the total 100,000 women and children caught in Latin American trafficking rings in 1997 were sent to the United States, according to US Government estimates.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: white;">The former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe is becoming an important center for trafficking in women and children. The US Government estimates that about 175,000 of the women and children from countries in these regions were caught in trafficking rings in 1997. Most--an estimated 120,000--were sent to Western Europe, with Germany, Italy, and the Netherlands the most likely destinations. About 4,000 women and children from the former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe were brought to the United States.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: white;">Some 150,000 victims from South Asia were trafficked to buyers elsewhere in the region, in the Middle East, and in Southeast Asia in 1997.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: white;">Traffickers of women and children use a variety of methods to move their victims across national and international boundaries. They sometimes operate through nominally reputable employment agencies, travel agencies, entertainment companies, or marriage agencies. Legitimate travel documents are often obtained and used to cross international borders, after which the trafficking victims disappear or overstay their visas. Traffickers, however, also use fraudulent documents to obtain genuine travel documents or use altered or counterfeit documents to move the women and children. Victims caught in these trafficking rings are most often moved out of their home countries and regions by commercial airlines. Traffickers typically move them in small groups, change flights frequently, and vary their routes in efforts to avoid being caught.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">While small trafficking groups with loosely connected networks and affiliates dominate the global trade in women and children, the role of large, polycrime international criminal organizations is becoming an increasing problem. Because women and children are seen as a reusable commodity, trafficking in human beings is becoming a major source of income for some organized crime groups. Profits from this activity are laundered and fed into other illicit activities, including narcotics and arms trafficking.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">Corrupt officials often facilitate trafficking in the source, transit, or destination countries. Law enforcement officials in the source countries often ignore the recruitment process, since they believe that in most cases the actual coercion takes place at the final destination.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">In Bulgaria, four senior officials--including two involved in security or anticrime forces--were fired in April 1997 because of their links to an organized crime group involved in procuring women for forced prostitution, according to Bulgarian press.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: white;">In Thailand, traffickers recruit military and police force members to serve as escorts for women who are being trafficked to foreign sex markets.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: white;">Trafficking in women and children to the United States and abroad is likely to continue increasing in the years ahead given the large profits, relatively low risk, and rare convictions for traffickers. Lack of visa and border controls, as well as almost nonexistent antitrafficking legislation in many source and transit countries, will only further embolden the traffickers. Economic hardship, poor employment prospects, and the low status of females in many source countries will continue to underpin the problem.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">These concerns are leading to increased international countermeasures. In 1998, the G-8 heads of state, for example, used their communique at Birmingham to call for activities to prevent trafficking, prosecute the criminals, and protect the victims.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: white;">In 1998, the United States introduced a resolution on trafficking in women and children that was adopted by the UN Crime Commission. The resulting protocol on trafficking in persons, cosponsored by the United States and Argentina, will be attached to the UN Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime.</span></li>
</ul>
<h2>
<b><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="6"></a><a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/pub45270chap2.html#toc">Environmental Crimes</a></b></h2>
<span style="color: white;">Environmental crime is one of the most profitable and fastest growing new areas of international criminal activity. Growing international environmental concerns have led to the proliferation of multilateral conventions and national laws and regulations to control pollutants that are health or environmental hazards, to prevent wanton exploitation of scarce natural resources, and to protect endangered plant and animal species. Criminal organizations around the world-- most notably in Italy, Russia, China, and Japan--have taken advantage of the significantly greater costs for waste disposal, as well as the much-increased value of rare or precious natural resource commodities that are the subject of tight trade and sale restrictions, to earn substantial illicit income from circumventing environmental laws and regulations.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">The US Government estimates that local and international crime syndicates worldwide earn $22-31 billion annually from hazardous waste dumping, smuggling proscribed hazardous materials, and exploiting and trafficking protected natural resources.</span></li>
</ul>
<a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/376910.gif"><b>Graphic<br />Selected Criminal Groups' Involvement in Environmental Abuses</b></a><br />
<span style="color: white;">The tremendous costs for legally disposing of pollutants and dangerous chemicals have created new illicit business opportunities for criminal organizations, who earn $10-12 billion per year for <b>dumping trash and hazardous waste materials</b>. Organized crime groups are taking increasing advantage of the multibillion-dollar legal trade in recyclable materials, such as scrap metals, to comingle or illegally export or dump toxic wastes. Most of these wastes are shipped in "trash-for-cash" schemes to countries in Eastern and Central Europe, Asia, and Africa where disposal costs and enforcement of environmental regulations are lower. The lack of specific legislation governing such crimes in many countries and poor enforcement or limited legal penalties in many others (often only fines that are insignificant in comparison to the millions in profits that can be made from this activity) reduce the risks for international crime groups involved in dumping hazardous wastes.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">While crime groups in Russia, Japan, and elsewhere have increasingly moved into illegal waste disposal, Italian criminal organizations are the most involved largely because of their success in infiltrating Italy's industrial waste disposal sector. They have used their control over waste-disposal businesses, both legitimate and front companies, to secure contracts in Italy and elsewhere in Europe and illegally dump wastes to boost profits.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">About half the 80 million metric tons of waste produced annually in Italy disappears and is presumed to be illegally dumped, according to Italian press sources. In 1997, Italian law enforcement authorities investigating the role of Italian organized crime in the illegal export and dumping of hazardous wastes claimed that criminal groups control most of Italy's waste disposal contracts.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: white;">Italian authorities claimed in 1997 that 11 million metric tons of toxic and industrial waste are deposited annually in some 2,000 illegal domestic dump sites in local waterways or in the Mediterranean.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: white;">In 1997, there were at least 53 Italian crime groups trafficking and disposing of hazardous waste, which was shipped to dumpsites in Albania, Eastern Europe, and the African west coast, according to European law enforcement officials cited in the press.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: white;">The lack of inexpensive, adequate, safe disposal options for <b>radioactive waste</b> is also attracting the increased involvement of organized crime groups throughout Europe. In many cases, these groups appear to be using illicit networks already in place for smuggling arms, drugs, and other contraband.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">European authorities are investigating illegal dumping of radioactive wastes from Austria, France, and Germany--all of which have good, but costly, disposal options--and Eastern Europe into the Mediterranean and Adriatic Seas by companies purportedly hired by Italian organized crime groups. In 1998, an 'Ndrangheta Italian organized crime family was being investigated by Italian authorities for dumping radioactive waste off Italy's southern coast, according to press reports.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: white;">Criminal groups also smuggle <b>environmentally harmful products</b>, particularly ozone-depleting chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) whose legal trade is subject to stringent international restrictions. The illegal trade of these substances into the United States and other markets is accomplished through false labeling, counterfeit paperwork, and bogus export corporations.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">The size of the global black market for ozone-depleting substances is estimated by the UN to range from 20,000 to 30,000 metric tons annually, with more than half entering the United States. Illegal imports of these substances are far cheaper than CFCs that are legally recycled or obtained from limited existing stocks.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: white;">The <b>stealing and illicit trade of natural resources</b> is also a significant income generator for criminal organizations, earning them $5-8 billion per year. Well-organized criminal groups in Africa, Eastern Europe, Latin America, China, and Southeast and Southwest Asia are heavily involved in illegal logging and trade of forest timber. Illegal logging threatens bio-diversity and has contributed to the significant decline in forest areas worldwide. Russian and Chinese crime groups earn substantial income from illegal fishing. Poaching not only depletes seafood stocks, but also deprives seafood industries of legitimate earnings and government authorities of import and export revenues.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">Russian crime syndicates are believed to earn as much as $4 billion annually from the illegal export of some 2 million metric tons of seafood, according to press reports citing Russian law enforcement estimates. The poaching of sturgeon from the northern Caspian Sea and the sale of crab and other seafood to Japan make up much of the trade. Japan, in 1997, imported more than $1 billion worth of fish from Russia--six times the volume that Moscow says it exported, according to trade data.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: white;">The illegal trade in animal parts--in particular elephant, whale, and hawksbill turtle parts--and endangered animal species has also become a lucrative business, particularly for Chinese and other Asian criminal groups. The illegal trade in exotic birds, ivory and rhino horn, reptiles and insects, rare tigers, and wild game is estimated to earn criminal groups $6-10 billion per year. In April 1999, waiver of the international ban on the African ivory trade to allow shipments to Japan caused a surge in poaching and smuggling of African and Asian elephant ivory.</span><br />
<h2>
<b><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="7"></a><a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/pub45270chap2.html#toc">Sanctions Violations</a></b></h2>
<span style="color: white;">Some states of concern use international criminal networks to help in their efforts to undermine US and multilateral sanctions aimed at isolating those states from the global community. Regional and international networks of front companies, unethical businessmen, and crime groups help these regimes evade trade, military, and financial sanctions by facilitating clandestine shipments of embargoed products, including weapons, and executing financial transfers.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">In the 1990s, trade and other sanctions on Serbia and Montenegro in the former Yugoslavia, Iraq, Libya, and Haiti were imposed by Western countries or the United Nations. In addition to these sanctions, the United States has maintained financial sanctions, as well as extensive trade embargoes, on Cuba, North Korea, Iran, and several other countries.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: white;">Iraq, which unlike the other states of concern is currently under comprehensive trade sanctions, has used traditional means for smuggling contraband to earn substantial illicit export revenue that Baghdad uses to fund procurement of embargoed goods. Much of Iraq's smuggling-derived income comes from Baghdad's illicit exports of gasoil through Iran's territorial waters and across its land borders. Barges, small tankers, cargo ships, and dhows are used by the Iraqis for maritime smuggling of gasoil exports.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">In most cases, states of concern make use of legitimate and illicit business infrastructures to circumvent sanctions. Much of this activity takes place in countries with a high volume of commercial trade, including legal commerce with the regime, that could mask surreptitious dealings. In some cases, organized crime groups have played a significant role in attempts to circumvent trade sanctions. Most notably in the former Yugoslavia, local crime groups have flourished by stepping in to arrange clandestine shipments of embargoed goods and to provide covert financing.</span><br />
<h2>
<b><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="8"></a><a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/pub45270chap2.html#toc">Illicit Technology Transfers and Smuggling of Materials for Weapons of Mass Destruction</a></b></h2>
<span style="color: white;">Several countries--including Iran, Iraq, Libya, Pakistan, and North Korea--have relied on networks of independent brokers and front companies to acquire controlled technology and circumvent US and international efforts to prevent them from developing weapons of mass destruction. The threat posed by continuing indications that states of concern and terrorist groups are intent on acquiring nuclear, chemical, or biological weapons increases the likelihood that international criminal networks may be used to smuggle the materials needed for their production.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">There is no confirmed reporting that organized criminal groups have planned or attempted to steal nuclear warheads or weapons-usable nuclear material<br />(uranium with greater than 90-percent uranium-235 concentration and plutonium). Known thefts of weapons-usable nuclear material have primarily been committed by opportunists with insider knowledge of the facility storing nuclear material but without buyers identified prior to the theft.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">To date, there have been a total of 14 confirmed seizures totaling 15.3 kilograms of weapons-usable uranium at various enrichments and 368.8 grams of plutonium--far less than what is necessary for a nuclear weapon.</span></li>
</ul>
<h2>
<b><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="9"></a><a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/pub45270chap2.html#toc">Arms Trafficking</a></b></h2>
<span style="color: white;">Illicit gray- and black-market arms sales became an increasing problem during the 1990s and pose an array of threats to US national security and foreign policy interests. The end of the Cold War and the winding down of several regional conflicts, such as those in Lebanon and Central America, increased the availability of both newly produced and used weapons. The items typically sold on the illegal arms market include spare parts for large weapons systems, particularly for clients under UN embargoes or sanctioned by the original seller; small arms, including assault rifles, and man-portable antitank and antiaircraft weapons; and ammunition for both small arms and larger artillery and armor systems. In some cases, however, larger military systems also are sold.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">The US Government estimates that military equipment worth several hundred million dollars is sold annually on the illegal arms market to countries under UN arms embargoes. Insurgents, terrorists, and organized criminal groups acquire smaller quantities of small arms and other light infantry weapons on the illegal arms market.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: white;">Most illegal arms sales are through the <b>gray</b> <b>arms market</b>, which has been dominated by individual brokers--and their arms brokering firms--during the past decade. Gray-market arms transfers exploit legitimate export licensing processes, usually by using false paperwork to disguise the recipient, the military nature of the goods involved, or--more rarely--the supplier. Obtaining licenses, however fraudulent, allows gray-market players to make deals appear legitimate, helping them to arrange payment and international transportation for transactions that can be valued at millions of dollars and involve hundreds of tons of weapons.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">In some cases, however, large illegal arms shipments arranged by gray arms brokers will be smuggled as contraband. Illicit arms sold or transferred to combatants in Afghanistan and the former republics of Yugoslavia were often provided by foreign suppliers donating and transporting tens of millions of dollars worth of weapons disguised as "humanitarian aid."</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: white;">The end of the Cold War has made the bloated defense industry and large inventory of weapons in Russia and other former Warsaw Pact countries an easy mark for gray-market brokers. Since 1992, for example, combatants in civil conflicts in Afghanistan and the republics of the former Yugoslavia have purchased dozens of complete helicopters and fighter aircraft from gray arms suppliers. Brokers also acquire military equipment from US and other Western suppliers.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><b>Black-market arms transfers</b> do not go through an export licensing process. Rather, smugglers rely exclusively on hiding contraband arms from government officials. Black-market transfers usually involve smaller quantities of weapons, often pilfered from military stocks or gunshops. The theft and illegal sales of weapons and other military stocks has become a significant problem in Russia.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">Organized crime groups have become increasingly involved in arms trafficking since the end of the Cold War, taking advantage of both the availability of large numbers of infantry weapons from the former Soviet Bloc countries and regional conflicts.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">In the midst of conflicts in the former Yugoslavia, Italian and Russian criminal organizations have been buying and selling military-style arms on the black market, and criminal groups operating in the region are increasingly well armed.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: white;"><b>Threats to US Security Interests</b><br />Illicit arms sales help fuel conflicts and undermine US political and military efforts to promote stability in several regions of the world. The illegal arms trade has helped arm combatants in the former Yugoslavia and Africa. Countries under UN or other international arms embargoes in which the United States participates are major clients in the illicit arms market. Purchases by insurgents and factions in civil war increase the risk to US military personnel and law enforcement officers operating in hostile environments overseas.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">Insurgents and extremists acquire some small arms and ammunition to augment their own inventories of weapons. Although terrorist groups frequently try to obtain weapons on their own, their greatest source of conventional military weapons continues to be state sponsors like Iran and Libya.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">Drug traffickers and organized criminal groups have increasingly turned to the illicit arms market in the 1990s. In addition to smuggling weapons via<br />the black market, these organizations have used<br />gray-market acquisitions of military weapons to strengthen their ability to defend their operations from government forces and rival organizations.</span><br />
<h2>
<b><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="10"></a><a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/pub45270chap2.html#toc">Trafficking in Precious Gems</a></b></h2>
<span style="color: white;">The lucrative market for diamonds, gold, and other precious gems has attracted the interest of organized crime groups as well as become the dominant source of revenue for warlords and insurgent groups in war-torn diamond-rich areas in Africa. Diamond brokers traditionally have given little scrutiny to the source of rough diamonds they purchase for the global industry in precious gems and jewelry. Trafficking in diamonds, gold, and other precious gems has not generally undercut the profits of legitimate mining industries, but has deprived national governments of significant export-related revenues.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">Nearly three-quarters of the world's rough diamonds--valued at about $5.2 billion on the open market--are mined in Africa, according to 1998 industry estimates. Of the total 1998 diamond production in Africa, 13 percent was mined informally, mostly by insurgent groups.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: white;">Russian, Chinese, Italian, and African criminal groups are involved in the illegal trade of precious minerals and gems. Russian crime groups are believed to have infiltrated the legitimate diamond and gold industries in Russia to smuggle precious gems out of the country. They use an array of front companies to conceal and facilitate smuggling operations. Payoffs to local authorities allow them to avoid customs duties and other tariffs, increasing their profit potential when they sell these precious gems at market value to industry brokers.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">Russian crime groups illegally extract and sell 300 metric tons of amber worth an estimated $1 billion each year, according to 1998 press reports.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: white;">Criminal syndicates operating in South Africa stole 20 metric tons of gold and diamonds valued at $350 million in 1996, according to press reports citing South African police.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: white;">In Southeast Asia, smuggling of precious gems was a major source of revenue for the Khmer Rouge insurgency in Cambodia and remains a secondary source of income for drug-trafficking insurgent armies based in Burma.</span></li>
</ul>
<a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/754788.gif"><b>Map<br />Diamond Mining in African Conflict Areas</b></a><br />
<span style="color: white;">In recent years, trafficking in diamonds by insurgent groups in Africa to finance their wars in the face of regional and international efforts and embargoes to end the fighting has become a significant problem. The UNITA insurgent group in Angola, rebel militias in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DROC), and the Revolutionary United Front (RUF) in Sierra Leone exploit the lucrative diamond mines located in areas they control to raise revenue for arms purchases and other operational expenses. The RUF's principal supporter--neighboring Liberia--also profits from the illicit diamond trade in Sierra Leone.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">The sale of diamonds for arms and other supplies by insurgent groups in Africa has stymied regional and international peace efforts and kept the fighting at high levels, resulting in significant casualties and displacement of civilian populations. Insurgents' control of most of their countries' diamond mines has also deprived the governments of substantial revenues.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">According to an industry estimate, the value of rough-cut diamonds trafficked by UNITA rebels in 1998 was about $300 million, as compared to earnings of about $230 million for producing mines in areas controlled by the Angolan Government. Since the government offensive in late 1999, however, the loss of diamond mines and international sanctions have curtailed UNITA's diamond production in 1999-2000 to about $100 million.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: white;">The same industry source indicates that rough-cut diamonds from source-areas partly controlled by insurgent groups in DROC were valued at about $338 million in 1998.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: white;">Most of the diamond trade in Sierra Leone, earning about $45 million annually, is controlled by the RUF insurgents.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: white;">Growing international concern about the ability of African insurgent groups noted for their atrocities against civilians to finance their operations through the trafficking in rough-cut diamonds has led to movements for international certification regimes, although much work remains to be done.</span><br />
<h2>
<b><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="11"></a><a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/pub45270chap2.html#toc">Piracy</a></b></h2>
<span style="color: white;">Maritime piracy, which is particularly prevalent off the coasts of Southeast Asia and Africa, threatens the security of some of the world's most important sea lanes as well as the safe and orderly flow of international maritime commerce. Piracy raises insurance rates, restricts free trade, increases tensions between the affected littoral states, their neighbors, and the countries whose flagged ships are attacked or hijacked. This criminal activity also has the potential to cause enormous damage to the sea and shorelines when ships carrying environmentally hazardous cargoes are targeted. Pirates endanger navigation by leaving vessels, including fully laden tankers, under way and not in command, increasing the risk of collision or grounding.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">According to data made available by the US Coast Guard, direct financial losses incurred as a result of high-seas piracy are estimated at about $450 million per year.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: white;">Reported incidents of maritime piracy have more than doubled since 1994, according to data from the International Maritime Bureau (IMB) Piracy Reporting Center based in Malaysia, averaging between 200 and 300 per year over the last five years as compared to an average of less than 100 piracy incidents between 1990 and 1994. These figures, however, understate the extent of the problem because most piracy attacks go unreported. In particular, incidents involving coastal fishermen and recreational boaters are heavily under-reported.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">In 1999, there were 285 attacks on ships at sea, at anchor, or in port, according to the International Maritime Bureau's Piracy Reporting Center. Piracy attacks increased by 25 percent from 1998 to 1999, with 408 crewmembers taken hostage in ship boardings.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: white;">Most acts of maritime piracy take place in poorly patrolled straits and coastal waterways, where pirates are able to strike quickly with little warning. Piracy is a significant problem (as it has been for centuries) along the coasts of Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, and the Philippines, where numerous maritime chokepoints channel large numbers of merchant ships into coastal waters where they are most vulnerable to attack. The west coast of Africa, off Nigeria and Senegal, and Somalia's east coast are the most piracy-prone areas in Africa. In East Africa, the ports of Mombasa, Kenya, and Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, are plagued by pirate attacks against berthed or anchored ships. While a large number of piracy attacks are targets of opportunity, local press reporting indicates that in some cases ships are specifically targeted for their cargo and the sale of their goods is prearranged on the black market.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">Of the total piracy incidents reported for 1999, eight ships were hijacked, mostly in the waters off Southeast Asia and Somalia.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: white;">Pirate groups generally appear to operate independently, but some may be linked to more traditional organized crime groups.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: white;">The growing sophistication and increasing violence of piracy is a major concern to the maritime industry and to governments, particularly in Asia where piracy is having greater impact on maritime commerce. There are increasing incidents of maritime pirates coordinating multiship attacks and attempting to disguise their vessels. They often appear to be familiar with shipping schedules, plotting their attacks and hijackings of cargo accordingly. In some cases, pirates target only local shipping lines, which may own only one or two vessels, rather than ships from larger shipping companies. In addition, many of the pirate ships are increasingly well-armed and inclined to use force when seizing targeted vessels. From 1995 to 1998, the number of crewmembers assaulted, injured, or killed increased each year, according to data from the International Maritime Bureau in Malaysia.</span><br />
<h2>
<b><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="12"></a><a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/pub45270chap2.html#toc">Nondrug Contraband Smuggling</a></b></h2>
<span style="color: white;">Nondrug contraband smuggling across international borders--including illegal import and export of legitimate goods such as alcohol, cigarettes, textiles, and manufactured products--is a highly profitable criminal activity that typically carries lighter criminal penalties than narcotics trafficking. The evasion of tariffs and taxes on commodities can reap sizable illicit profits for criminal organizations or companies engaged in illegal trade--often at the expense of US companies-- both by saving tax payments and by undercutting the market price of legitimate sales. The trafficking of contraband across international borders is prevalent in countries with large volumes of commercial trade, which helps minimize the risk of law enforcement detection and high import duties.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">High profits and lighter penalties in contraband smuggling have attracted criminal organizations from Asia, the former Soviet Union, the Middle East, and Central and South America.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: white;">Consumer demand for contraband--particularly tobacco and alcohol products and expensive items such as luxury automobiles--is especially high in countries where high-import tariffs and excise taxes add significantly to the price of legitimate sales. International contraband smuggling rings cater to consumers seeking to acquire luxury items cheaply by avoiding customs duties and other taxes. Revenue losses caused by the trafficking and black-market sale of contraband commodities can be significant.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">Russia, China, and countries of the former Yugoslavia are among those with the highest tariffs on luxury imports, making them prime markets for contraband smuggling.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: white;">Colombian drug traffickers often use illicit drug proceeds to purchase cigarettes that they smuggle into Colombia for black-market sales, avoiding high tariffs and taxes on legal tobacco imports, according to the US Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: white;">Cigarette smuggling into European Union countries cost them $3.7 billion in 1999, according to an EU study. The Scandinavian countries have also suffered major revenue losses because of trafficking and black-market sales of tobacco and alcohol by crime groups, primarily from the former Soviet Bloc and former Yugoslavia, that circumvent their import, excise, and value-added taxes.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: white;">Illegal imports and exports are a particular problem for the United States, which is considered by criminals with international connections to be both a major market and source for contraband as well as a transit avenue for international contraband smuggling. Criminals involved in smuggling contraband rely on the volume of export trade in the United States to conceal their illicit activities.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">US Customs data indicate more than 1.3 million people, 341,000 vehicles, and more than 45,000 trucks and containers enter the United States daily. The Customs Service is able to physically examine only about 3 percent of all goods crossing US borders each day. Five years from now, US Customs will be able to inspect only 1 percent of all goods entering the United States if resource levels remain unchanged.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: white;">Contraband, such as firearms, alcohol, or cigarettes, is frequently concealed in shipping containers or packaging for seemingly legitimate goods.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: white;">In addition, the United States is frequently a transit country for merchandise being shipped to another foreign destination. Routing contraband through a transit country helps to conceal the true country of origin on merchandise that is controlled or restricted by the importing country.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">Most contraband smuggling is facilitated by physical concealment of the illicit goods or by a fraudulent misrepresentation of facts. False invoicing, over or under valuation of goods, and transfer price mechanisms are frequently used to misrepresent the value of smuggled goods; undervaluation of goods allows contraband traffickers to avoid tariffs or excise taxes, while overvaluation is used either to disguise the true identity of the item or to launder illicitly derived proceeds.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><b>Contraband Smuggling Into the United States</b><br />The volume of contraband commercial goods entering the United States skews the marketplace for some manufacturing, retail, and even high-tech industries by providing consumers with less expensive substitutes for legitimate products, hindering the competitiveness of US businesses. Moreover, many contraband imports are <b>substandard products--</b>such as tainted foods, substandard automotive parts, or dangerous imitation pharmaceutical drugs--that may threaten public health and safety.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">The uncontrolled movement and disposal of <b>hazardous wastes and material</b> into and within the United States may cause harm to public safety and the ecosystem. The black market for chloroflourocarbons (CFCs), which deplete ozone from the atmosphere, in the United States and Europe is an extremely lucrative illicit business for international criminals. Russia, China, Mexico, and India are major sources of the approximately 10,000 to 20,000 metric tons of CFCs that US Customs has reported are smuggled into the United States each year. In addition to undermining international progress toward eliminating the use of ozone-depleting substances, the illegal CFC trade evades the high cost of US excise taxes on legally imported CFCs and takes business away from US companies developing ozone-safe chemicals and the equipment that uses them.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">Brokers in Mexico can purchase freon, much of it legally imported from China, for less than $2 per kilogram and sell it in Los Angeles for 10 times as much, according to US Customs officials.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: white;">Industry estimates in 1998 indicated that smugglers of ozone-depleting substances earn as much as $600 million annually from sales to buyers in Europe and North America and deprive the US Government of some $150 million in excise tax revenues each year.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: white;">The United States is most often the destination of illicit trade in <b>protected wildlife and rare plants</b>, although both the United States and Canada are also raided to obtain exotic plants and animals. Trafficking in exotic species threatens bio-diversity and could expose unsuspecting Americans to deadly diseases.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><b>Contraband Smuggling Out of the United States</b><br />Illegal exports of contraband leaving the United States are a significant problem, with criminal networks engaged in this activity taking advantage of US federal and state laws as well as the border control focus on the smuggling of drugs, illegal immigrants, and other contraband into the United States. Commodities smuggled out of the United States are often items restricted for export by US law and involve munitions list items, firearms, and defense-related technologies tightly controlled for export by the US Government. Other items frequently smuggled out of the United States include stolen automobiles, dual-use items, and other goods that are difficult to obtain.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">Illegal trafficking in <b>US-origin firearms</b> has become a security issue of concern for many foreign governments. Foreign law enforcement agencies continue to uncover US-manufactured firearms owned by narcotics traffickers, insurgents, terrorists, and organized crime groups. Several foreign governments are pressing the US Government to stem the international flow of weapons from the United States. The US Customs Service seized nearly $4.6 million in arms and ammunition at US ports-of-entry and exit in 1999.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: white;">The illegal smuggling and trafficking of US-manufactured <b>cigarettes</b> and <b>alcohol</b> by worldwide criminal networks results in major losses of legitimate state revenues in Europe, Russia, Asia, and the Western Hemisphere. Some alcohol and tobacco contraband are legally exported but stolen in transit--often at an intermediate stop--or after they legally entered the destination country for black-market sales. Some US cigarette manufacturers sell directly to known smugglers. If US taxes on cigarettes rise over the next several years, international crime syndicates may expand smuggling operations into the United States to circumvent import taxes.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">Contraband smuggling groups with worldwide networks are meeting a growing demand for <b>stolen vehicles</b> from the United States, as well as Western Europe and Japan. Luxury and sports utility vehicles are in particular high demand by criminals because of their high international black-market values and low probability of being detected by law enforcement in overseas markets. The annual global contraband trade in stolen vehicles is estimated at $10-15 billion.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">In 1997 the FBI Uniform Crime Report estimated that 1.4-1.6 million automobiles are stolen annually in the United States, of which 200,000 valued at approximately $20,000 each are illegally transported out of the country--making the overseas black market for stolen US vehicles worth about $4 billion. Fewer than 1 percent of US stolen vehicles smuggled overseas are repatriated.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: white;">European law enforcement agencies report that 300,000 vehicles worth some $5 billion are acquired by car theft rings annually in the European Union countries.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: white;">The demand for stolen luxury cars is especially high in Russia and China, where import tariffs average more than 100 percent for most types of luxury vehicles, according to data from the US Commerce Department and industry sources. According to estimates by the National Insurance Crime Bureau, stolen vehicles sold in Europe fetch three to four times their US market value.</span><br />
<a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/749088.gif"><b>Map<br />Major US Ports-of-Exit for Stolen Vehicles Being Smuggled Abroad, 1988</b></a><br />
<span style="color: white;">Crime syndicates from China, Russia, Eastern Europe, and Mexico dominate much of the world trade in stolen cars. Russian and Asian crime groups rely on members or associates in the United States, who often collaborate with local theft gangs in US cities, to steal vehicles and arrange for transport overseas. Both Russian and Asian criminal groups cooperate with Mexican smuggling rings that appear to be responsible for moving stolen vehicles across the US-Mexican border for re-export to Russia and China, according to insurance industry and press sources. Automobile smuggling syndicates export most of the vehicles stolen in the United States in maritime shipping containers either directly from US seaports, or after driving the vehicles into Mexico. Most vehicles stolen in Western Europe, on the other hand, are simply driven to Russia or other destinations.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">International car theft rings run by Russian, Asian, and other crime groups appear to be increasingly organized and professional in their operations, according to US Customs reporting. Their operations include altering vehicle identification numbers so the stolen vehicles cannot be traced. Many countries in which these vehicles are sold lack the technical expertise to detect such tampering.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: white;">Trafficking stolen vehicles also helps crime groups facilitate other international criminal activities. Stolen vehicles, for example, sometimes are used to conceal and transport narcotics or other smuggled contraband.</span><br />
<h2>
<b><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="13"></a><a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/pub45270chap2.html#toc">Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) Violations</a></b></h2>
<span style="color: white;">Most intellectual property rights (IPR) crimes affecting US businesses involve the theft of trade secrets and copyright, trademark, and patent violations. Criminal violations of intellectual property rights--particularly the sale of counterfeit or illegally manufactured products--distort international trade, undermine the legitimate marketplace, and cause extensive revenue losses to legitimate industries. The explosion of digitization and the Internet have further enabled IPR violators to easily copy and illegally distribute trade secrets, trademarks, and logos.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">US businesses are particularly vulnerable and especially hard hit by counterfeiting and other forms of copyright, trademark, and patent infringement because the United States leads the world in the creation and export of intellectual property--primarily in motion pictures, computer software, sound recording, and book publishing. These industries contributed more than $270 billion to the US economy in 1996, or approximately 3.65 percent of GDP, according to International Intellectual Property Association estimates. Copyright industry products have surpassed agricultural products as the single-largest export sector in the US economy, and America's three largest software companies are now worth more than the steel, automotive, aerospace, chemical, and plastics industries combined.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">Counterfeit or illegally manufactured products compete with, and often displace, legitimate sales. US businesses increasingly are losing legitimate sales due to the manufacture and distribution of illegal products that violate intellectual property rights. Many of these illegal products are exported to the United States, but most are circulated in markets abroad in direct competition with the legitimate products of US firms. In some countries, illicit products saturate the domestic market so completely that it is impossible for owners of intellectual property copyrights and trademarks to establish legitimate manufacturing or distribution interests.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">US businesses experience significant profit and market loss due to the <b>theft of trade secrets</b>. Foreign companies seek to steal US trade secrets--particularly theft of sensitive information pertaining to research and development, production processes, and corporate strategies--to erode US companies' overseas market competitiveness and technological leadership. By so doing, they also try to outmaneuver or underbid US companies, hoping to tilt the playing field in their favor. The American Society for Industrial Security, which conducts a comprehensive survey of Fortune 500 companies, estimated in 2000 that potential known losses to all American industry resulting from the theft of proprietary information amounted to $45 billion.</span><br />
<a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/376864.gif"><b>Graphic<br />US Customs Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) Seizures, 1995-99</b></a><br />
<span style="color: white;"><b>Copyright violations</b> primarily involve the illicit production and sale of computer software, recorded music, and videos. The International Intellectual Property Alliance estimated that, in 1998, trade losses suffered by US-based industries due to copyright violations totaled nearly $12.4 billion, with losses to the motion picture industry of $1.7 billion, the sound recording and music publishing industry at $1.7 billion, the business software industry at nearly $4.6 billion, the entertainment software industry at $3.4 billion, and the book publishing industry at $685 million. In 1996, law enforcement raids around the world resulted in the seizure of nearly 5.1 million unauthorized copies of motion picture videocassettes, according to the Motion Picture Association; also seized were more than 25,000 VCRs with an estimated production capacity of almost 33 million pirate videos per year.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">Globally, one in every three compact discs (CDs) sold is a counterfeit copy, according to an estimate published in 1998. Data provided by the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry indicate that, in 1999, worldwide sales of pirated sound recordings totaled more than $4 billion.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: white;">The situation is as bad for computer software. According to current estimates by the Business Software Alliance, stolen software costs the industry $12 billion globally and topped $59 billion during the last five years. The average global piracy rate for software is 38 percent of total sales, with a US rate of about 25 percent. In 1997, Global Software Piracy Report estimated that 225 of the 523 new business software applications sold worldwide in 1996 were pirated copies.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: white;"><b>Trademark violations </b>include the counterfeiting of certain products and trademark goods. According to current estimates by the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC), counterfeit trademarked products account for approximately 8 percent of world trade-- roughly $200 billion annually. A recent survey of 10 leading apparel and footwear companies by the International Trademark Association indicated annual losses of nearly $2 billion. Online counterfeit sales may exceed $25 billion annually worldwide, according to ICC estimates.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">In 1999, US Customs seized a record $98.5 million in counterfeit imported merchandise, an increase of $22 million during the previous year. Record media-- including audiocassettes, videocassettes, and CDs-- computer parts, sunglasses, and clothing were the commodities most commonly seized.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><b>Patent violations </b>involve the illegal manufacture of products using production processes, designs, or materials that are protected by patents giving the holder the right to exclude others from making, using, or selling an invention for a specified period of time. The 1995 Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) requires that members of the World Trade Organization protect most inventions for a period of 20 years and that their domestic laws permit effective action against patent infringement.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">The Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers Association estimates that the pharmaceutical industry loses more than $2 billion annually due to counterfeit medications sold on the open market. US nongeneric pharmaceutical sales totaled $110.8 billion worldwide in 1997; estimated sales for 1998 were $124.6 billion.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: white;">Besides significant business losses, IPR crime costs the US Government tax revenue and reduces potential jobs available to US citizens. The International Anti-Counterfeiting Coalition (IACC) estimated in 1998 that product and software counterfeiting costs the United States more than $200 billion per year in lost sales, jobs, and tax revenues. The US Customs Service has estimated that foreign counterfeiting of US products has caused the loss of 750,000 jobs in the United States.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">IPR crimes threaten consumer interests in the United States and elsewhere when counterfeit products are reproduced using bogus or inferior materials and poor quality controls that can affect public safety and health. Since 1990, US authorities have identified or seized nonconforming parts in US-produced automobiles and commercial airplanes and substandard materials used in household products and consumables such as infant formula and pharmaceuticals.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">The World Health Organization estimated in 1997 that at least 7 percent of the medicines sold worldwide are counterfeit products. US authorities have confiscated misbranded and counterfeit pharmaceuticals, including birth control pills and AIDS, heart, diabetes, cancer, and diet medications.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: white;"><b>Global Dimensions</b><br />IPR violations are a global phenomenon. Most countries have brought laws protecting intellectual property rights up to international standards, but few are devoting the political or budgetary support necessary to enforce the laws. Intellectual property violations are flourishing because of ineffective laws, weak enforcement, inadequate resources devoted to investigations and prosecutions, corrupt government officials, and uninformed or inadequately trained law enforcement officers. In many of the countries that are major IPR violators, the government turns a blind eye to the activity in the interest of boosting its industries' competitiveness in the international marketplace.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">East and Southeast Asia are primary regions of IPR violations that cause significant losses to US businesses. China and Hong Kong harbor major duplicators of Western toys and clothing, while firms in Malaysia, Singapore, and Taiwan copy US audio, video, and software products. According to the US Customs Service, 56 percent of US IPR seizures (mostly music CDs, computer software packages, and movies) in the first half of 1999 were from China and Taiwan.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: white;">In Eastern Europe, Ukraine has emerged as the leading producer of illegal optical disc pirated products, exporting pirated CDs for distribution throughout the world. Most of the NIS in the former Soviet Union are improving IPR laws for their admission to the World Trade Organization, but implementation and enforcement are uncertain.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: white;">Israel's substantive laws remain deficient under the 1995 TRIPS Agreement, and it remains a key distribution hub in a regional network for pirated optical media products that extends into Russia and Eastern Europe.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: white;">Latin America is the third-largest market for illegal duplication of CDs, videos, and cassettes, according to the International Intellectual Property Alliance. Illegal production of these products is centered in Brazil and Argentina, whose governments have toughened their IPR laws but nonetheless are resisting further IPR improvements. Paraguay continues to be a regional center for pirated goods, especially optical media, and serves as a transshipment point for large volumes of IPR-infringing products from Asia to the larger markets bordering Paraguay, particularly Brazil.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: white;">Although many IPR crimes are committed by ostensibly legitimate foreign manufacturing, business, and import/export enterprises to enhance their competitiveness, criminal organizations are becoming common players in all stages of IPR crime, from manufacture to distribution. Product piracy and counterfeiting are attractive to criminal organizations because of the absence of strong criminal counterfeiting laws and the potential for large profits in the counterfeit goods market. Moreover, some criminal and terrorist organizations use the proceeds from producing and selling counterfeit brand name consumer goods to fund other types of criminal activity, both in the United States and elsewhere.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">In New York City, ethnic Chinese crime syndicates are increasingly counterfeiting consumer products as a source of tax-free income. The Vietnamese gang "Born to Kill" reportedly relies on the sale of counterfeit Rolex and Cartier watches to fund gang activities. The group's founder has claimed earnings exceeding $35 million from counterfeit product sales.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: white;">In 1995, law enforcement officials in Los Angeles discovered several Chinese criminal groups-- including the Wah Ching, the Big Circle Boys, and the Four Seas triad--engaged in counterfeiting floppy discs and CD-ROMs. Asset seizures totaled more than $17 million in illicit products and manufacturing equipment, plastic explosives, TNT, and firearms.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: white;">Past press reporting indicated that the Provisional Irish Republican Army funded some of its terrorist activities through the sale of counterfeit perfumes, veterinary products, home videos, computer software, and pharmaceuticals.</span></li>
</ul>
<h2>
<b><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="14"></a><a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/pub45270chap2.html#toc">Foreign Economic Espionage</a></b></h2>
<span style="color: white;">The stealing of trade secrets from the US Government and from US businesses through economic espionage, in addition to industrial theft, is a growing threat to US global economic competitiveness. These activities are typically carried out by foreign governments, intelligence agencies, or industries to illicitly acquire sensitive or restricted information related to critical technologies, trade, finance, or corporate strategy. The United States has enacted the Economic Espionage Act of 1996 to criminalize both state-sponsored and commercial theft of trade secrets, but few other countries have similar laws. Indeed, collecting "business intelligence"--including by means considered foreign economic espionage--is a commonly accepted business practice in many countries.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">Foreign companies and governments routinely take advantage of technological advances in global communications, such as the Internet and digital communications, that have increased opportunities for industrial theft and the ease of information transfers.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: white;">The potential losses to all US industry resulting from economic espionage were estimated to be about $300 billion, according to a 2000 estimate by the American Society for Industrial Security, which conducts a comprehensive survey of industrial theft. This figure is three times what it was a few years ago.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: white;">Some foreign governments engage in economic espionage to acquire US trade secrets involving sophisticated technologies with potential military applications or to help enhance the global competitiveness of their commercial industries. Economic espionage supporting commercial industries is directed against corporate strategies, marketing plans, or bidding strategies of US businesses or US Government positions in bilateral or multilateral trade negotiations.</span><br />
<h2>
<b><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="15"></a><a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/pub45270chap2.html#toc">Foreign Corrupt Business Practices</a></b></h2>
<span style="color: white;">Foreign corrupt business practices cost US firms billions of dollars each year in lost contracts. While the United States banned bribery of foreign government officials more than 20 years ago with the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, other industrialized countries continue to permit overseas bribery, and some still allow tax deductions for such payments. However, bribery of government officials is against the law in virtually every country where it might occur.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">Foreign firms often use bribes to help win international contracts. About half of the known bribes in the last five years were for defense contracts, with the other offers directed at major purchases by governments and parastatal organizations for telecommunications, infrastructure, energy, and transportation projects. The actual extent of the practice is probably much larger than available evidence indicates. Procurement corruption is common in virtually all parts of the developing world in Asia, Africa, and Latin America, as well as parts of Europe.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><b>Global Implications</b><br />Corrupt business practices have significant costs for the governments that allow them. Governments that regularly allow bribery may ultimately undermine legitimate business activity, creating disincentives for US and other foreign firms to invest in their countries. Domestic companies that are allowed to use bribes to exclude foreign competitors may create undeserved monopolies that deter healthy economic growth and development. Bribery also contributes to poverty and instability in developing countries by undermining the legitimacy of state structures and wasting government resources.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">Bribes related to government or parastatal contracts promote official corruption--including at the highest political levels--which adversely affects internal government operations and fosters negative foreign perceptions of such governments. In recent years, government leaders in South Korea, Pakistan, India, Greece, and elsewhere have become enmeshed in procurement corruption scandals. Bribe recipients are vulnerable to exposure in countries with alternating political parties, a free press, or independent judicial authorities.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">Although international initiatives are under way to limit international bribery, effective curbs may be years away. In December 1997, member states of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)--a group of the major industrialized countries--signed an international convention obliging them to pass laws comparable to the US Foreign Corrupt Practices Act.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">The Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions does not directly address the once-common practice of permitting businesses to deduct bribes paid to foreign officials from their income taxes, but the OECD has recommended that all member states act to eliminate the tax deductibility of bribes. Most member countries have begun to implement such a change.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: white;">Effective enforcement of laws against foreign commercial bribery will remain a longer term goal. To date, no country other than the United States is known to have prosecuted anyone for violation of a law passed to implement the OECD convention.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: white;">The implementing laws of many countries for the OECD antibribery convention--which had been ratified by 21 of the 34 signatory countries as of July 2000--may take years of negotiation and further legislative action to finalize. The Inter-American Convention Against Corruption, which entered into force in 1998 and which the United States ratified in September 2000, and the Criminal Law Convention Against Corruption of the Council of Europe, which the United States signed in October 2000, both require state parties to pass laws against the bribery of foreign public officials in business transactions. In addition, multilateral lending institutions such as the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are making efforts to combat corruption by addressing it in the context of their lending programs and by supporting governmental anticorruption efforts.</span><br />
<h2>
<b><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="16"></a><a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/pub45270chap2.html#toc">Counterfeiting</a></b></h2>
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: white;">US dollars are the most commonly counterfeited currency in the world because they are the currency of choice worldwide. International criminals produce, distribute, and use counterfeit US money for profit, to make illicit transactions, to finance illegal operations, and to promote illicit activities. Profits for criminal groups placing counterfeit US money into circulation are close to 40 cents per dollar, according to the US Secret Service. Moreover, selling counterfeit currency can provide criminal organizations with capital to invest in other illicit activities, such as the purchase and distribution of illegal weapons and narcotics.</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: white;">International counterfeiting schemes also include reproducing financial instruments such as commercial checks, traveler's checks, and money orders. Fictitious securities and negotiable instruments are increasingly being used by international criminal enterprises to defraud governments, individuals, corporations, and financial institutions. Criminals have used bogus instruments to obtain government benefits, to underwrite loans, to serve as insurance collateral, and to defraud individual investors, pension funds, and retirement accounts.</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: white;">About half of counterfeit US currency is produced abroad, where many of the illicit financial transactions by terrorist, drug trafficking, and organized crime groups take place. The US Federal Reserve estimates that about $570 billion of genuine US currency is in circulation worldwide, of which two-thirds circulates outside the United States.</span></span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: white;">About one-third of US counterfeit currency distributed in the United States in the past three years originated in Colombia, according to US Secret Service data. Lax counterfeiting laws and established drug-trafficking networks in Colombia are key factors that facilitate the production and distribution of counterfeit US dollars.</span></span></li>
</ul>
<a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/376911.gif"><b>Graphic</b></a><b><a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/376911.gif">US Counterfeit Currency Activity</a></b><br />
<span style="color: white;">The circulation of counterfeit US currency is growing worldwide despite vigorous anticounterfeiting measures in the United States and overseas. This increase is due in part to the improved quality and modernization of reproduction equipment. Advanced design, copying, and publishing technology has enhanced production of high-quality counterfeit US currency and other financial instruments. Counterfeit US currency produced with advanced reprographic capabilities and distributed in the United States has increased from less than 1 percent in 1995 to 50 percent in 2000.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">Continued improvements in counterfeiting technology would enhance the quality and increase the quantity of counterfeit US currency in circulation, making it more difficult for law enforcement and financial institutions to identify false currency.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: white;">Counterfeit currency and financial instruments are also a problem for other governments. Foreign countries lacking adequate government oversight and enforcement of counterfeiting regulations are often susceptible to domestic production and distribution of counterfeit currency. Counterfeiters are also able to take advantage of countries with corrupt, poorly regulated, or poorly equipped financial institutions.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><b>Threats to US Interests</b><br />While, at present, the production and circulation of counterfeit US currency present a minimal threat to the US economy, technological advances in counterfeiting and the extension of counterfeiting knowledge to more criminal groups may, in some circumstances, undermine US economic interests. US interests are most threatened by the use of counterfeit currency by some criminal organizations--including terrorist groups--to expand and finance activities and purchases that such groups could otherwise not afford. Some organized crime groups, drug traffickers, and terrorist organizations appear to be involved in producing and distributing counterfeit currency to reap profits and to finance other illegal activities. The international expansion of these criminal organizations has helped increase distribution of counterfeit currency.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">Some Italian and Russian crime groups may be involved in printing counterfeit US dollars, possibly to purchase narcotics, military weapons, and other contraband.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: white;">Internationally isolated states of concern, like North Korea and Iran, that have in the past resorted to illegal means to finance their operations may be involved in printing or distributing counterfeit US currency.</span><br />
<h2>
<b><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="17"></a><a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/pub45270chap2.html#toc">Financial Fraud</a></b></h2>
<span style="color: white;">Wide-ranging and complex financial fraud schemes by international criminal organizations are stealing billions of dollars annually from US citizens, businesses, and government entitlement programs. Financial fraud crimes have become more prevalent in recent years as greater amounts of personal and corporate financial information are made available through computer technology and access devices, such as credit cards, debit cards, and smart cards. Worldwide economic and financial systems are continuing to evolve toward a cashless society; plastic cards containing digitized financial information are increasingly being used to effect commerce. In addition, Internet-related financial crime is of growing international concern. Criminal organizations--including Russian, Nigerian, and Asian groups--have taken advantage of these developments to become involved in a wide range of sophisticated fraud schemes.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><b>Financial Fraud Against Individuals</b><br />US citizens are direct targets of many fraud schemes originating outside the United States. These include soliciting money for ostensibly legitimate charities or overseas investment or business opportunities. In addition, the accessibility of personal financial information and the ability to gain access to financial accounts, through stolen bank cards or fraudulent means, allow criminals to steal personal savings or use personal financial assets as collateral for their own investments or transactions such as setting up illicit front companies.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">Advance fee frauds committed largely by Nigerian criminal syndicates are among the most lucrative financial crimes targeting individuals and businesses worldwide. Criminals purporting to be officials of their government, banking system, or oil companies mail or fax letters to individuals and businesses in the United States that entice victims with the opportunity to take part in million-dollar windfalls, provided up-front fees are paid for necessary expenses such as bribes, taxes, and legal fees. In 1999, US victims reported losses of several hundred million dollars to advance fee frauds, according to US law enforcement. The Secret Service has reported receiving approximately 100 calls and 300 to 500 pieces of correspondence per day from potential victims.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: white;">To a limited extent, international criminals have also used Internet banking to target individuals in financial fraud schemes. The 1997 collapse of the Antigua-based European Union Bank (EUB), whose Russian owners fled Antigua with perhaps as much as $10 million in depositors' funds, highlights the threat posed to individuals from financial frauds facilitated by evolving Internet-enabled banking services. The first offshore bank to operate exclusively on the Internet, EUB actively solicited depositors over the Internet with offers of complete privacy, confidentiality, and security. The bank's collapse was precipitated by substantial loans to shell companies owned by EUB shareholders.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">Within a one-month period, EUB's advertisement was accessed 7 million times, which led to 10,000 e-mail messages from potential clients and almost 150 activated accounts for the bank, according to press reporting. The EUB Web site was so successful, it was the recipient of a 1997 "Top Business Site" award by <i>ComFind</i>, an Internet business directory.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: white;"><b>Financial Fraud Against Businesses</b><br />The victimization of US businesses and financial institutions through sophisticated financial fraud schemes results in substantial lost revenue, as well as less tangible but nonetheless real lost opportunities and jobs. International criminals are able to use computer technology and access devices to manipulate accounts and direct the illicit transfer of funds. The ability to rapidly move funds between distant banks or financial institutions hinders law enforcement's ability to track financial transactions and allows sophisticated criminal organizations to mount complex financial fraud schemes.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">In 1996, the Association of Certified Fraud Examiners estimated financial losses from fraud perpetrated by domestic and international criminals in the United States at more than $200 billion per year.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: white;">Frauds involving credit, debit, and smart cards and communications systems that transfer financial data are a growing problem. International criminals are exploiting electronic payment technology through false purchases and by producing counterfeit cards for the commercial marketplace, according to industry and law enforcement reporting. The huge profits and relatively minor penalties associated with the crime make these kinds of financial frauds attractive to criminal groups that have the capability to pull them off.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">According to current industry estimates, fraudulent credit cards cost the US banking industry at least $2 billion annually; losses worldwide are estimated to be an additional $1 billion each year.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: white;">Industry experts indicate that organized crime groups play a significant role in credit card frauds and other schemes to defraud banks and financial institutions. Nigerian crime groups capitalize on their ability to produce fraudulent identities and to suborn key employees of banks and companies in order to steal customer credit card data. Chinese and Japanese criminal groups are adept at producing forged credit cards. Russian criminal syndicates are using their access to computers and technological expertise to access account data.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">While South America and Mexico are emerging as centers for producing counterfeit credit cards in the Western Hemisphere, Chinese crime groups with operations in major commercial centers in East Asia (particularly Hong Kong) and North America are most notorious for fraudulent credit card activity.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">A crackdown on counterfeit credit card manufacturing in southern China resulted in the seizure of thousands of fraudulent cards, uncut blank credit cards, magnetic strips, issuer holograms, encoders, laptop computers, and extensive manufacturing equipment. Law enforcement investigations revealed that the scheme stretched to Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan, Bangkok, Canada, Honolulu, and Buffalo.</span></li>
</ul>
<b><a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/376918.gif">Graphic<br />CSI/FBI 2000 Computer Crime and Security Survey</a></b><br />
<span style="color: white;">Financial fraud schemes are also directed against the insurance industry, government entitlement programs, and government tax revenues. Medical fraud scams-- including staged accidents and false billing to insurance companies--are a particularly lucrative source of income. Fraudulent claims from theft, property damage, and automobile accidents cost insurance companies millions of dollars each year. The federal medicare and welfare systems suffer substantial losses due to fraudulent claims for benefits, including false medical billings and false identities, many of which victimize real intended beneficiaries.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">Nigerian and Russian criminal groups have been implicated in these kinds of financial fraud crimes. Russian crime groups in the United States also orchestrate computer, telecommunications, and consumer goods contract fraud.</span></li>
</ul>
<h2>
<b><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="18"></a><a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/pub45270chap2.html#toc">High-Tech Crime</a></b></h2>
<span style="color: white;">High-tech crimes targeting computer networks are becoming an increasing law enforcement and national security problem because of the growing reliance in the United States of government entities, public utilities, industries, businesses, and financial institutions on electronic data and information storage, retrieval, and transmission. Increasingly, other countries around the world face the same vulnerability. The creation of complex computer networks on which many government, public, private, and financial services depend has created opportunities for illicit access, disruption, and destruction of information by a wide range of hackers. Although most computer attacks are conducted by disgruntled employees and independent hackers, according to US law enforcement information, the threat from foreign intelligence services and foreign corporate competitors is significant for US national security interests. Moreover, international terrorist and criminal organizations have increasing capability to penetrate and exploit computer-based information and data systems.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">Illegal penetration of computer systems provides criminals the ability to access and manipulate personal, financial, commercial, and government data. The introduction of computer viruses can compromise data system integrity. Hostile hackers-- whether individuals, industrial spies, foreign governments, terrorist or criminal organizations--could potentially disrupt critical public-sector assets.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: white;">The greater dependence on computer systems for daily business and administrative functions--and the increasing interconnections between computer networks--has increased both the vulnerability and potential costs of systems penetration. US communications and information industries have developed the most technologically advanced systems and networks in the world. Many critical public infrastructure industries--including power and energy, telecommunications, and transportation systems--are operated or managed by computer networks. According to the US Customs Service, all major international industries, businesses, and financial institutions rely on interconnected computer systems for commercial and financial transactions to remain competitive.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">Attacks on computer and information systems of US corporations, financial institutions, universities, and government agencies through unauthorized access by employees and external system penetration ranged from denial of service and sabotage to financial fraud and theft of proprietary information, according to surveys jointly conducted by the FBI and Computer Security Institute.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: white;">Illegal intrusion and exploitation of computer networks in the United States have sizably increased over the last several years, causing millions of dollars in losses to US businesses and potentially threatening the reliability of public services.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">According to the joint 2000 FBI-Computer Security Institute survey of security practitioners in US corporations, financial institutions, universities, and government agencies, 273 of the respondents cited financial losses of $265.5 million from computer crime--almost double the reported losses of $136.8 million in 1998.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: white;">The number of US businesses reporting computer intrusions through Internet connections rose from 37 percent in 1996 to 70 percent in 1998, according to the joint survey.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: white;">A significant percentage of the information needed to carry out essential government functions is processed at some point by information systems in the nonfederal sector of the national information infrastructure.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: white;"><b>Criminals Exploiting High Technology</b><br />As worldwide dependence on technology increases, high-tech crime is becoming an increasingly attractive source of revenue for organized crime groups, as well as an attractive option for them to make commercial and financial transactions that support their criminal activities. With little of the risks and penalties associated with more traditional criminal activity, high-tech crime allows criminals to operate in the relative security of computer networks, often beyond the reach of law enforcement where the crime was committed.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">International criminals, including members of traditional organized crime groups, are increasingly computer-literate, enabling them to use cutting-edge technologies for illicit gain. International criminals rely on publicly available sources to obtain information on system vulnerabilities. E-mail mailing lists routinely distribute vulnerability information and software that can be used to exploit computer systems. In addition, vulnerabilities are publicly exposed in books, magazine and newspaper articles, electronic bulletin board messages, and a growing list of Web sites that are targeted at informing a wide-ranging global network of potential hackers about the latest methodology for staging computer attacks.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">Criminal groups may also exploit businesses and government agencies using programmers, many of whom are lesser paid foreigners, to make software fixes or write new programs to gain access to computer systems and the information they contain. Press reports indicate that a Russian-speaking crime group in the United States recruited unemployed programmers in Russia to hack into other syndicates' computer systems, embezzle funds, and create programs to protect its funds in US banks.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: white;">International criminals are using computers to support a wide range of criminal activity, including as an innovative alternative means to commit many traditional crimes. The use of computer networks allows criminals to more securely and efficiently orchestrate and implement crimes without regard to national borders. Drug traffickers, for example, are using encrypted e-mail and the Internet to avoid detection and monitoring of their communications over normal telephone and communications channels.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">The Internet has also become the primary means used by international child pornography rings to disseminate their material worldwide. International child pornography rings are operating in dozens of countries, peddling their illicit wares through the Internet and other global distribution networks. Modern technology allows these child pornographers to store vast quantities of digital images on small portable computers easily smuggled into the United States and elsewhere.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">Moreover, criminal commercial and financial transactions through computers occur amidst countless legitimate public, business, and personal uses of computer networks, making them especially difficult to identify. Transactions involving technology or components for weapons of mass destruction or embargoed items under US or international sanctions are being done through computers. Virtually any commodity, including weapons of mass destruction and their component parts and delivery systems, is being offered for international sale on Internet sites.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">US Customs investigations show that many Internet sellers of contraband materials openly advertise that they have been in operation for many years without being caught by law enforcement. In December 1999, there were about 100 ongoing US Customs investigations involving the sale of counterfeit goods over the Internet.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: white;">Computers are also exploited by international criminals to facilitate a wide range of economic crime-- particularly targeting US commercial interests. High-tech financial fraud through illicit access to credit card numbers and commercial accounts has the potential to cause serious losses for US businesses conducting electronic commerce over the Internet.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">According to a joint FBI-Computer Security Institute survey in 1998, 241 US business respondents reported $11.2 million in losses caused by computer financial frauds. Telecommunications fraud from computer attacks cost these companies an additional $17.2 million in losses.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: white;">In March 1999, hackers pleaded guilty to breaking into US phone companies for calling card numbers that eventually made their way to organized crime syndicates in Italy. US law enforcement information indicates that this high-tech theft cost the US phone companies an estimated $2 million.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: white;">Intellectual property rights violations through the penetration of computer networks are also an increasing threat to US businesses. US businesses responding in the 1998 survey reported losses of $33.5 million in theft of proprietary information from computer attacks.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">International criminals may be using computer hacking and related methods for financial gain. Industry and law enforcement reporting indicates that high-tech criminals are using advances in technology to target banks and other financial institutions. The anonymity and speed of electronic transactions may encourage criminal exploitation of these technologies. While US and many Western and Asian banks and financial institutions maintain adequate security safeguards to prevent outside penetration of computer-based data financial transaction systems, some have outdated or lax security practices that high-tech criminals are able to exploit.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">In October 2000, according to press reports, Italian authorities dismantled a Sicilian Mafia-led crime group that was planning to steal as much as $900 million in European Union aid earmarked for Sicily. Employing corrupt officials from the targeted bank and a telecommunications firm, the crime syndicate broke into the bank's computer network, created a virtual banking site linked to the interbank payments network, and was able to divert $115 million of the EU aid to Mafia-controlled bank accounts in Italy and abroad before they were discovered.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: white;">In China, a computer hacker was convicted in November 1999 of breaking into the Shanghai Securities Exchange, where he changed transaction records that cost two Chinese companies more than $300,000, according to Chinese press reports.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: white;">In South Africa in November 1999, an unidentified crime syndicate stole hundreds of thousands of dollars from local banks by using the Internet and bank-by-telephone services to hack into financial institutions, according to press reports.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: white;">In 1994, individuals in St. Petersburg, Russia-- aided by insider access--attempted to steal more than $10 million from a US bank by making approximately 40 wire transfers to accounts around the world. Members of the gang have since been arrested in several countries, and most of the stolen funds have been recovered.</span></li>
</ul>
<h2>
<b><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="19"></a><a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/pub45270chap2.html#toc">Money Laundering</a></b></h2>
<span style="color: white;">Money laundering allows criminals to hide and legitimize illicit proceeds derived from criminal activities. Money laundering hinders efforts by regulatory and law enforcement agencies to identify the source of illegal proceeds, trace the funds to specific criminal activities, and confiscate criminals' financial assets. Moreover, the successful laundering of illicit funds helps to support and finance future criminal activity, including any of the international crimes identified in this assessment. While international law enforcement, intelligence, and financial experts agree that the amount of illegal proceeds in the world is huge and growing, there is little analytical work supporting most estimates of money laundering. A few estimates have been attempted, but no consensus view has emerged about the magnitude of money laundering on a global, regional, or national scale.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="rftn2"></a> <a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/pub45270chap2.html#ftn2">(2)</a></span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">According to one recent estimate, worldwide money-laundering activity is roughly $1 trillion per year, with $300-500 billion of that representing laundering related to drug trafficking. A former Managing Director of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) has estimated worldwide money laundering at 2 to 5 percent of the world's gross domestic product--some $800 billion at the low end of the range and perhaps as high as $2 trillion.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: white;">The infrastructure used by international crime groups to launder illicit proceeds--which must be placed, layered, and integrated to be "legitimized" in the legal economy--is extensive and worldwide. There are many methods for laundering money. Among those favored by criminal organizations is to establish seemingly legitimate businesses as fronts for illegal activity and money laundering. These tend to be cash-based businesses--such as hotels, casinos, restaurants, financial service firms, construction companies, and travel agencies--whose ostensibly legitimate operations involve substantial cash-flow. This makes it difficult for law enforcement agencies to identify illegal proceeds. Front companies enable criminals to combine legitimate and illicit funds in the business, in addition to providing a plausible source of wealth to deny involvement in criminal activity.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><b>The international banking and financial systems</b> are routinely used to legitimize and transfer criminal proceeds. Huge sums of money are laundered in the world's largest financial markets--such as Hong Kong, Japan, Germany, the United Kingdom, and the United States--even though extensive legislation and enforcement measures make it more difficult and risky to conduct illicit financial transactions in these jurisdictions. Launderers also use banks located in secrecy havens to hide illicit funds. In some cases, money launderers may recruit bank employees to conduct money-laundering transactions on behalf of the criminal organization. Some organized crime groups have sought to gain ownership of banks to facilitate their own money-laundering activity.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">Several factors contribute to a country's vulnerability to money laundering: a lack of adequate legislation or appropriate enforcement to address the problem, bank secrecy laws, weak or corrupt financial institutions, and inadequate or ineffective regulatory supervision of the financial sector.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">In Latin America, money-laundering investigations are hamstrung by bank secrecy laws, lack of trained personnel, inadequate legislation, or corruption. Weak enforcement of existing legislation in some countries does little to discourage illicit financial activities. In addition, many countries have only drug-related money-laundering laws, which limit the government's ability to prosecute the laundering of proceeds from other crimes.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: white;">In Russia and the NIS, which are transitioning to free market economies and developing their financial sectors, organized crime groups have capitalized on industry privatization programs to gain a foothold in the legitimate economy. Weak banking regulations, lax law enforcement, and a general lack of money-laundering controls provide a favorable environment for illicit financial activity.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: white;"><b>Offshore banking centers--</b>such as Liechtenstein, The Bahamas, Nauru, and Lebanon--typically offer bank and corporate secrecy, low tax rates, ease of corporate formation, and low incorporation fees. These provisions can provide incentives for criminals to conduct illicit financial activities in these countries. Moreover, smaller, emerging offshore havens, typically in the South Pacific, lack money-laundering legislation and are less regulated than some established offshore financial centers.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: white;">In Southeast and Southwest Asia and the Middle East, parallel <b>informal</b> <b>banking systems--</b>known primarily as the hawala, hundi, or hui kuan--offer an alternative for laundering funds outside the formal banking system. These traditional nonbanking systems are increasingly being used by criminals, drug traffickers, and terrorist organizations operating throughout the world to launder and move illicit funds across long distances because they facilitate the rapid and cost-effective transfer of money and leave virtually no useful paper trail for law enforcement investigators or financial regulators.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">The multinational Financial Action Task Force (FATF), established at the G-7 summit in 1989 to examine measures to combat money laundering, has noted the significant role that alternative remittance systems are playing to facilitate money laundering worldwide.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: white;">The FATF has also observed an increase in illicit funds being laundered through nonbank financial institutions, such as currency exchange houses, money remitters, and gaming establishments. These organizations tend to be less regulated than banking organizations and are often used to place money into the legitimate economy.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">The Colombian <b>black-market peso exchange</b> is a primary money-laundering system used by Colombian drug traffickers, according to the US Treasury Department. This laundering system works by traffickers selling their US-dollar drug proceeds at a discount to brokers who credit them with an equivalent amount of pesos in Colombian banks. The dollars in the United States are then sold to Colombian businessmen at an exchange rate better than the official Colombian rate, who then use these funds to finance the purchase and export of dollar-denominated goods from the United States. In this way, the dollars that began as drug proceeds are laundered through a process that effectively circumvents both US and Colombian currency reporting requirements: Colombian drug profits in the United States, in effect, are repatriated in the form of trade goods. US law enforcement estimates that the black-market peso exchange may be responsible for laundering up to $5 billion in drug proceeds annually.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: white;">Colombian, Mexican, and Dominican drug cartels are suspected of using certain <b>money remitters</b> to launder drug proceeds. These businesses arrange payments to recipients in exchange for a commission, usually up to 10 percent of the transaction value. In the United States, money remitters are now required to report suspicious activity, file currency transactions reports for transfers exceeding $10,000, and register with the federal government. They will soon be required to conduct enhanced recordkeeping and reporting for certain high-risk transactions.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: white;"><b>Casinos</b> and other forms of gaming establishments are popular for money laundering because of the large, daily volumes of cash transactions that help hide money-laundering activity. Furthermore, launderers can take advantage of the increasingly sophisticated financial services offered by gaming establishments. Organized crime groups and narcotics traffickers are opening new casinos and other gaming establishments or acquiring existing ones. In the United States, reporting of suspicious activity by casinos will soon be mandatory.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: white;"><b>Securities brokers</b> and dealers and <b>money service</b> <b>businesses</b>, such as check cashers and money order sellers, are also vulnerable to money laundering. There are an estimated 200,000 money service businesses in the United States. Like money remitters, these businesses will soon be required to register with the federal government and to report suspicious transactions. Within three years, US regulations will require securities brokers and dealers to report suspicious activity, which they may now do voluntarily.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><b>Threats From Money Laundering to World Economies</b><br />The International Monetary Fund has identified a number of adverse macroeconomic effects resulting from money laundering, such as greater volatility in foreign exchange markets and interest rates and distortions in market expectations. While current money-laundering activity in the United States has not undermined economic stability, it has hindered US Government efforts to collect taxes and resulted in greater government expenditures in regulating the banking sector, financial markets, and the business environment.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">In developing economies, the accumulation and movement of large quantities of illicit funds can destabilize the economy. Investments by criminal groups in licit business enterprises can scare away honest investors and place companies owned by legitimate businessmen at a comparative disadvantage. Widespread money laundering can undermine the solvency and credibility of banks and other financial institutions and erode the public's trust in the financial system. It can also drive away potential investors and place legal investors at risk. Small economies are also vulnerable to destabilization from sophisticated fraud schemes that are attracted to large amounts of free-flowing cash. Finally, developing economies are particularly vulnerable to attempts by money launderers to corrupt institutions and key individuals with large amounts of cash, potentially undermining political stability.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">Widespread money laundering and fraudulent pyramid investment schemes orchestrated by Italian and Albanian criminal groups in the mid-1990s led to significant political instability in Albania, the effects of which are still being felt.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: white;">Efforts by some countries, such as those in the former Soviet Bloc, to develop modern banking systems can be greatly inhibited by criminal involvement in their financial sectors. Criminal infiltration into the banking sector can impede government efforts to reform the banking industry. Moreover, criminal organizations with control or significant influence over domestic banks are not likely to use sound banking practices. Rather, criminals may use bank capital to finance illicit activities, acquire businesses, or make bad loans, raising the risk of bank insolvency and disruption of domestic financial markets.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">Increasing international attention to money laundering has led many countries to implement money-laundering legislation and other preventative measures. In addition, international standards are being established to increase banking transparency and to reduce bank secrecy and other processes that disguise asset ownership.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: white;">Since 1994, 53 countries have implemented legislation or regulations requiring banks to maintain records of large currency transactions. During the same time period, the number of countries requiring banks to maintain uniform financial records grew from 25 to 82.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: white;">In addition, more countries are beginning to establish controls over nonbank financial institutions. Currently, 47 countries require these institutions to meet the same customer identification standards and reporting requirements required of domestic banks.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: white;">In June 2000, the FATF publicly named 15 jurisdictions--The Bahamas, Cayman Islands, Cook Islands, Dominica, Israel, Lebanon, Liechtenstein, Marshall Islands, Nauru, Niue, Panama, the Philippines, Russia, St. Kitts and Nevis, and St. Vincent and the Grenadines--as being noncooperative and deficient in their anti-money-laundering regulatory systems and practices. In July 2000, the US Government issued advisories to US financial institutions noting that the anti-money-laundering regimes in these jurisdictions were deficient. Other members of the G-7 issued similar financial advisories.</span></li>
</ul>
<hr />
<h3>
Footnotes</h3>
<span style="color: white;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="ftn1"></a><a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/pub45270chap2.html#rftn">(1)</a> The US Government and two different UN protocols make a distinction between <b>alien smuggling</b>--in which foreign individuals willingly contract to be smuggled into a country by persons who gain financial or other material personal benefit from procuring the illegal entry--and <b>trafficking in persons</b>, in which individuals (particularly women and children) are recruited or transported, by means of fraud, deception, coercion, abduction, or the abuse of power, for purposes of exploitation, including sexual exploitation, forced labor or services, or slavery. Often illegal aliens who are voluntarily smuggled into the United States are thereafter forced into virtual slavery in unregulated industries by their smugglers. US law prohibits forced labor regardless of the victim�s initial consent to work; an undocumented person who is brought into the United States and maintained in service of another by force or coercion is treated by law and policy as a trafficked person, not merely an illegal alien.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="ftn2"></a><a href="http://fas.org/irp/threat/pub45270chap2.html#rftn2">(2)</a> There is uncertainty about the feasibility of measuring the amount of money laundering because of the difficulty in obtaining consistent data. Money laundering is a crime in the United States, but is still not a distinct criminal offense in many other countries, especially when the laundering is not related to illicit drug proceeds. Even where money laundering is a distinct crime, estimates are usually measured in connection with one or more of a wide variety of underlying and predicate criminal offenses--which differ markedly between countries.</span><br />
<hr />
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Maxmillianhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18157780153171885687noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3003895380147156708.post-85731103131864301682015-08-26T06:00:00.000+02:002015-08-26T06:00:05.428+02:00The Catholic Creed: Nicene Creed at the first Nicene council - 325 A.D,<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<a href="http://thecatholiccreed.blogspot.com/2008/11/decree-against-communism.html">The Catholic Creed: Nicene Creed at the first Nicene council - 325 A.D,</a><br />
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This below is the original Nicene Creed at the first Nicene Council. St. Athanasius presbyter of Alexandria (later its Bishop who with St. Ambrose, Bishop of Milan, withstood the Arian heresy without any retreat) was its principle proponent. We are indebted to him for this direct clear simple statement of faith. The second Nicene council some years later added some words.<br />
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<span style="font-size: medium;">We believe in one God, the Father Almighty, Maker of all things visible and invisible. And in one Lord Jesus Christ, the Son of God, begotten of the Father, the only-begotten; that is, of the essence of the Father, God of God, Light of Light, very God of very God, begotten, not made, being of one substance with the Father; by whom all things were made both in heaven and on earth; who for us men, and for our salvation, came down and was incarnate and was made man; he suffered, and the third day he rose again, ascended into heaven; from thence he shall come to judge the quick and the dead. And in the Holy Spirit. But those who say: 'There was a time when he was not;' and 'He was not before he was made;' and 'He was made out of nothing,' or 'He is of another substance' or 'essence,' or 'The Son of God is created,' or 'changeable,' or 'alterable'—they are condemned by the holy catholic and apostolic Church.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: medium;">Matthew 24</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Christ foretells the destruction of the temple, with the signs that shall come before it and before the last judgment. We must always watch.</i></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: medium;">1 And Jesus being come out of the temple, went away. And his disciples came to show him the buildings of the temple. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">2 </span><span style="font-size: medium;">And he answering, said to them: Do you see all these things? Amen I say to you there shall not be left here a stone upon a stone that shall not be destroyed. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: medium; font-style: italic;">2 </span><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>And he answering, said to them: Do you see all these things? Amen I say to you there shall not be left here a stone upon a stone that shall not be destroyed. Our Lord Jesus Christ in 30 A.D. (Who was born of the Holy Spirit and </i></span><i style="font-size: large;">the Blessed Virgin Mary </i><i style="font-size: large;">in 4 B.C) prophesied the destruction of the temple.</i><br />
<i style="font-size: large;"><br /></i><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>--</i></span><i style="font-size: large;">This was fulfilled in 70 A.D. when Titus sacked the temple. The stones of the temple were joined together by thin strips of gold. Titus had his soldiers take down every stone in order to get all the gold. The stones were left that way. The so called wailing wall there today was never part of the temple but only an earth retaining wall outside of the temple</i><br />
<i style="font-size: large;"><br /></i><i style="font-size: large;">40 years as the Hebrews counted it was one generation. The prophecies here are twofold, 2,000 years ago and also in the future when the Antichrist rebuilds the temple of Remphan there and brings together all the false gods that have ever been and puts them at his service by the power of Satan. This will last only a very short time and then Our Lord Jesus Christ will return from heaven and destroy the Antichrist and the False Prophet (the two beasts of Apocalypse 13) and all its minions and the Devil into the lake of fire with a word of command. <b>Do NOT take the Mark of the Beast and have nothing to do with any of it upon pain of eternal damnation.</b></i><br />
<i style="font-size: large;"><br /></i><span style="font-size: medium;">3 And when he was sitting on mount Olivet, the disciples came to him privately, saying: Tell us when shall these things be? and what shall be the sign of thy coming, and of the consummation of the world? </span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">4 And Jesus answering, said to them: Take heed that no man seduce you: </span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">5 For many will come in my name saying, I am Christ: and they will seduce many.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: medium;">6 And you shall hear of wars and rumours of wars. See that ye be not troubled. For these things must come to pass, but the end is not yet. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">7 For nation shall rise against nation, and kingdom against kingdom; and there shall be pestilences, and famines, and earthquakes in places: </span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">8 Now all these are the beginnings of sorrows. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">9 Then shall they deliver you up to be afflicted, and shall put you to death: and you shall be hated by all nations for my name' s sake. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">10 And then shall many be scandalized: and shall betray one another: and shall hate one another.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: medium;">11 And many false prophets shall rise, and shall seduce many. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>11 And many false prophets shall rise, and shall seduce many. </i></span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;"><i>-- We see the number growing daily.</i></span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: medium;">12 And because iniquity hath abounded, the charity of many shall grow cold. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">13 But he that shall persevere to the end, he shall be saved. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">14 And this gospel of the kingdom, shall be preached in the whole world, for a testimony to all nations, and then shall the consummation come. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">15 When therefore you shall see the abomination of desolation, which was spoken of by Daniel the prophet, standing in the holy place: he that readeth let him understand.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: medium;">16 Then they that are in Judea, let them flee to the mountains: </span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">17 And he that is on the housetop, let him not come down to take any thing out of his house: </span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">18 And he that is in the field, let him not go back to take his coat. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">19 And woe to them that are with child, and that give suck in those days. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">20 But pray that your flight be not in the winter, or on the sabbath.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: medium;">21 For there shall be then great tribulation, such as hath not been from the beginning of the world until now, neither shall be. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">22 And unless those days had been shortened, no flesh should be saved: but for the sake of the elect those days shall be shortened. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">23 Then if any man shall say to you: Lo here is Christ, or there, do not believe him. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">24 For there shall arise false Christs and false prophets, and shall show great signs and wonders, insomuch as to deceive (if possible) even the elect. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">25 Behold I have told it to you, beforehand.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: medium;">26 If therefore they shall say to you: Behold he is in the desert, go ye not out: Behold he is in the closets, believe it not.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">2</span><span style="font-size: medium;">7 For as lightning cometh out of the east, and appeareth even into the west: so shall the coming of the Son of man be. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">28 Wheresoever the body shall be, there shall the eagles also be gathered together. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">29 And immediately after the tribulation of those days, the sun shall be darkened and the moon shall not give her light, and the stars shall fall from heaven, and the powers of heaven shall be moved: </span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">30 And then shall appear the sign of the Son of man in heaven: and then shall all tribes of the earth mourn: and they shall see the Son of man coming in the clouds of heaven with much power and majesty.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><i>28 Wheresoever: The coming of Christ shall be sudden, and manifest to all the world, like lightning: and wheresoever he shall come, thither shall all mankind be gathered to him, as eagles are gathered about a dead body.</i></span><br />
<i><br /></i><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>29 The stars: Or flaming meteors resembling stars.</i></span><br />
<i><br /></i><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>30 The sign: The cross of Christ.</i></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: medium;">31 And he shall send his angels with a trumpet, and a great voice: and they shall gather together his elect from the four winds, from the farthest parts of the heavens to the utmost bounds of them. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">32 And from the fig tree learn a parable: When the branch thereof is now tender, and the leaves come forth, you know that summer is nigh. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">33 So you also, when you shall see all these things, know ye that it is nigh, even at the doors. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">34 Amen I say to you, that this generation shall not pass, till all these things be done. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">35 Heaven and earth shall pass, but my words shall not pass.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>34 generation -- in Biblical Greek the word means both the 40 years of the Hebrew's generation and any length of time. Again, the prophecy is twofold, 2,000 years ago and in the future.</i></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><i>35 Shall pass: Because they shall be changed at the end of the world into a new heaven and new earth. See: </i></span><i><a href="http://theapocalypsethebookoftherevelation.blogspot.com/2012/01/blog-post.html"><b>The Apocalypse, the Book of the Revelation: 21.</b></a></i><br />
<i><br /></i><i>New Heaven and New Earth</i><br />
<i><br /></i><i>Rv:21:</i><br />
<i>1 ¶ I saw a new heaven and a new [1] earth. For the first heaven and the first earth was gone: and the sea is now no more. … Scripture reference – Isaiah: 65:17!; 2 Pt.: 3:13</i><br />
<i>2 And I, John, saw the holy city, the new Jerusalem, coming down out of heaven from God, prepared as a bride adorned for her husband. … Scripture reference – Rev.: 21:10; 3:12; IV Esr.: 13:36; Isaiah: 61:10!</i><br />
<i>3 And I heard a great voice from the throne, saying: Behold the tabernacle of God with men: and he will dwell with them. And they shall be his people: and God himself with them shall be their God. … Scripture reference – Rev.: 16:17; 19:5; Jn.:1:14; Lv.: 26:11, 12!; 2 Cor.:6:16!</i><br />
<i>4 And God shall wipe away all tears from their eyes: and death shall be no more. Nor mourning, nor crying, nor sorrow shall be any more, for the former things are passed away. … Scripture reference – Rev.: 7:17; Isaiah: 25:8; 65:19!</i><br />
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<span style="font-size: medium;">36 But of that day and hour no one knoweth, not the angels of heaven, but the Father alone. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">37 And as in the days of Noe, so shall also the coming of the Son of man be. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">38 For as in the days before the flood, they were eating and drinking, marrying and giving in marriage, even till that day in which Noe entered into the ark,</span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: medium;">38 </span><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>marrying</i></span><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">--<i> Marriage per se is not condemned. But choosing anything over obedience to God and His Christ, the Son of God is condemned.</i></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: medium;">39 And they knew not till the flood came, and took them all away; so also shall the coming of the Son of man be. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">40 Then two shall be in the field: one shall be taken, and one shall be left.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: medium;">41 Two women shall be grinding at the mill: one shall be taken, and one shall be left. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">42 Watch ye therefore, because ye know not what hour your Lord will come. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">43 But know this ye, that if the goodman of the house knew at what hour the thief would come, he would certainly watch, and would not suffer his house to be broken open. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">44 Wherefore be you also ready, because at what hour you know not the Son of man will come. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">45 Who, thinkest thou, is a faithful and wise servant, whom his lord hath appointed over his family, to give them meat in season.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: medium;">46 Blessed is that servant, whom when his lord shall come he shall find so doing. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">47 Amen I say to you, he shall place him over all his goods. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Verses 46 and 47 </i></span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;"><i>-- We are to be doing what we were told to by Our Lord Jesus Christ at all times.</i></span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: medium;">48 But if that evil servant shall say in his heart: My lord is long a coming: </span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">49 And shall begin to strike his fellow servants, and shall eat and drink with drunkards: </span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">50 The lord of that servant shall come in a day that he hopeth not, and at an hour that he knoweth not:</span><br />
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<i style="font-size: large;">Verses 48 through 50</i><br />
<i style="font-size: large;">-- In the parable of Our Lord Jesus Christ, "</i><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>strike his fellow servants" means to turn against those who retain the true faith; "</i></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>eat and drink with drunkards" means to partake of false fellowship with the infidels/pantheist monist ecumenists who are/will be drawn to the service of the Antichrist and be damned with him for eternity in hell. In a lighter but still to be heeded sense it means luxurious living, Our Lord Jesus Christ warned that we cannot serve God and mammon. Matthew 6:24 <span style="color: red;">No man can serve two masters. For either he will hate the one, and love the other: or he will sustain the one, and despise the other. You cannot serve God and mammon.</span></i></span><br />
<i style="font-size: large;"><br /></i><span style="font-size: medium;">51 And shall separate him, and appoint his portion with the hypocrites. There shall be weeping and gnashing of teeth.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>51 </i></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>hypocrites</i></span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;"><i>-- Literally 'face actors,' pretense with no actual faith or works at all.</i></span><br />
<i style="font-size: large;"><br /></i><i style="font-size: large;">weeping and gnashing of teeth</i><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;"><i>-- Eternal damnation in hell is meant.</i></span><br />
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Below, as flawed as Malachi Martin was in a few small things even after his reconversion to Christ and his leaving the apostate Vatican II non-church, we are thankful for the wealth of information he left as a warning to have nothing to do with the Great Apostasy, which is Vatican II and the pantheist monist infidel syncretism of "ecumenism." Have nothing to do with it upon pain of damnation.<br />
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<b>See:</b> <b><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://theapocalypsethebookoftherevelation.blogspot.com/2012/01/blog-post_7275.html">The Apocalypse, the Book of the Revelation: 18.</a> </span>For the absolute warning from Our Lord Jesus Christ and heaven about this.</b><br />
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See this for examples of Apostasy and False Prophets all warned of by Our Lord Jesus Christ for us to have nothing to do with ever. Amen.<br />
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<a href="http://thecatholiccreed.blogspot.com/2015/03/the-vatican-findings-of-malachi-martin.html">The Catholic Creed: The Vatican Findings of Malachi Martin - Lucifer's Lodge Found!</a><br />
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See St. Irenaeus on St.Matthew's Gospel Chapter 24:<br />
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St. Irenaeus, Against Heresies, Book III – 180 A.D.<br />
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Chapter VIII.-Answer to an Objection, Arising from the Words of Christ (Matt. VI. 24). God Alone is to Be Really Called God and Lord, for He is Without Beginning and End.<br />
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1. This calumny, then, of these men, having been quashed, it is clearly proved that neither the prophets nor the apostles did ever name another God, or call [him] Lord, except the true and only God. Much more [would this be the case with regard to] the Lord Himself, who did also direct us to "render unto Caesar the things that are Caesar's, and to God the things that are God's; "57 naming indeed Caesar as Caesar, but confessing God as God. In like manner also, that [text] which says, "Ye cannot serve two masters,"58 He does Himself interpret, saying, "Ye cannot serve God and mammon; "acknowledging God indeed as God, but mentioning mammon, a thing having also an existence. He does not call mammon Lord when He says, "Ye cannot serve two masters; "but He teaches His disciples who serve God, not to be subject to mammon, nor to be ruled by it. For He says, "He that committeth sin is the slave of sin."59 Inasmuch, then, as He terms those "the slaves of sin" who serve sin, but does not certainly call sin itself God, thus also He terms those who serve mammon "the slaves of mammon," not calling mammon God. For mammon is, according to the Jewish language, which the Samaritans do also use, a covetous man, and one who wishes to have more than he ought to have. But according to the Hebrew, it is by the addition of a syllable (adjunctive) called Mamuel,60 and signifies gulosum, that is, one whose gullet is insatiable. Therefore, according to both these things which are indicated, we cannot serve God and mammon.<br />
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2. But also, when He spoke of the devil as strong, not absolutely so, but as in comparison with us, the Lord showed Himself under every aspect and truly to be the strong man, saying that one can in no other way "spoil the goods of a strong man, if he do not first bind the strong man himself, and then he will spoil his house."61 Now we were the vessels and the house of this [strong man] when we were in a state of apostasy; for he put us to whatever use he pleased, and the unclean spirit dwelt within us. For he was not strong, as opposed to Him who bound him, and spoiled his house; but as against those persons who were his tools, inasmuch as he caused their thought to wander away from God: these did the Lord snatch from his grasp. As also Jeremiah declares, "The Lord hath redeemed Jacob, and has snatched him from the hand of him that was stronger than he."62 If, then, he had not pointed out Him who binds and spoils his goods, but had merely spoken of him as being strong, the strong man should have been unconquered. But he also subjoined Him who obtains and retains possession; for he holds who binds, but he is held who is bound. And this he did without any comparison, so that, apostate slave as he was, he might not be compared to the Lord: for not he alone, but not one of created and subject things, shall ever be compared to the Word of God, by whom all things were made, who is our Lord Jesus Christ.<br />
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3. For that all things, whether Angels, or Archangels, or Thrones, or Dominions, were both established and created by Him who is God over all, through His Word, John has thus pointed out. For when he had spoken of the Word of God as having been in the Father, he added, "All things were made by Him, and without Him was not anything made."63 David also, when he had enumerated [His] praises, subjoins by name all things whatsoever I have mentioned, both the heavens and all the powers therein: "For He commanded, and they were created; He spake, and they were made." Whom, therefore, did He command? The Word, no doubt, "by whom," he says, "the heavens were established, and all their power by the breath of His mouth."64 But that He did Himself make all things freely, and as He pleased, again David says, "But our God is in the heavens above, and in the earth; He hath made all things whatsoever He pleased."65 But the things established are distinct from Him who has established them, and what have been made from Him who has made them. For He is Himself uncreated, both without beginning and end, and lacking nothing. He is Himself sufficient for Himself; and still further, He grants to all others this very thing, existence; but the things which have been made by Him have received a beginning. But whatever things had a beginning, and are liable to dissolution, and are subject to and stand in need of Him who made them, must necessarily in all respects have a different term [applied to them], even by those who have but a moderate capacity for discerning such things; so that He indeed who made all things can alone, together with His Word, properly be termed God and Lord: but the things which have been made cannot have this term applied to them, neither should they justly assume that appellation which belongs to the Creator.<br />
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Chapter IX.-One and the Same God, the Creator of Heaven and Earth, is He Whom the Prophets Foretold, and Who Was Declared by the Gospel. Proof of This, at the Outset, from St. Matthew's Gospel.<br />
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1. This, therefore, having been clearly demonstrated here (and it shall yet be so still more clearly), that neither the prophets, nor the apostles, nor the Lord Christ in His own person, did acknowledge any other Lord or God, but the God and Lord supreme: the prophets and the apostles confessing the Father and the Son; but naming no other as God, and confessing no other as Lord: and the Lord Himself handing down to His disciples, that He, the Father, is the only God and Lord, who alone is God and ruler of all;-it is incumbent on us to follow, if we are their disciples indeed, their testimonies to this effect. For Matthew the apostle-knowing, as one and the same God, Him who had given promise to Abraham, that He would make his seed as the stars of heaven,66 and Him who, by His Son Christ Jesus, has called us to the knowledge of Himself, from the worship of stones, so that those who were not a people were made a people, and she beloved who was not beloved67 -declares that John, when preparing the way for Christ, said to those who were boasting of their relationship [to Abraham] according to the flesh, but who had their mind tinged and stuffed with all manner of evil, preaching that repentance which should call them back from their evil doings, said, "O generation of vipers, who hath shown you to flee from the wrath to come? Bring forth therefore fruit meet for repentance. And think not to say within yourselves, We have Abraham [to our] father: for I say unto you, that God is able of these stones to raise up children unto Abraham."68 He preached to them, therefore, the repentance from wickedness, but he did not declare to them another God, besides Him who made the promise to Abraham; he, the forerunner of Christ, of whom Matthew again says, and Luke likewise, "For this is he that was spoken of from the Lord by the prophet, The voice of one crying in the wilderness, Prepare ye the way of the Lord, make straight the paths of our God. Every valley shall be filled, and every mountain and hill brought low; and the crooked shall be made straight, and the rough into smooth ways; and all flesh shall see the salvation of God."69 There is therefore one and the same God, the Father of our Lord, who also promised, through the prophets, that He would send His forerunner; and His salvation-that is, His Word-He caused to be made visible to all flesh, [the Word] Himself being made incarnate, that in all things their King might become manifest. For it is necessary that those [beings] which are judged do see the judge, and know Him from whom they receive judgment; and it is also proper, that those which follow on to glory should know Him who bestows upon them the gift of glory.<br />
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2. Then again Matthew, when speaking of the angel, says, "The angel of the Lord appeared to Joseph in sleep."70 Of what Lord he does himself interpret: "That it may be fulfilled which was spoken of the Lord by the prophet, Out of Egypt have I called my son."71 "Behold, a virgin shall conceive, and shall bring forth a son, and they shall call his name Emmanuel; which is, being interpreted, God with us."72 David likewise speaks of Him who, from the virgin, is Emmanuel: "Turn not away the face of Thine anointed. The Lord hath sworn a truth to David, and will not turn from him. Of the fruit of thy body will I set upon thy seat."73 And again: "In Judea is God known; His place has been made in peace, and His dwelling in Zion."74 Therefore there is one and the same God, who was proclaimed by the prophets and announced by the Gospel; and His Son, who was of the fruit of David's body, that is, of the virgin of [the house of] David, and Emmanuel; whose star also Balaam thus prophesied: "There shall come a star out of Jacob, and a leader shall rise in Israel."75 But Matthew says that the Magi, coming from the east, exclaimed "For we have seen His star in the east, and are come to worship Him; "76 and that, having been led by the star into the house of Jacob to Emmanuel, they showed, by these gifts which they offered, who it was that was worshipped; myrrh, because it was He who should die and be buried for the mortal human met; gold, because He was a King, "of whose kingdom is no end; "77 and frankincense, because He was God, who also "was made known in Judea,"78 and was "declared to those who sought Him not."79<br />
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3. And then, [speaking of His] baptism, Matthew says, "The heavens were opened, and He saw the Spirit of God, as a dove, coming upon Him: and lo a voice from heaven, saying, This is my beloved Son, in whom I am well pleased."80 For Christ did not at that time descend upon Jesus, neither was Christ one and Jesus another: but the Word of God-who is the Saviour of all, and the ruler of heaven and earth, who is Jesus, as I have already pointed out, who did also take upon Him flesh, and was anointed by the Spirit from the Father-was made Jesus Christ, as Esaias also says, "There shall come forth a rod from the root of Jesse, and a flower shall rise from his root; and the Spirit of God shall rest upon Him: the spirit of wisdom and understanding, the spirit of counsel and might, the spirit of knowledge and piety, and the spirit of the fear of God, shall fill Him. He shall not judge according to glory,81 nor reprove after the manner of speech; but He shall dispense judgment to the humble man, and reprove the haughty ones of the earth."82 And again Esaias, pointing out beforehand His unction, and the reason why he was anointed, does himself say, "The Spirit of God is upon Me, because He hath anointed Me: He hath sent Me to preach the Gospel to the lowly, to heal the broken up in heart, to proclaim liberty to the captives, and sight to the blind; to announce the acceptable year of the Lord, and the day of vengeance; to comfort all that mourn."83 For inasmuch as the Word of God was man from the root of Jesse, and son of Abraham, in this respect did the Spirit of God rest upon Him, and anoint Him to preach the Gospel to the lowly. But inasmuch as He was God, He did not judge according to glory, nor reprove after the manner of speech. For "He needed not that any should testify to Him of man,84 for He Himself knew what was in man."85 For He called all men that mourn; and granting forgiveness to those who had been led into captivity by their sins, He loosed them from their chains, of whom Solomon says, "Every one shall be holden with the cords of his own sins."86 Therefore did the Spirit of God descend upon Him, [the Spirit] of Him who had promised by the prophets that He would anoint Him, so that we, receiving from the abundance of His unction, might be saved. Such, then, [is the witness] of Matthew.<br />
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SntMartyrhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11197760281270769367noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3003895380147156708.post-55563414704917972012015-08-25T06:00:00.000+02:002015-08-25T06:00:04.329+02:00Parousia of Jesus Christ: None: Crime in San Diego County<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><u><br /></u></b><b><u><br /></u></b><b><u>From Law Enforcement</u></b></div>
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From: http://www.justice.gov/archive/ndic/pubs27/27487/production.htm (Department of Justice report)</div>
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Mexican DTOs dominate the production of high-potency marijuana in the CBAG region; they typically establish large-scale, outdoor cannabis grow sites on public lands and private ranches throughout the area. According to law enforcement and intelligence reporting, Mexican DTOs and criminal groups in the CBAG region are using new cultivation methods that produce a plant ready for harvest within 90 days of planting. Accordingly, the number of plants eradicated from outdoor grow sites in San Diego County increased over 31 percent from 2006 to 2007.</div>
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...</div>
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Transportation</div>
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...</div>
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Mexican DTOs employ commercial and private aircraft as well as rail services to transport illicit drugs into and from the CBAG region. Drug traffickers transport drug shipments as air freight through the San Diego International Airport and the McClellan-Palomar Airport in Carlsbad, California, or by couriers aboard passenger flights. Low-flying private aircraft use numerous privately owned "soft surface" runways in San Diego and Imperial Counties as they attempt to avoid radar detection while smuggling drugs into the region. Additionally, law enforcement reporting reveals that Mexican DTOs use commercial and passenger rail service to transport and distribute drugs to the CBAG region and throughout the United States. Mexican DTOs conceal illegal drugs in railcars that originate from the interior of Mexico. The railcars are stopped for inspection in Calexico, California, as they cross into the United States from Mexicali, Mexico, but inspectors generally do not have sufficient time to conduct more than a cursory inspection before the railcars must depart the inspection area. Once railcars clear the inspection area, they typically sit for a few hours at the Calexico rail yard before proceeding to subsequent destinations. At this point, illicit drugs are generally offloaded by traffickers--spotters relay the location of drug-laden railcars to other traffickers, who approach the railcars and abscond with the drugs.</div>
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Unclassified</div>
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Also see: http://www.sdihidta.org/</div>
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And see this:</div>
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http://www.fbi.gov/sandiego/press-releases/2014/alleged-gang-members-and-associates-indicted-in-cross-country-sex-trafficking-conspiracy</div>
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http://www.fbi.gov/sandiego/press-releases/2014/alleged-gang-members-and-associates-indicted-in-cross-country-sex-trafficking-conspiracy</div>
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Alleged Gang Members and Associates Indicted in Cross-Country Sex Trafficking Conspiracy</div>
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U.S. Attorney’s Office</div>
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December 11, 2014<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></div>
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Southern District of California</div>
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(***) ***-****</div>
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SAN DIEGO—Twenty—two alleged gang members and associates are charged in a federal grand jury indictment with participating in a racketeering conspiracy involving the cross-country sex trafficking of underage girls, including many who were recruited from East County middle and high schools.</div>
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Early this morning detectives and agents from the San Diego County Sheriff’s Department, Homeland Security Investigations and the FBI, with assistance from other agencies, made 14 arrests and served 11 search warrants here and in Hemet, California; Tucson, Arizona, and Austin, Texas. Just one defendant remained at large at midday; seven were already in state custody. Some of the local defendants are scheduled to make their first court appearances tomorrow at 10:30 a.m. before U.S. Magistrate Judge Ruben Brooks.</div>
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The indictment, unsealed today, alleges that the defendants are associated with a relatively new gang formed in 2008 called “Tycoons,” which, until this morning, operated a nationwide prostitution enterprise primarily from its base in Lemon Grove and Spring Valley.</div>
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According to the indictment and other court documents, the enterprise was also involved in other crimes such as attempted murder, assaults, drug trafficking, robberies, residential and commercial burglaries, and beatings, intimidation and threats of violence against female victims, witnesses in criminal cases and members of the community.</div>
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Over the course of the two-year investigation, law enforcement identified approximately 100 girls and young women—as young as 12 years old, up to the mid-twenties—who were manipulated with promises of a lavish lifestyle or were forced through threats or actual violence to work as prostitutes for the enterprise, according to a search warrant.</div>
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Many of them were recruited on school campuses in East County by pimps and experienced, high-ranking prostitutes, the warrant said. During the course of the conspiracy, the girls and women were transported from San Diego County to customers in California and beyond—to Texas, Arizona, Kansas, Michigan, Nevada and elsewhere, the indictment said.</div>
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The defendants allegedly used a number of methods to manipulate the recruits, including false promises of a luxurious lifestyle, intimidation, and actual or threatened violence. Court records indicate that the alleged pimps regularly furnished drugs and alcohol to lower the recruited prostitute’s inhibitions and increase her productivity.</div>
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“Victims of sex trafficking are young, just getting started in life,” said U.S. Attorney Laura Duffy. “They have hopes and dreams of being loved and having beautiful lives ahead of them. Gang members are exploiting these dreams and stealing the souls of children. They are crushing them with false promises that lead to physical and emotional abuse and sexual slavery.”</div>
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The ranks of “Tycoons” are mostly made up of documented gang members from gangs all over the county, including the West Coast Crips, Neighborhood Crips, Lincoln Park, Skyline Piru (Eastside Piru), O’Farrell Park, 5/9 Brims, Emerald Hills and Linda Vista Crips. These gang members have a sort of dual membership in Tycoons. Within Tycoons, there are cliques known as PGF, for Playgirl Fantasy; Tycoon/Additup; and BYB, or Break Your Bitch.</div>
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According to court documents, members of Tycoons are akin to a crime family, where all members work together committing various crimes for the purpose of making money. The indictment alleges that the defendants took on different responsibilities within the criminal enterprise. Some managed prostitutes and transported them all over the country. Some forcefully coerced the girls and young women into prostitution and maintained their obedience and loyalty through acts of violence. Some handled the money. Some placed advertisements to generate business or booked motel rooms in which acts of prostitution took place; and others distributed drugs and committed other crimes.</div>
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For that reason, the defendants are charged with racketeering conspiracy—the statute traditionally used for organized-crime syndicates and mobsters. But as criminal street gangs such as these join forces and become more sophisticated and prolific in their illicit business pursuits, this statute is an effective tool to address all aspects of the criminal conduct.</div>
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This is the third time the U.S. attorney’s office here has used the racketeering statute to charge large numbers of gang members with operating a criminal enterprise that included drugs, human trafficking, and violence. In the first case, 39 Oceanside gang members and associates were charged with racketeering, and, to date, 35 have pleaded guilty. The second involved gangs in North Park; that case is pending, with three guilty pleas so far.</div>
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The investigation began as a result of information provided by members of the East County community who saw troubling signs and reported them. Duffy said she is encouraged that community members came together to address this problem.</div>
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“They did not look the other way,” Duffy said. “They saw signs of trouble, and they reported it. As a result, girls and young women exploited in this case have been extended a path from misery to safety, and we have started on a path to end this criminal enterprise.”</div>
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“This investigation was initiated through the vigilance of parents and school resource officers,” commented Sheriff Bill Gore. “Local, state, and federal law enforcement will always collaborate and bring to bear all resources available, when the safety of our youth is at stake. I’m very proud of the work done today, and during the entire course of this matter.”</div>
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“This investigation pulls back the curtain on a growing threat involving sexual exploitation occurring in plain sight,” said Joe Garcia, interim special agent in charge for HSI in San Diego. “As part of the Department of Homeland Security’s Blue Campaign, HSI agents are committed to combating human trafficking in collaboration with our law enforcement partners. In doing so, we need the public’s assistance in reporting suspicious activity, which is even more critical when the targets involve our local area teenagers.”</div>
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“Exploiting and harming America’s children through sex trafficking is a serious crime with detrimental effects to the victims and our communities,” said FBI Special Agent in Charge, Eric S. Birnbaum. “The FBI will continue to collaborate with our law enforcement partners in cases like this and our Operation Cross Country initiative where we have rescued over 3,600 children from the grips of sex traffickers and hold them accountable.”</div>
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Criminal Case No: 14cr3537BAS</div>
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DEFENDANTS</div>
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James Terelle King, 23</div>
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Michael Dean Richardson, 21</div>
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Andrew Damon Richardson, 22</div>
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Brian Keith Scott, 22</div>
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Alondre Shamil Dickerson, 20</div>
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Anthony Robert Dennison, 22</div>
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Keyon Renta Gill, 30</div>
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Donavyn Keith Dove, 21</div>
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Ryan Mcintoch Izumi, 22</div>
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William Henry Mitchell, 23</div>
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Jordan Renee Mitchell, 21</div>
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David Michael Stokes, 21</div>
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Christian Darwin Wilcox, 21</div>
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Marquis Dominique Davis, 21</div>
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Cortes Tizzaro Prater, 23</div>
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Emmanuel Gumataotao Farol, 20</div>
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Donald Mickey Stokes, 21</div>
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Wiley Junius Greeno, 23</div>
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Deija Renee Lamb, 19</div>
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Joseph Benjamin Taylor, 21</div>
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Frank Gibson III, 20</div>
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Christal Marie Torres, 24</div>
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SUMMARY OF CHARGES</div>
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Conspiracy to Commit RICO in violation of Title 18, U.S.C. 1962(d); Maximum Penalties: Life in prison, $250,000 fine, up to life of supervised release.</div>
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AGENCIES</div>
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San Diego County Sheriff’s Department</div>
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Immigration and Customs Enforcement, Homeland Security Investigations</div>
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Federal Bureau of Investigation</div>
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*An indictment or complaint itself is not evidence that the defendants committed the crimes charged. The defendants are presumed innocent until the Government meets its burden in court of proving guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.</div>
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*For visuals from the press conference, see http://www.justice.gov/usao/cas/press/news.html</div>
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<br /></div>
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This content has been reproduced from its original source. - http://www.justice.gov/usao/cas/</div>
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<br /></div>
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(end of Department of Justice report)</div>
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_________________________________________________________________________________</div>
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<div style="widows: 1;">
<b><u>From the Media</u></b></div>
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Sex Trafficking Overtakes Drugs As San Diego County Gang’s Top Cash Source</div>
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http://www.kpbs.org/news/2014/jan/27/sex-trafficking-overtakes-drugs-san-diego-county-g/</div>
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Monday, January 27, 2014</div>
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By Amita Sharma</div>
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The paradox of boys joining San Diego gangs to be tough men is they’re now building mini-empires on the backs of girls. Literally.</div>
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“They don’t work hard,” FBI Assistant Special Agent Robert Howe said. "They don’t do anything other than coerce, manipulate and threaten children. A real man would not target a child. A real man would have a good, honest, hardworking job he could be proud of.”</div>
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Howe said San Diego’s rival street gangs like the BMS, the Neighborhood Crips and Brim have put aside their differences over turf and drugs, and have struck up alliances to sell women and girls, some as young as 12.</div>
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“They’re absolutely a syndicate,” Howe said. “We have noticed an increase in the sex trafficking piece over the drugs. These criminal enterprise street gangs have realized the profit margins are so much bigger.”</div>
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It’s a cash-rich business for pimps because the girls and women can be sold and resold daily.</div>
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“You have a product that you don’t have to keep in inventory,” San Diego U.S. Attorney Laura Duffy said. “You don’t have to purchase it. You don’t have to wait for the money to come back on this product and then buy it from the supplier. You are not as exposed as you are if you are caught with drugs to being caught with a woman or being a girl.”</div>
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Smartphones, social media and websites like Backpage.Com have turned two-bit drug gangs into entrepreneurs. They not only track competitors’ tactics but also keep tabs on police investigations too.</div>
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A federal indictment against 24 North Park gang members and associates unsealed this month revealed a powerful and sophisticated sex trafficking network across 46 cities and 23 states. Sixty girls were rescued, 11 were under 18.</div>
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Duffy said this enterprise underscored the shift in tactics and emphasis on the sex slave trade.</div>
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“Some transported the prostitutes around different locations for business,” Duffy said. “Some rented rooms where prostitution took place. Some individuals were the ones responsible for placing ads to generate business. Some individuals actually coerced and forced and did some of the acts of violence and threats against girls.”</div>
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Each girl can earn anywhere from $500 to $10,000 a night depending on whether they work the street or an event, Assistant U.S. Attorney Alessandra Serrano said.</div>
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Not a penny goes into the girls’ pockets, federal officials say. Since gangs don’t file taxes, federal officials are reluctant to put a number on how much a pimp can earn annually from trafficking.</div>
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But FBI agents found flashy cars and clothes during searches in the North Park case. Investigators found thousands of dollars in cash, flat-screen televisions, luxury cars, 50 pairs of Air Jordan shoes and bejeweled pimp cups and pimp sticks among North Park gang members’ belongings, according to the federal indictment. Pimp sticks are used to hit the girls.</div>
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Duffy said North Park gang members demeaned them in other ways.</div>
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“They gifted these women,” Duffy said. “They traded these women. They sold these women amongst each other. They marked these women like property. They tattooed them. They even barcoded some of these women.”</div>
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Prosecutions of gangster pimps have skyrocketed over the last four years. San Diego County prosecutors quadrupled the number of cases they filed between 2009 and last year. On the federal side, prosecutions jumped from two to 22 in the same period. And the feds are using the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act to prosecute cases because the penalties are stiffer.</div>
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But FBI agent Howe believes child sex trafficking will stop only when people realize it’s a community problem. Many of the girls who end up in the slave trade are runaways and foster children. Howe said many also come from stable family backgrounds but were successfully manipulated by pimps.</div>
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“These are not somebody else’s children,” Howe said. “These are our little girls who grew up in our neighborhoods, going to our schools. In some cases, they grew up in our own families.”</div>
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___________________________________</div>
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San Diego region has become hub of gang-controlled prostitution rings</div>
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http://www.latimes.com/local/california/la-me-adv-gangs-sex-trafficking-20141221-story.html</div>
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By TONY PERRY</div>
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DECEMBER 20, 2014, 7:02 PM | REPORTING FROM SAN DIEGO</div>
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It began with teachers and counselors becoming suspicious.</div>
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The same teenage girls were often absent from their classes on Fridays and Mondays. When they came to school, they wore flashy jewelry and provocative clothing and often carried more than one cellphone. Sometimes they had visible bruises.</div>
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From those observations came an investigation by the FBI and the Sheriff's Department that led this month to the indictment of 22 suspected gang members and associates on charges of running a multi-state prostitution ring, including seducing underage girls into "the life."</div>
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Poster in San Diego</div>
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A poster from the California attorney general's office warns about child prostitution rings.</div>
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The defendants recruited about 100 girls and young women by promising a lavish lifestyle and emotional support and plying them with alcohol and drugs, federal prosecutors said. When those tactics failed, the pimps used violence, they added.</div>
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The operation was centered in Spring Valley and Lemon Grove in eastern San Diego County, according to the indictment. Many of the underage girls attended schools in the Grossmont Union High School District.</div>
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Similar indictments in recent years have targeted gangs in Oceanside and the North Park neighborhood of San Diego. More indictments linking gangs and prostitution are anticipated by the U.S. attorney and district attorney.</div>
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With drugs and weapons becoming riskier business ventures because of more aggressive law enforcement, gangs have moved into prostitution. The money is easy and the Internet and social media have replaced streetwalking and red-light zones as an effective method of attracting johns, officials said.</div>
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"It's absolutely an epidemic, not just in San Diego but across the country," said Robert Howe, assistant special agent in the San Diego office of the FBI.</div>
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The San Diego region, for reasons that are unclear, appears to be a dubious leader in this new trend.</div>
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A study this year of eight cities by the Washington-based Urban Institute found that, of the eight, San Diego has "the most amount of gang involvement in the underground commercial sex industry."</div>
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The study also found that 20% of the prostitutes recruited by gangs are underage and that gangs have developed "a certain level of business savvy and acumen."</div>
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The recent indictment alleges that rival gangs that normally use violence to settle disputes over turf and drugs have decided to cooperate in running a prostitution operation. Different gangs have different responsibilities: transportation, recruitment, marketing, etc.</div>
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Not satisfied with just being local, the "hybrid gang" was eager to expand its market to other states. Unlike selling drugs or weapons, there is no need in a prostitution business to keep a costly "inventory," and there are plenty of potential employees and customers.</div>
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"It's a grotesque version of a legitimate business model," said U.S. Atty. Laura Duffy.</div>
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Duffy last week talked to principals and teachers at Grossmont to thank them for their help and also ask that they redouble efforts to watch for telltale signs that gangs are recruiting their students. Also, students should be warned about pimps.</div>
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"We have to be dialed in like never before," Duffy said.</div>
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With a grant from the U.S. Department of Education, the Grossmont district has developed a guidebook for parents and educators, "Human Trafficking in America's Schools." There are discussions about a possible national roll-out of the guidebook next month by high-level officials in Washington.</div>
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There are already websites advising would-be pimps on how to apply psychological pressure to persuade girls and women to become prostitutes.</div>
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One difficulty in prosecuting prostitution cases is lack of cooperation from the victims. Some will insist they decided to sell sex only to get money to help their boyfriend launch a rap music career.</div>
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"They do not self-identify as victims," said Summer Stephan, chief deputy San Diego County district attorney. "They have been so traumatized, they want to believe this is a choice they've made willingly. They live in an altered reality."</div>
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According to the recent indictment, 19 men and three women were part of a hybrid gang called Tycoons that sent girls and young women to customers in California, Texas, Arizona, Kansas, Michigan and Nevada.</div>
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The Tycoons are also accused of attempted murder, drug trafficking, burglary and robbery, according to the indictment. The 22 face federal charges of conspiracy to engage in racketeering, which can carry a life sentence.</div>
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Tycoons members boasted of their prostitution business on Facebook and in freestyle rap songs about prostitution and drugs on YouTube, according to the indictment. Prostitutes were often "branded" with gang tattoos to show they belonged to a specific pimp.</div>
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One of the female defendants, who called herself Christal Cash, warned on a Facebook posting that any prostitute who refused to turn over money to her pimp would be beaten, according to the indictment. One defendant allegedly tried to enroll one of his prostitutes in high school to act as a recruiter.</div>
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Tycoons members allegedly split into subgroups with names such as Tycoons/Additup and Play Girl Fantasy. Hats and shirts often carried the name of their subgroup, according to the indictment.</div>
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A common place to recruit potential prostitutes was the trolley station in Lemon Grove, a gathering spot for young girls, including runaways.</div>
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"Gang members are exploiting their dreams and stealing the souls of children," Duffy said.</div>
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tony perry at LA Times</div>
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copyright 2015, Los Angeles Times</div>
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Editor's note to the above: where there are gangs, there will be <a href="http://latinforthreeoclockintheafternoon.blogspot.com/search/label/gangstalking">gangstalking</a>.</div>
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See these:</div>
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صفيّة Safiyahhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11207608154162548969noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3003895380147156708.post-23113413057369360942015-08-24T06:00:00.000+02:002015-08-24T06:00:01.449+02:00The Diabolic use of Satan's Demons by Russian Intelligence - 2.- ESP and beyond...<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><span style="background-color: white; color: purple;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030810005600/www.rvscience.com/rvbk/bk2.htm" target="_blank"><span style="text-decoration: none;">2.- ESP and beyond</span></a></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-large;">...</span></span></b></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: purple;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;"><br /></span></b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">There had been massive interest in extra sensory perception (ESP) and spiritualism throughout the western world since the previous century. <b>Dr J.B. Rhine</b>’s work with card reading and manipulating dice at Duke University in the USA gave research into <b>ESP</b> (<i>extra-sensorial perceptions</i>) a formal scientific base. He led the field in telepathy and ESP research in the West in the years before the Second World War. His work was controversial then, and even now is not generally understood.<br /><br />Soviet scientists, however, took <u>Dr Rhine</u>’s research many steps further. They had little interest in proving ESP existed; that was taken as proven by their research into telepathy and telepathic hypnosis from the 1930s. What interested the Soviets was its development and military potential. They worked on <u>the use of telepathy and ESP</u> for psychic spying on US secret bases, but the main thrust of their initial endeavour was the use of <b>ESP</b> and telepathy to read an enemy’s mind. The aim was the psychic interrogation of <b>NATO</b> commanders by using the technique know as scanning, i.e. using ESP to probe information in another person’s brain. The <b>DIA</b> again:</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: purple; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">In summary, what is the strategic threat posed by the current “explosion” in Soviet <i>parapsychological research</i>? Soviet efforts in the field of <u>psi research</u>, sooner or later, might enable them to do some of the following:</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: purple; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>a)</b> Know the contents of top secret U.S. documents, the movements of our troops and ships and the location and nature of our military installations.<br /><b>b)</b> Mold the thoughts of key U.S. military and civilian leaders, at a distance.<br /><b>c)</b> Cause the instant death of any U.S. official, at a distance.<br /><b>d)</b> Disable, at a distance, U.S. military equipment of all types including space craft.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: purple; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/ciencia/ciencia_psychotronicweapons11_11.htm" target="_blank">Appendix 1</a>, pages 39-40]</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: purple;"><a a="" href="http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/ciencia/controlledoffensivebehavior/part02_19.gif" target="_blank"><img border="2" src="http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/ciencia/controlledoffensivebehavior/part02_19_small.gif" hspace="5" vspace="10" xthumbnail-orig-image="../ciencia/controlledoffensivebehavior/part02_19.gif" /></a><a a="" href="http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/ciencia/controlledoffensivebehavior/part02_20.gif" target="_blank"><img border="2" src="http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/ciencia/controlledoffensivebehavior/part02_20_small.gif" hspace="5" vspace="10" xthumbnail-orig-image="../ciencia/controlledoffensivebehavior/part02_20.gif" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: purple; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">To this end, according to émigrés and intelligence reports, the <b>KGB</b> and <b>GRU</b> scoured the Soviet Union for psychics, searched the length of Siberia for mystics, and forcibly recruited them into the huge number of <b>parapsychological research projects</b> being undertaken. By the mid-seventies, the Soviets had apparently embarked upon a society-wide screening programme for talented psychics, covering senior schools, universities and Red Army soldiers. Children who displayed powerful psychic abilities were especially sought after, as were shamans from Siberia and the eastern central Asian territories.<br /><br />Research was carried out at the Institute of Control Problems, attached to the USSR Academy of Sciences, headed by a <b>Dr Lev Lupichev</b>. Special Department No. 8 in the science city of Novosibirsk researched into <b>military psi.</b> The <i>Institute for the Problems of Information Transmission</i>, and the <i>Pavlov Institute of Higher Nervous Activity</i>, both well-guarded facilities in Moscow, also researched into psi warfare. The DIA documents in Appendices 1 and 2 listing the names of Soviet scientists involved and the research institutes they worked at in the early seventies, show how extensive the commitment was. Much of this effort focused on developing the ability to control people’s minds with an amalgam of psychic force and electronics. American research at the <a href="http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/sociopolitica/hambone_info/places.html#SRI_" target="_blank">Stanford Research Institute</a> was tiny in comparison.<br /><br />As the research continued, it became ultra-clandestine. The laboratories at Odessa State University were hidden underground in the sub-sub-basement beneath the old botanical gardens at the university. Only special couriers knew how to access any of these institutes and KGB and GRU guards made sure there were no unwanted visitors. In utmost secrecy, bizarre new lines of research were followed. Remote viewing and remote influencing were seen as the targeting mechanisms for much more lethal paranormal-weapon systems. <b>Psychotronics</b> had become the catch-all title for a multitude of <u>psi weapons</u> which ranged from<u>microwave mind-control devices to psychic remote killing</u>.<br /><br /><b>Dr A.V. Kalinets-Bryukhanov</b>, president of the <i>All Union Scientific Research Association</i>, was part of a top-secret <u>KGB project</u> at the <i>Filatov Eye Institute</i> in Odessa that looked into ways of artificially stimulating remote viewing. It was found that natural clairvoyants changed the magnetic field around themselves and that of the Earth in their immediate vicinity. If this frequency of magnetic field could be artificially generated in the brain, the Russians thought they might stimulate clairvoyance in their test subjects.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: purple; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">They experimented on animals, bombarding their brains with these specific magnetic fields with the result that the animals seemingly developed the ability to tell what was going on behind solid walls. Unfortunately, the high-power magnetic fields soon disintegrated the animals brains and they died. Allegedly, condemned prisoners were used for human experiments with the same results. Something about natural clairvoyants on the other hand, seemed to guard them against this disintegration.<br /><br />The <u>Odessa institute</u> also carried on with research pioneered by parapsychologist <b>Dr A.N. Leontyev</b> in the 1950s, by undertaking psychic-viewing experiments with blind patients. They thought it might be possible to train blind people, to develop psychic ability. The experiments were centered on training the subjects to attain a deeply relaxed state, from which visualization of the body’s energy fields led to what the scientists called eyeless sight, or bio-introscopy. Coloured paper was passed beneath the subjects’ finger tips and it was found that they could distinguish between black and white and red and green paper, even though they were completely blind.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: purple; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">The colour of an object could be determined even after it had been removed; apparently the object left a colour trace of itself in the air. This progressed to picture reading, the ability to run a hand over a photograph and describe what the photo showed. These techniques evolved into teaching blind subjects to travel in their mind’s eye to distant rooms and places they had never been before. Once there, if they could describe the location’s layout, psychic viewing had been achieved.<br /><br /><b>A. Ivanov</b>’s paper on ‘<i>Soviet Experiments in Eyeless Vision</i>’ published in the 1964 <i>International Journal of Parapsychology</i>, revealed this remarkable work to the western world. Research into eyeless sight led the Soviets to study how energy fields were imprinted on matter and vice versa. Much research was carried out on how to attach harmful energy fields to objects. The idea was that these biophysically poisoned objects would be given to enemies to make them ill, or to infect them with subliminal commands.<br /><br />Eyeless-sight research also led scientists towards more sophisticated training methods for their sighted psychic spies. The same deeply relaxed state and visualization of biological energy fields (biophysical fields which surround the human body) were found to increase the efficiency of psychic spying.</span></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: white; color: purple; font-family: Arial; font-size: medium;">AMPLIFYING PSI</span></b></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: purple;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><b><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></b></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Once they confirmed that the <b>potential for psi warfare</b> actually existed, they searched for further ways to boost the relatively weak naturally occurring psi faculty so it could be developed into weapons for causing harm. The deeply relaxed state used for eyeless-sight research was the theta state of consciousness found in dreaming sleep. The theta state is a level of consciousness where the brain is deeply relaxed and the static and negative effects of other people’s minds are blacked out, so that the subconscious and unconscious mind with its heightened paranormal abilities can come to the fore. Normal consciousness, the beta state, is measured at above 14 cycles per second of oscillations in electrical activity of the brain, by an <u>electroencephalograph</u> (<b>EEG</b>); alpha, the relaxed, daydreaming state, at above 7 cycles per second; and theta, the dreaming state, at above 3 cycles per second.<br /><br /><u>Hypnosis</u>, <u>drugs</u> and <u>meditation</u> were tried to inculcate the theta state of consciousness. Auto-visualization of the brain was very effective in inducing the states needed for remote viewing. Tesla coils (see below) tuned to radiate extremely low frequency (ELF) waves at 7.8 cycles per second (hertz), the <b>Earth’s natural frequency</b> (known as the <i>Schumann resonance</i>), were found to amplify psychic spying tremendously by inducing a theta state in the remote viewer. The<a href="http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/esp_ondas_shumman.htm" target="_blank">Schumann resonance</a> is a naturally occurring standing wave, an ELF signal that circles the globe. It was discovered by <b>Dr. Schumann</b>, who found that this <b>ELF</b>signal resonates in the cavity between the ground and the edge of the atmosphere. A naturally occurring signal that all life is in resonance with.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: purple; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">According to off-the-record interviews with US remote viewers and psi-warfare adepts, psychotronic-augmented spying enabled Soviet remote viewers to achieve almost perfect images. Brain implants to switch off the brain stress system, the body’s anxiety generator, were found to be very effective, as were drug regimens and hypnotic suggestion. Magnetic fields at 7.8Hz were later found to be almost as good as the <i>Tesla coils</i>. Aided by this vast array of high-tech brain-state modifying systems, the Russians began to uncover the secrets of <u>the energy field surrounding the body</u>.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: purple;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">They mapped out the neural currents in the brain. They found that in the normal waking state, a negative to positive current runs from the front of the brain to the back, along the centre. By passing a low-voltage current from the front of the brain to the back, they could vary the person’s waking state. By artificially lowering the negative potential at the back of the brain, the remote viewer could be dropped into a theta state.<br /><br /><b>Dr Robert Becker</b> of the <i>Syracuse VA Hospital</i> found that a person under anesthesia, or in a deep hypnotic trance has an altered brain potential. The normal brain potentials, which are negative potential at the front of the brain to a positive potential at the rear of the brain, drops to zero in these people. The Soviets found that by applying a low voltage to the front of the brain, they could knock people out. They went on to develop <u>the sleep gun</u>.<b>*</b></span><span style="font-family: Arial;"><b>*</b></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"> This is documented in <b>Dr Robert Becker</b>’s book, <a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0874776090/qid=1142871041/sr=2-1/ref=pd_bbs_b_2_1/103-3235789-8827013?s=books&v=glance&n=283155" target="_blank">Cross Currents</a>.<br /><br />More importantly, the Soviet scientists found they could also lower their remote viewers into the delta state found in deep dreamless sleep. In the <b><a href="http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/ciencia/ciencia_cambio06b.htm#bwranges" target="_blank">delta state</a></b> all manner of psi marvels such as telekinesis - moving things by the power of the mind - become possible. It is even rumored that it could lead on to <u>remote killing</u>and also can be used to change the consciousness of large numbers of people by use of <u>remote influencing</u>.<br /> </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: purple;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Arial;"><b><span style="font-size: medium;">DEFENSE MECHANISMS - TESLA COILS</span></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: purple; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><br />The Russians were aware that the US was attempting to monitor their progress and had remote-viewing programmes of their own. They therefore devoted time and money to developing <u>electronic devices to block out remote viewing</u> of their own bases. They found that <a href="http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/tesla/esp_tesla_17.htm" target="_blank">Tesla coils</a> interfered with psychic spying.<br /><br /><b><a href="http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/esp_tesla.htm" target="_blank">Nikola Tesla</a></b> (1856-1943) was a genius who invented many new forms of electrical equipment towards the end of the last century. Tesla developed a new branch of electrical technology using very high voltages running through special coils and transformers. Some of his inventions were so far ahead of their time that they were not fully understood <u>until the Russians began to explore his work in the 1960s</u>. Tesla found that power could be beamed through the air at high voltages, as air’s resistance breaks down.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: purple; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>Tesla coils</b> could be used to <u>transmit ELF signals</u> which could cause <b>earthquakes</b> or be used for <a href="http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/esp_sociopol_mindcon.htm" target="_blank">mind control</a>. It was found that Tesla coils could be used to transmit ELF oscillations that could cause a fault line to spasm and produce an earthquake, these ELF signals could also be tuned to influence peoples’ minds. Tesla also invented what amounted to a <a href="http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/tesla/esp_tesla_2.htm" target="_blank">death ray</a>, which transmitted plasma at the target using huge coils to heat up the air.<br /><br />Soviet scientists were <u>taught Tesla technology at university</u>, which may have encouraged a number of them to experiment with the effectiveness of Tesla coils in causing a whirlpool effect that prevented remote viewing.<br /><br />These <i>anti-remote-viewing devices</i> are now widely deployed in the top-secret bases of not only Russian but US underground military and research facilities. In an off-the-record interview, a retired US Special Forces, <i><b>CIA</b> trained, psi-warfare expert</i> involved in the remote-viewing programme discussed this anti-remote-viewing technology. He attested to the fact that by the end of the century the US will have totally effective anti-remote-viewing devices in all their top-secret installations, so concerned are they about the effectiveness of remote viewing and remote influencing.<br /> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: purple;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Arial;"><b><span style="font-size: medium;">TELEKINESIS (PYCHOKINESIS)</span></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: purple; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><br />According to <u>US intelligence</u>:</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: purple; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">The apport technique is a form of <u>astral projection</u> in which the psychic subject transports his ‘energy body’ to a remote site, dematerializes an object, then transports it back and materializes it... Lack of information on Soviet interest in the technique represents a major intelligence gap.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: purple; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/ciencia/ciencia_psychotronicweapons11_12.htm" target="_blank">Appendix 2</a>, page 55.]</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: purple; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">It appears then that Soviet remote viewing was developing in a very different way to US remote viewing. Rather than picking up psychic images from the waking or deeply relaxed state, Soviet research involved actually <u>projecting the energy body</u> to the location to be viewed. According to the <b>DIA</b> (<a href="http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/ciencia/ciencia_psychotronicweapons11_12.htm" target="_blank">Appendix 2</a>, page 54) in 1970</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: purple; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">‘<u>Ostrander</u> and <u>Schroeder</u> reported that the Soviets were studying out-of-the-body phenomena in Yogis’.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: purple; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>Sheila Ostrander</b> and <b>Lynn Schroeder</b> were the top American/Canadian psychic investigators.<br /><br />The <b>DIA</b> paid great attention to Soviet research into <u>psychokinesis</u> (<b>PK</b>), the <i>American term</i> for <u>telekinesis</u>, and cited the work of <b>G.A. Welk</b> to explain the Soviet version of remote viewing and what was known as the <u>apport technique</u>:</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: purple; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>Welk</b> claims, based on many Soviet sources, that the so-called <i>“apport” technique</i> is likely to meet valuable intelligence needs. When fully developed, this technique would make possible the <u>abduction</u> of actual objects (including documents) in enemy territory and their transfer to friendly territory. Objects so abducted are known as “<b>apports</b>.”</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: purple; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">They could be returned to the point of origin without the enemy becoming aware of this temporary abduction... It is a known fact that the Soviet Union takes the <u>appearance of luminous bodies</u> very seriously as evidenced by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirlian_Photography" target="_blank">Kirlian photography</a> of the human body’s aura [see page 00]. It appears that the Soviets may be considering that a hand which appears out of nowhere and can grasp, “with the firm pressure of an old friend,” another person may have first-rate military possibilities.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: purple; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">There has been some discussion recently about the prospects of being able to control <u>the apport technique</u> to a point of sophistication where individuals could control these “luminous clouds.” The individuals who have studied these effects (real or otherwise) have suggested that since these bodies can travel unlimited distances and are able to pass through solid material (walls), they might well be used to produce instant death in military and civilian officials. It is further conjectured that these bodies could disable military equipment or communications...<br /><br />Two things are certain:</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: purple; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>(1) </b>that <u>parapsychological phenomena</u> are due to little-known faculties of the subconscious mind</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: purple; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>(2)</b> that the <u>powers of the subconscious mind</u> are vastly superior to those of the normal consciousness</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: purple; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">The fantastic <b>memory of the subconscious mind</b> (sometimes referred to as “<i>photographic memory</i>”) is a well-established fact. So is its extraordinary mathematical ability, which has baffled trained mathematicians no end. It seems probable that some of these little-understood faculties of the subconscious mind have something to do with its ability to put together again an object which it had previously disintegrated, and to manipulate the forces involved in this process. The only way one can learn more about these little-understood processes is through intensive study and experimentation. The stakes seem high enough.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: purple; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/ciencia/ciencia_psychotronicweapons11_11.htm" target="_blank">Appendix 1</a>, <a href="http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/ciencia/ciencia_psychotronicweapons11_02.htm" target="_blank">pages 27-29</a>.]</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: purple; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">While the process by which matter is converted into “<u>force-matter</u>" (and vice versa) may not be understood, nevertheless, one is faced with the possibility that the human mind can disintegrate and reintegrate organic matter - a feat which seems far more complex than the disintegration and reintegration of, say, a stone, a piece of wood, paper, etc. Experiments show that a human body which has lost about half its weight can be reintegrated without loss of normal functions. Since this is possible, it does not seem safe to exclude - without further investigation - the possibility that inorganic matter might undergo a similar disintegration and reintegration.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: purple; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">After all, <u>apport phenomena</u> in which physical objects have passed through solid walls have been observed and attested to by some of the world’s most eminent scientists as well as by a host of other responsible witnesses. In view of what the human mind has demonstrated it can do with organic matter, and in view of the very real Soviet threat in this sector, the science of parapsychology should be investigated to its fullest potential, perhaps to benefit the national defense.<br /><br />According to <b>Pullman</b>, Director of the <i>Southeast Hypnosis Research Center</i> in Dallas, Texas, before the end of the 1970s, Soviet diplomats will be able to sit in their foreign embassies and use <u>ESP</u> (in this case a form of <i>apport technique</i>) to steal the secrets of their enemies. <u>Pullman</u> states that a spy would be hypnotized, then his invisible "spirit" would be ordered to leave his body, travel across barriers of space and time to a foreign government’s security facility, and there read top-secret documents and relay back their information. Such "<u>astral projection</u>" already has been accomplished in laboratory settings, <b>Pullman</b> said, adding that the Russians are probably now trying to perfect it. <u>Pullman</u> further states that <b>the Soviets are at least 25 years ahead of the US in psychic research.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: purple; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">According to <u>Pullman</u>, the Soviets have realized the immense military advantage of the psychic ability known as <i>astral projection</i> (<u>out-of-the-body-travel</u>). In this reference, details are given for some of Pullman’s work in the US with astral projection. Other scientists... interested in this work are professor <b>H.A. Cahn</b> of Northern Arizona University, Doctor <b>Charles Tart</b> of the University of Southern California and Doctor <b>V. Inyushin</b> of Alma-ata.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: purple; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/ciencia/ciencia_psychotronicweapons11_11.htm" target="_blank">Appendix1</a>, page 30.]</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: purple; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">[Doctor <b>Genady</b>] <b>Sergeyev</b> has conducted several years of intensive lab research on the outstanding PK psychic in Leningrad, <b>Nina Kulagina</b>... Sergeyev postulates that the "bio-plasma" of the human body must interact with the environment to produce <b>PK.</b> Sergeyev emphasizes when target objects are placed in a vacuum, <u>Kulagina</u> is unable to move them... Reportedly, Kulagina has caused the movement of a wide range of non-magnetic objects: (under strict scientific control) large crystal bowls, clock pendulums, bread, matches, etc. In one test, a raw egg was placed in a salt solution inside a sealed aquarium six feet away from her.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: purple; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Researchers report she was able to use PK to separate the yoke from the white of the egg. Observations by Western scientists of Mrs <b>Kulagina</b>’s<u>PK ability</u> has been reported with verification of her authentic ability. These same Western scientists have reported that as of February 1971, they have not been able to visit or observe Mrs Kulagina. A veil of secrecy has been placed on <u>Sergeyev</u> and Mrs <u>Kulagina</u> for some unknown reasons.<br /><br />Rather than simply observing PK, the Soviets typically turned to instrumentation. Mrs <b>Kulagina</b> was subjected to a number of physiological electronic measuring devices and tested for important body functions during her PK demonstrations. The Soviets found that at the moment an object begins to move, all of Mrs Kulagina’s body processes speed up drastically - heart, breathing, brain activity - and the <u>electromagnetic fields around her body</u> all <b>begin to pulse in rhythm.</b> Soviet researchers postulate that it was these rhythmic "vibrations" that cause objects to be attracted to or repelled by her...<br /><br />Scientists report that <b>Kulagina</b> has been able to stop the beating of a frog’s heart in solution and to re-activate it! This is perhaps the most significant PK test done and its military implications in controlled offensive behavior, if true, are extremely important.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: purple; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/ciencia/ciencia_psychotronicweapons11_11.htm" target="_blank">Appendix 1</a>, <a href="http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/ciencia/ciencia_psychotronicweapons11_02.htm" target="_blank">pages 35-36</a>.]</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: purple;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Arial;"><b><span style="font-size: medium;">TELEPATHIC SCANNING</span></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: purple; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><br />The aim of tuning into the thought processes of the West’s military commanders spurred the Soviets on to develop telepathic scanning techniques. The possibility of tracking enemy agents in the field by psychic means encouraged them<br /><br />Soviet researchers went further and found ways to tap into the telepathic conversations of other remote viewers. By introducing a third telepath who knew when information in the form of a telepathic conversation flowed between two other telepaths, the Russians found the ESP data stream could not only be broken into but could be changed. The third telepath could substitute new ideas and words, in effect <u>corrupting the telepathic message</u>. The Russians thus learnt how to hack into telepathic conversations and substitute fallacious messages and images.<br /><br />Doctor <b>Milan Ryzl</b> reports that secret psi research associated with state security and defense is going on in the USSR. Communist state authorities, the military and the KGB display an unusual, disproportionate interest in <u>parapsychology</u>. The Soviets are attempting to apply ESP to both police and military use... According to <u>Ryzl</u>, some years ago a project was begun in the USSR to apply telepathy to indoctrinate and re-educate antisocial elements.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: purple; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">It was hoped that suggestion at a distance could induce individuals, without their being aware of it, to adopt the officially desired political and social attitudes... Reports of <u>psi research in Soviet submarines</u> help confirm military involvement in parapsychology. According to <b>Stone</b>, there is <u>clandestine psi research</u> going on at the <i>Pavlov Institute of Higher Nervous Activity</i> in Moscow, the <i>Durov Institute</i>, and certain areas in Siberia.<br /> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: purple;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: medium;">KIRLIAN FIELDS</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: purple; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><br /><u>Energy fields that surround humans</u> were first discovered by <b>Semyon Davidovich Kirlian</b> in 1939 in Krasnodar, capital city of the Kuban region in the South of Russia. <u>Kirlian</u> found that photography of biophysical fields around the body could be achieved with high-frequency electrical fields and a spark generator which oscillates at 75 to 200KHz. The generator causes a high-frequency field to emanate between two clamps which hold the sample and photographic paper. The high-frequency electrostatic field causes the biophysical field to resonate and become excited.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: purple; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Once excited, the <b>biophysical field</b> around the living object (hand or leaf) gives off photons. The 75 to 200KHz electric field causes photons of light to be radiated by the living tissue, which fall on the photographic paper and produce images of the biophysical excitation. They are not actual pictures of the biophysical field, but secondary effects, rather like the wake of a boat through the water. <i>Kirlian’s photographs</i> of leaves which had sections cut out revealed entire biophysical fields that showed the entire leaf <u>as if it was uncut</u>. It was as if the biophysical field was the energetic blueprint for the leaf.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: purple; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Later research has found that the human body has a biophysical field around it composed of <u>morphogenic fields</u>, defined by cell biologists as the fields which switch genes on and off and control cell development. They determine whether a cell will become a skin cell or an eye cell, for instance.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: purple; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">US <i>military intelligence</i> evaluated the <u>Kirlian effect</u>:</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: purple; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">‘...the Soviets seem preoccupied with the search for the energy that carries or facilitates telepathy transmission. Is it <u>electromagnetic</u> or not? The search for this <i>unknown energy</i> has led the Soviets to Kirlian photography; named after its inventors <b>Semyon</b> and <b>Valentina Kirlian.</b> The Kirlians developed a technique of photographing with a high-frequency electrical field involving a specially constructed high-frequency spark generator, tuned up and down between 75,000 and 200,000 electrical oscillations per second. Their first photographs showed turquoise and reddish-yellow patterns of flares coming out of specific channels within leaves. A magnified picture of a finger showed craters of light and flares’</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: purple; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">By the 1960s research on bioluminescence revealed by <i>Kirlian photography</i> was going on in many Soviet universities. Perfected techniques of photographing the play of high-frequency currents on humans, plants and animals, as well as on inanimate matter have set the Soviets on some striking discoveries about the energetical nature of man. "<b>Bio-plasma</b>” is a term coined by the Soviets for <i>bioluminescent phenomena</i> or <i>energy</i>. Scientists at the <i>Kazakh State University</i> at Alma-ata have found illnesses tend to show up in advance as a disordered play of flares from the "bio-plasma" long before they manifest in the physical body.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: purple; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Doctor <b>A. Podshibyakin,</b> an electrophysiologist at the <i>Institute of Clinical Physiology</i> in Kiev, has found that by charting acupuncture points a correlation exists between the "bio-plasma" and changes on the surface of the sun. At the exact moment solar flares (sun spots) occur, there are changes in the electrical potential of the skin’s acupuncture points. These electrical charges are measured by a <u>tobiscope</u> (probably a simple <i>wheatstone bridge</i> device). In some way the "bio-plasma" of the body is sensitive to these solar explosions the instant they occur even though it takes about two days for the cosmic particles to reach the earth.<br /><br />The most significant use of <u>Kirlian photography</u> is in the area of <b>psychokinesis</b> or <i>mind over matter</i> (<b>PK</b>). Doctor <b>Genady Sergeyev</b> of the <i>A.A. Uktomskii Military Institute</i> in Leningrad believes Kirlian photography may uncover the mechanism of PK. <u>Sergeyev</u> is a prominent mathematician for the Soviet military who works closely with an electrophysiologist from the University of Leningrad, Doctor <b>L. Pavlova.</b> Sergeyev has devised important mathematical and statistical methods for analyzing the EEG which allowed parapsychologists to follow the actions of telepathy in the brain.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: purple; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">The type of work reported by <u>Sergeyev</u> in 1967 and 1968 is just now beginning to appear in the US efforts to understand the transmission of telepathy. <b>Sergeyev</b>has conducted several years of intensive lab research on the outstanding PK psychic in Leningrad, <b>Nina Kulagina</b>. Sergeyev registered heightened biological luminescence radiating from Kulagina’s eyes during the apparent movement of objects by PK. [<a href="http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/ciencia/ciencia_psychotronicweapons11_11.htm" target="_blank">Appendix 1</a>, <a href="http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/ciencia/ciencia_psychotronicweapons11_02.htm" target="_blank">pages 33-35</a>.]</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: purple;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Arial;"><b><span style="font-size: medium;">THE TELEPATHIC KNOCKOUT</span></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: purple; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><br />It seems scarcely credible that the Soviets trained their telepaths to be able to knock out a person simply by projecting a psychic punch at the victim. In fact, the Soviets poured a vast amount of time and money into exactly this.<br /><br />The Soviets found that the biophysical field of the remote viewer flared out when he or she was lowered into <a href="http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/ciencia/ciencia_cambio06b.htm" target="_blank">the theta state</a>. At the <a href="http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/esp_ondas_shumman.htm" target="_blank">Schumann resonance</a> point of<b>7.8Hz, the Earth’s natural frequency</b>, the human biophysical field seemed to merge with its surroundings and vanish for a split second. When it came back into being, it was many times larger than normal. While remote viewing, this biophysical field seemed to grow smaller, as if part of it was at the place being remotely viewed.<br /><br />In Dr <b>Vasilev</b>’s ‘<i>Experiments in Mental Suggestion</i>’, published in 1962 (English translation published in 1963), voluminous data is recorded by the Russian scientist on Soviet experiments in sleep-wake hypnosis. Discovered by the Russians in the 1930s, this allowed a hypnotist to transfer commands telepathically to a subject, whether they were a few feet or a thousand miles away. Soviet scientists took this further and discovered that hypnosis could be examined by its effect on the biophysical energy body, which could be detected using <u>Kirlian photography</u> and other means such as using the powers of the <b>human biophysical field</b> to enable people to actually see energy field - <b>auras</b>.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: purple; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>Vladimir L. Raikov</b> MD, a psychiatrist, monitored the mental state of a hypnotized person:</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: purple; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><u>Raikov</u> has worked closely with <u>V. Adamenko</u>, a physicist who reportedly has invented the <b>CCAP</b> (<i>conductivity of the channels of acupuncture points</i>) device. This machine, it is claimed, registers energy flow in the body using as check points for its electrodes the acupuncture points of traditional Chinese medicine. <u>Adamenko</u> reportedly detects changes in body energy caused by alterations of consciousness and varying emotional states. With subjects attached to the CCAP, <b>Raikov</b> put them through various forms of hypnosis. At the end of many sessions the graphs from the CCAP were checked by <u>Raikov</u> and <u>Adamenko</u>. They claim to have found a pronounced difference between the different forms of hypnosis... They report that these states are very hard to measure by any other method.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: purple; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/ciencia/ciencia_psychotronicweapons11_11.htm" target="_blank">Appendix 1</a>, page 46.]</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: purple; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">A US expert in remote viewing told me that their research showed that when a paranormal-warfare expert remotely viewed another person, there was a <b>change</b> in the biophysical energy field of the remote viewer and the person being psychically spied upon. <u>Pulsed ELF fields</u> had been found to put people into a trance (see Appendix 3 for the far-reaching effects of ELF). Russian scientists found that if the remote viewer could mimic this ELF oscillation in his or her biophysical body, then place this field over another person, the person would become unconscious. The Russians trained their remote viewers to mimic pulsed <b>ELF waves</b> by use of <u>Kirlian photography</u> - the trainee watched the picture of his or her biophysical body whilst it was exposed to pulsed ELF waves, then tried to copy the effect.<br /> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: purple;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Arial;"><b><span style="font-size: medium;">PSYCHIC BATTERIES</span></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: purple; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><br />Would it be possible to store psychic energy like electricity, was a question Soviet scientists asked themselves. With hard evidence from Kirlian photography and a wide variety of other electronic scanners designed to study the body’s biophysical field, which comprised biomagnetic, bioelectric and bioplasmic components, the Soviet physicists had access to experimental data needed for a new physics of the paranormal. Journalist Emil Bachurin’s 1990 article in Young Guard magazine disclosed information on a number of top-secret psi-warfare projects that had been undertaken in the Soviet Union.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: purple; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Dr A. Akimov, former director of the Soviets’ Centre for Non-traditional Technologies, is quoted as claiming Russian research had discovered a new class of physical fields and particles and the effect they exerted on living and non-living organisms and inanimate objects. New terms such as ‘spinor’, ‘torsionic’ and ‘microleptonnic’ were being used to define these new classes of physical field. Scientists in the West, who have little appreciation of the remarkable advances made by the Soviets, called them ‘scalar’ fields. Russian psychotronic generators which stored ‘torsionic radiation’ were apparently found to cause destruction of the brain’s neural network and the biophysical field around the brain that constitutes our mind and psyche - mind zappers.<br /><br />Moreover if psychotronic generators could to store biophysical energy Russian psychic viewers might be able to link themselves to psychic amplifiers that boosted their paranormal powers. The DIA reports that psychotronic generators, devices which store psi energy, were developed by a Czech called <b>Robert Pavlita.</b> Czech researchers, like their Russian counterparts, had also come to the conclusion that biophysical energy is the field effect behind psychokinesis and remote viewing. Reference to the equivalent of the psychotronic generator was uncovered in ancient alchemical texts, and Pavlita used modern technology to improve on this psychic battery effect. Psychotronic generators draw biophysical fields from a person and store them for later use.<br /><br />The Czechs found two types of psychotronic generator - cosmic generators, of which the Egyptian pyramids are an example, and biological generators, the type to which Wilhelm Reich and his Orgone generator belong. Wilhelm Reich, a pupil of Sigmund Freud, found that boxes with alternate layers of wool and steel wool could store biophysical energy. His seminal work in the 1950s led the Soviet researchers into bettering these early biological psychotronic generators. In their report ‘Soviet and Czechoslovakian Parapsychology Research’, the DIA gives a detailed appraisal of psychotronic-generator research:<br /><br />Psychotronic generators (also called Pavlita generators after the inventor) are small devices said to be capable of drawing biological energy from humans; the energy is accumulated and stored for future use. Once charged with human energy, the generators can do some of the things a psychic subject can do, but, according to the inventor, Robert Pavlita, can be charged by individuals possessing no psychic ability.<br /><br />The concept of man as a source of unusual energy dates back at least as far as ancient Chinese and Hindu teachings, in which it was called "vital energy" or "prana." Between the 18th and 20th centuries it was called various things (animal magnetism, odic force, motor force, n-rays, etheric force, etc.) by rediscoverers of its existence. In contemporary Soviet and Czechoslovakian parapsychology this energy is called bio-plasmic or psychotronic energy. The Czechoslovakian rediscovery of biological energy is credited to Robert Pavlita, who began work on his device over thirty years ago.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: purple; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">...It has been reported...that the devices are fabricated from various metals (steel, bronze, copper, iron, gold) and that their effects are as a result of their form.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: purple; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Pavlita’s generators can be charged by direct contact (e.g. rubbing or touching to the temporal region of the head) or by visually directing mental concentration upon them from a distance. The nature of the energy stored is still not understood, but over the years a number of observations about its effects have been reported. It can be reflected, refracted, polarized, and combined with other forms of energy. It creates effects similar to magnetism, heat, electricity, and luminous radiation, but is itself none of these. The energy apparently can be conducted by paper, wood, wool, silk, and other substances normally considered to be good insulators.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: purple; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">The devices have been tested by commissions of experts from the Czechoslovakian Academy of Sciences and the University of Hzadec Kralove in Prague. Static electricity, air currents, temperature changes, and magnetism, were eliminated as possible explanations for the observed effects. In addition, the energy exerted its effect through glass, water, wood, cardboard, or any type of metal and was not diminished.<br /><br />According to both Soviet and Czech researchers, one major advantage of studying psychotronic generators is the reproducibility of their effects; in addition they can be activated by nearly anyone, with or without any special psychic abilities. The devices may have other practical applications not related to parapsychology. The Czechs claim that irradiation of seeds with the energy enhances plant growth, and that industrial pollutants have been precipitated out of water by its action.<br /><br />Pavlita has stated that some forms of his devices can exert both favorable and unfavorable effects on living organisms, including man. In experiments with snails exposed to the energy from a generator, a state similar to hibernation resulted. When flies were placed in the gap of a circular generator they died instantly. In another test, Pavlita aimed a generator at his daughter’s head from a distance of several yards. Her electroencephalogram (EEG) changed, she became dizzy, and her equilibrium was disrupted.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: purple; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/ciencia/ciencia_psychotronicweapons11_12.htm" target="_blank">Appendix 2</a>, <a href="http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/ciencia/ciencia_psychotronicweapons11_02.htm" target="_blank">pages 33-34</a>.]</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: purple; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Researchers at the Metronomical Institute of the Academy of Sciences in Moscow studied Pavlita and his psychotronic generators. The DIA document continues:</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: purple; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">In their present form and size, Pavlita’s devices could probably exert an effect on humans at only relatively short range. It is possible that their size could be enlarged or their energy amplified, thereby extending their range. If the Czech claims for these devices are valid, biological energy might be an effective antipersonnel weapon. It would be difficult to defend against, since it apparently penetrates most common forms of insulation and its reported effects (changes in brain-wave characteristics, disturbance of equilibrium, dizziness) could result in personality changes or physical discomfort which might alter combat effectiveness.<br /><br />Soviet or Czech perfection of psychotronic weapons would pose a severe threat to enemy military, embassy, or security functions. The emitted energy would be silent and difficult to detect electronically (although the Soviets claim to have developed effective biological energy sensors) and the only power source would be a human operator. [Appendix 2, page 34.]<br /><br />Psychotronically boosted Russian remote viewers were capable of enhanced remote influencing. A Ukrainian, Albert Ignatenko, publicly demonstrated that he could raise or lower the pulse rate of people who were remote from him. Vladimir Zironovsky, the Russian MP and ultra-nationalist, boasted on BBC television that Russia has psychics who could remotely kill anyone up to a thousand kilometers away. These boasts may indeed be based on fact!</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: purple;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Arial;"><b><span style="font-size: medium;">PSYCHOTRONIC MIND CONTROL</span></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: purple; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><br />Edward Naumov, a leading Russian parapsychologist, is on record as stating, ‘A psychotronic generator can influence an individual, or a whole crowd of people. It can affect a person’s psyche mentally or emotionally. It can effect memory and attention span. A psychotronic device can cause physical fatigue, disorientation, and alter a person’s behaviour.’ The Soviets built the world’s largest transmitter, code-named Woodpecker by the US, to beam mind-control waves at the West (see <a href="http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/ciencia/ciencia_psychotronicweapons11_13.htm" target="_blank">Appendix 3</a>). It was powered by the Chernobyl nuclear power complex in the Ukraine.<br /><br />A strange signal which disrupted short-wave transmissions around the world was detected in the early eighties. It was nicknamed Woodpecker due to its pulse modulation of 10Hz, which when listened to on radio equipment, sounded like a woodpecker due to loud modulations in the signal. It emitted a peak estimated power of 14 million watts per pulse at frequencies of between 3.26 and 17.54MHz, making it the most powerful man-made, non-nuclear, non-ionizing, i.e. non-radioactive, radiation source on the planet. Seven awesome transmitters near Kiev, also powered by the Chernobyl nuclear power complex, beamed Woodpecker’s emissions in the direction of western Europe, Australia, North America and the Middle East. These emissions permeated all obstacles and were conducted into homes via the power lines of each nation’s national grid. They were capable of penetrating underwater and even into shielded bunkers.<br /><br />So had the Soviets had discovered a method of affecting the neurological functioning of entire populations? Woodpecker had been designed to alter the brain functions of Nato populations by using ELF modulated signals. It was found that these extremely low frequency waves could penetrate the skull and change brain patterns when broadcast at test victims - 6.66Hz makes the victim depressed, 11Hz can make a person manic and prone to riotous behaviour (see Appendices 3). Of particular interest to the KGB scientists were the brain-wave maps of pathological criminals, hopelessly depressed mental patients and socio-psychopaths who had no regard for anyone but themselves. The Soviets hoped to remap the neural networks in the brains of the entire western population.<br /><br />Prolonged exposure to ELF signals changes the brain’s neural wiring because the barrage of ELF waves stimulates the network used for the signal the brain is receiving, depression for example, while the normal-state neural network is unused. Top neuro-scientist Dr Gerald Edelman has shown that neurones compete with each other and that unused neural connections and brain cells die. If you can keep a person in one brain state, such as depression, by use of ELF transmitted by pulse-modulated microwaves, then the brain connections and cells for normal consciousness will be destroyed and the person will become a chronic depressive. Under a barrage of ELF signals from the Woodpecker transmitters, that was powerful enough the sane mental connections in the brain would gradually die out. Woodpecker’s 10Hz ELF signal went on until the fall of the Soviet Union.<br /><br />Dr Robert Becker of the Syracuse VA Hospital, a Los Angeles physicist and former member of a top-secret US mind-control programme which looked into the effects of ELF, claimed, ‘It’s highly likely that the Woodpecker signal is causing neurological changes in thirty per cent of the population...’<br /> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: purple;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Arial;"><b><span style="font-size: medium;">RUSSIAN ERV</span></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: purple; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><br />In the Russian form of ERV, the whole thrust of the training is based on Soviet research into psi phenomena. The biophysical field is seen as the transmitter of information from the target site. Soviet research became fixated on the idea that ELF electromagnetic radiation was used by the biophysical field to transmit this information back to the brain of the remote viewer. The Soviets knew that ELF radiation would pass through the skull into the brain while higher frequencies of electromagnetic radiation would not.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: purple; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">The concept of mental radio lay deep in their psyche due to the enormous amount of research they had undertaken into telepathy and ESP. The natural vibration of the Earth, 7.82Hz, is in the ELF range, which is from 20Hz downwards. The Russians postulated that the biophysical field of the remote viewer, or telepath, could send ripples of ELF radiation around the Earth using the planet’s electromagnetic aura as the matrix for this signal. Russian ESP and their version of remote viewing concentrated on getting the operator into the theta state so that the telepath could naturally send and receive signals on the Earth’s natural frequency.<br /> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: purple;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Arial;"><b><span style="font-size: medium;">TOWARDS REMOTE KILLING</span></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: purple; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><br />The Soviets discovered how to remotely kill decades ago. Dr Nikolai Khokhlov, a former KGB agent who defected to the West, was hired by the CIA in 1976 to uncover paranormal-warfare research in the USSR. He found evidence of it at 20 top-secret, state-of-the-art, underground laboratories, staffed with hundreds of the Soviet Union’ s leading scientists. Khokhlov described a government laboratory in Moscow that mass-produced psychotronic generators, which were tested on prisoners. Telekinesis was also used on prisoners to paralyse sections of their spinal cord, by damaging the nerve cells with a telekinetic blast. (<a href="http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/ciencia/ciencia_psychotronicweapons11_12.htm" target="_blank">See Appendix 2</a>,<a href="http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/ciencia/ciencia_psychotronicweapons11_03.htm" target="_blank">pages 41-47</a>, for a detailed <b>DIA</b> evaluation of Soviet telekinesis.)<br /><br />Research included the technique being used by Russian paranormal-warfare experts to stop the hearts of laboratory animals. Russian paranormal adepts trained in this remote-killing technique by raising or lowering the heart rate of a test subject in a separate room, just by the use of remote influencing.<br /><br />The Russian research institutes investigated telepathy in a rigorous way. In one experiment, new-born rabbits were separated from their mothers. The mother rabbits were hooked up to ECG and EEG monitors. Then the new-born rabbits were killed. It was found that the stress levels of the mother rabbits were raised dramatically, even though the new-born rabbits were killed in another location. <u>Telepathic biological links</u> between mother and offspring were therefore shown to exist. To test whether water blocked out the telepathic signal, the mother rabbits were transferred to nuclear submarines. These rabbits were found to ’know’ when their offspring were killed, even when they were deep underwater. This experiment showed that <u>hundreds of feet of sea water could not block out the psi effect</u>.<br /><br /><b>Psychotronic devices</b> were designed to kill or disable humans, then tested out on enemies of the state. Telekinetic experiments were carried out to see how much damage a paranormal adept could cause to an untrained victim by use of mind over matter. Condemned prisoners had brain capillaries ruptured by<u>telekinesis</u> causing massive embolisms in their brains. <b>Telekinesis</b> was also used to stop their hearts so they had a heart attack. ‘Kulagina’s highly publicized ability to effect living tissues might be applied against human targets_’ said the <b>DIA</b> (<a href="http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/ciencia/ciencia_psychotronicweapons11_12.htm" target="_blank">Appendix 2</a>, page 51).</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: purple; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>Eileen Garret</b> has supplied many of the statistics on how much the Soviets were spending, via her links with Congresswoman <b>Frances Bolton</b>, who served as Chair of the House Foreign Affairs Committee. Another source of such statistics was Congressman <b>Charlie Rose</b> of North Carolina, who in 1976 set up the<i>Congressional Clearinghouse on the Future</i> to inform government leaders and aides about Soviet psi warfare. Congressman <b>Al Gore</b> later became chair of this committee.<br /> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: purple;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Arial;"><b><span style="font-size: medium;">THE USE OF NEGATIVE ENERGY</span></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: purple; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><br />A standard remote-viewing operation for a Russian paranormal-warfare expert would mean hooking him or herself up to a <u>psychotronic device</u> called a <b>theta-delta gun</b> which, by reversing polarity in the brain, placed the psi-adept in the deep hypnotic-like state needed for psychotronic warfare. An ELF signal was then broadcast into the brain of the psi-adept that reproduced the perfect brain state for remote viewing. A room-sized <a href="http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/ciencia/ciencia_psychotronicweapons04.htm" target="_blank">psychotronic generator</a> would then pump energy into the psi-adept, boosting his or her biophysical field so it could overpower any normal person’s biophysical field.<br /><br />The target to be remotely viewed was shown on a screen. Once the target had been located by psychic spying, the ELF induced brain-wave entrainment was modified to the frequency that had been mapped as optimum for remote influencing. A list of hypnotic commands was shown to the psi-adept, so that he or she could re-programme the brain of the person being remotely viewed and influenced. If the person was to be remotely killed, the ELF signal for this was entrained in the psi-adept, enabling his or her power of telekinesis to be locked on to the body of the victim.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: purple; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">With a <a href="http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/ciencia/ciencia_psychotronicweapons04.htm" target="_blank">psychotronic generator</a> to power the psi-adept’s biophysical body, telekinesis to cause a brain embolism in the victim, or to knock them out telepathically, remote influencing was made possible, even over distances of thousands of miles. If the person was to be made ill, the specific frequencies that enabled the psi-adept to broadcast negative illness-inducing psionic energy was fed into his or her brain. Boosted by the <b>psychotronic amplifier</b> they were hooked up to, the Russian paranormal-warfare expert acted as a transmitter for negative energy; remote viewing was the target locator and remote influencing the way to focus this negative energy on the victim.<br /><br />We all know that <i>curses</i> are supposed to bring us <i>bad luck</i>. Russian researchers took this idea to its logical conclusion and <u>used curses for a new generation of psi weapons</u>. <b>KGB</b> scientists, having proved that psi energy acted as the medium for remote viewing, began to experiment with remotely imprinting energy fields on matter. <b>Dr Abraham Shifrin</b> worked at the psi-research institute in Kazakhstan run by the <i>Moscow Institute for Information Transmission</i>, under the directorship of <b>Dr Solomon Gellerstein.</b> He managed to emigrate to Israel in the mid 1980s and disclosed that the Kazakhstan institute had been making<i>psychotronic generators</i> like <a href="http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/ciencia/ciencia_psychotronicweapons07.htm" target="_blank">Robert Pavlita</a>’s in Czechoslovakia.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: purple;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">They had investigated designing different types of <b>psychotronic generators</b> and found how to store psi energy in psychic accumulators. They studied how Siberian and Altai shamans, yogis, ascetics, psychics and witch doctors cursed or blessed talismen and amulets, and they learnt how to charge souvenirs, such as Russian dolls, which were then given to unsuspecting victims. Depression and mental problems were easily passed on by these negatively charged objects and in some cases health was adversely affected.<br /><br /><b>Dr Boris Ivanov</b> worked on charging water with psi energy at the <i>Laboratory of Bioinformation</i> at the Popov institute in the USSR. It was found that a paranormal-warfare expert hooked up to psychotronic amplification could charge water with negative psi energy that could shrivel plants or cause cancer. US subjects were allegedly given this negatively charged water in their drinks at state functions.<b>*</b></span><span style="font-family: Arial;"><b>*</b></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"> <a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0070188602/qid=1142870961/sr=1-1/ref=sr_1_1/103-3235789-8827013?s=books&v=glance&n=283155" target="_blank">Psychic Warfare: Threat or Illusion</a>? <b>Martin Ebon</b> (McGraw - Hill, 1983)<br /><br />In Leningrad, <b>Dr Pavel Gulyaiev</b> found a way to scan another person’s electromagnetic field at a distance, then to impose another field on to that person to control behaviour or make them ill. The <i>Neurology Institute of Kharkov University</i> experimented on rats, removing their brains which they placed in solutions that kept them partially alive. Remote viewers and sensors transmitted emotions, thoughts, mental calculations and commands. The rats’ brains responded to this telepathic link until they died, about three minutes. <b>Dr August Stern</b>, who had worked in the multi-million rouble psi labs in Novosibirsk, emigrated to France and revealed a wealth of secrets about other psi complexes such as the one at <u>Kharkov</u>.<br /><br /><b>KGB scientists</b> were prompted to look into the transmission of <i>negative psi energy</i> by research at <u>Novosibirsk</u>:</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: purple; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">‘A significant advance toward identification of the <b>EMR</b> [<u>electromagnetic radiation</u>] source of biological energy transfer was gained from recent research conducted at the University of Novosibirsk. Scientists there investigated the release of energy during cell division and during cellular damage and repair resulting from viral infection or toxic chemicals.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: purple; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">In over 5000 experiments with cell cultures and animal organs it was shown that damaged cells radiated some form of energy and that the energy released was capable of causing damage in adjacent control preparations of organs or cells. Further investigation revealed that a uniform pattern, code, or rhythm of radiation was emitted by normal cells. This pattern was disturbed when cellular damage occurred, becoming quite irregular. It was also found that the patterns were transmitted from experimental to control preparations only when the cells or organs were cultured in <u>quartz containers</u>.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: purple; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Since quartz transmits <u>ultraviolet</u> (<b>UV</b>) <u>radiation</u> and standard laboratory glassware does not, the Soviets concluded that <b>UV radiation mediated cellular information transfer.</b> The researchers subsequently correlated given irregularities of emission with specific diseases and are now attempting to develop techniques for diagnosis and therapy by monitoring and altering cellular radiation codes’</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: purple; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">[<b>Dr Jiri</b>] <b>Bradna</b> feels that such stimuli influence the herd behavior of animals and may also be a factor in altering human behavior under conditions of isolation or overcrowding.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: purple; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/ciencia/ciencia_psychotronicweapons11_12.htm" target="_blank">Appendix 2</a>, page 10.]</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: purple; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">As a result, <b>remote viewers</b> and <b>psychotronics</b> <b>experts</b> were trained to transmit <u>negative psi energy</u> at the person they were remotely viewing to make them ill. This barrage of negative psi energy also acted as a shock to the target’s system, which made remote influencing much easier. If psychically induced trauma could be caused by projecting negative psi energy at the target, <u>telepathic brainwashing</u> could be made more efficient.<br /> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: purple;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Arial;"><b><span style="font-size: medium;">AFTER THE COLD WAR</span></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: purple; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><br />US remote viewing of the present-day Russian leadership shows that President <b>Yeltsin</b>, General <b>Lebed</b> and other leading lights in the Russian Federation are - or were, protected by psychic shields of an exotic and dangerous nature. Any remote viewer trying to influence them is attacked by the biophysical logic bombs in these Russian psychic shields. A <u>biophysical logic bomb</u> is a <b>thought-form</b> which as a mental virus infects the victim, causing death or madness. In 1992, former KGB Major General <b>Oleg Kalugin</b> said in an interview on ABC Television in the US that during the coup that brought down the USSR, he received a telephone call from a contact in a Ukrainian military lab. He was told that paranormal-warfare experts were using psychotronic generators and remote influencing against<u>Boris Yeltsin</u> to undermine his health; they were focusing on his heart in order to kill him. ‘For the first time in my life,’ <b>Kalugin</b> said, ‘I took it [paranormal warfare] seriously.’</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: purple; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">After the coup, <b>Yeltsin</b> suffered a heart attack. Since then, he has been treated by top Russian healers such as <b>Djuna Davitashvili.</b> Pro-democracy psi-adepts were asked to create the psychic shield around Yeltsin. Remote influencers and psychic telepaths capable of scanning enemy paranormal-warfare experts, or fellow Russians, keep <u>Yeltsin</u> and his chosen few protected from remote influencers and killers. They also use <u>psychic scanning</u> to protect the President’s offices and home from psi attack and electronic bugs.<br /><br />Many <b>KGB</b> paranormal-weapons experts went into deep cover in foreign countries to act as special forces psi agents. Located in a hostile country, they could use their skills to spy on and attack the enemy. In the event of a <i>Third World War</i>, they were commanded to re-programme the brains of the hostile country’s leadership to follow the orders of the psi-adept. The Soviet Union could thus ensure the <u>Chinese</u> and <u>NATO leadership</u> lost the war by making the wrong decisions on a consistent, planned basis, as psychically commanded by the psi-adept working under KGB directives. The leadership could also be remotely killed, if need be.<br /><br />With the end of the Cold War, these psi agents and the paranormal-warfare experts in Russia have been redirected to the corporate theatre and are focusing on economic espionage. They are also being used to remotely view government meetings in foreign countries and to remotely influence politicians and power brokers to manipulate the stock market and improve business opportunities for KGB run organizations. By using advanced Russian methods, it is possible to fool the person being telepathically scanned into thinking they are asking themselves the questions being placed in their minds. In this way, the most secret information can be extracted from the target. This branch of psychic spying is referred to as remote sensing.<br /><br />In post-communist Russia, paranormal research is one of the main priorities of the security service as it is relatively cheap and very effective. It offers Russia a second strategic weapons system that does not rely on nuclear weapons. The Deputy Chief of President Yeltsin’s security service has become a ‘<i>modern Rasputin</i>’ the 4 May edition of <i>Moscow News</i> reported. General <b>Georgi G. Rogozin</b> approves the horoscopes cast regularly for the country’s top officials, communicates with the cosmos on budgetary and financial matters, rotates tables and saucers in his study and creates a powerful field around the President. He also checks the decisions of the Supreme Personnel Commission by the tables of the Kabala.<br /><br /><b>Anatoly Kashpirovsky</b>, a psi-adept and ultra-nationalist, allegedly won a seat in the Russian Parliament by use of remote influencing. When he lost his seat in the 1996 election, <u>Kashpirovsky</u> threatened to render impotent by psychic means any government employee who tried to evict him from his apartment (that came with the post of MP).<br /><br />The thrust of <u>modern Russian psychotronic research</u> is toward <i>remote influence</i>, <i>telekinesis</i> and <i>biological-telekinesis</i>. <b>Dr Edwin May,</b> head of the US government <b>psi-project Stargate</b> (more about this in the next chapter on US remote viewing), and Soviet parapsychologist <b>Dr Larissa Vilenskaya</b>, in their overview ’<i>Influence at a distance, PK and Bio-PK</i>’, state that influencing the human brain telepathically with positive and negative psi energy and emotions, changing DNA in lab cultures by use of remote influencing, the growth of plants using telekinesis, coupled with the healing effect of remote influencing on humans and animals, is part of present-day Russian research.<br /><br />In the next chapter, we look at <i>US paranormal mobilization</i>, the other half of <b>the inner-space arms race.</b></span></div>
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Maxmillianhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18157780153171885687noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3003895380147156708.post-50917468877272131212015-08-23T06:00:00.000+02:002015-08-23T06:00:02.115+02:00Globalsecurity: Strategic Defense Initiative<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<a href="http://www.globalsecurity.org/space/systems/sdi.htm" style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: blue;">Strategic Defense Initiative</span></a><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: blue;"><br class="Apple-interchange-newline" />Strategic Defense Initiative</span></span></h1>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: blue;">The Strategic Defense Initiative concept envisioned a three-tiered defensive system - creating the ability to intercept a target missile in the boost, midcourse and terminal phases of its flight.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: blue;">By 1984, with over 25-years of experience in ballistic missile defense, the Army and more specifically this command, then known as the U.S. Army Strategic Defense Command (USASDC), was given the lead in most of the SDI programs. In the boost phase, the system incorporated a Boost Surveillance and Tracking System, the Space Based Laser and the Ground Based Laser. The Army shared responsibility for the SBL with the Air Force, while it was assigned sole control over the GBL.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: blue;">In the midcourse phase, the SDI system architecture envisioned a Space-Based Surveillance and Tracking System, a Space Based Interceptor (SBI), a Neutral Particle Beam, and the Exoatmospheric Reentry-vehicle Interceptor Subsystem (ERIS). The Air Force oversaw the development of the SSTS and the SBI and shared responsibility with USASDC for the NPB. The Army directed the development of the ERIS. The final layer of defense, the terminal phase, employed the Airborne Optical Adjunct, the Ground Based Radar, the Ground Based Surveillance and Tracking System (GSTS) and the High Endoatmospheric Defense Interceptor (HEDI). The USASDC was the lead on all of these programs. Finally, development of a Battle Management/Command, Control and Communications system was shared by all three primary elements: the Air Force, the Army and SDI Organization.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://www.globalsecurity.org/space/systems/images/sdi-image01.jpg"><img src="http://www.globalsecurity.org/space/systems/images/sdi-image01-s.jpg" style="border: 0px; padding-right: 10px;" /></a> <a href="http://www.globalsecurity.org/space/systems/images/sdi-image02.jpg"><img src="http://www.globalsecurity.org/space/systems/images/sdi-image02-s.jpg" style="border: 0px; padding-right: 10px;" /></a></span></span></center>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: blue;">When President Reagan announced the establishment of SD1 in 1983, he said that its goal was to eliminate the threat posed by Soviet nuclear ballistic missiles. Through its studies, research, and technology development activities, SD10 concluded that this goal can best be achieved through a phased deployment program. Each phase would be required to meet specific military and policy objectives and provide the basis for deploying subsequent phases.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: blue;">In 1987 SDI0 established an initial architecture, called Phase I, for the Strategic Defense System, which would enhance deterrence of a massive Soviet attack. On September 17, 1987, the Secretary of Defense approved for demonstration and validation six Phase I elements. The approved six elements of Phase I are</span></span></div>
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<li style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: blue;">Boost Surveillance and Tracking System (BSTS)</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: blue;">Space-Based Interceptors (SBI)</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: blue;">Space-Based Surveillance and Tracking System (SSTS)</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: blue;">Ground-based Surveillance and Tracking System (GSTS)</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: blue;">Exoatmospheric Reentry Vehicle Interceptor System (ERIS)</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: blue;">Battle Management/Command, Control, and Communication (BM/C3)</span></span></li>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: blue; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; text-align: justify;">Since June 1987 SDI0 made a number of changes in the Phase I system architecture. By March 1989, for example, a ground-based radar was being considered as an option to help detect, identify, and track reentry vehicles in midcourse. SD10 revised its estimate of the quantities of sensors and weapons needed for Phase I.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: blue;">In 1989 the President directed the Department of Defense to provide suffcient information so that he could make an informed decision within 4 years on deployment of strategic defenses. He specified that particular emphasis should be given to Brilliant Pebbles, a space-based weapon system concept developed at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. In the summer of 1989, the Strategic Defense Initiative Organization (SDIO) initiated studies to identify the best spacebased weapon concept, and in February 1990 it announced that Brilliant Pebbles was replacing the Space-Based Interceptor, one of several elements in the Phase I Strategic Defense System, which has been in development since 1987.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: blue;">The space-based element of the concept includes two major pieces of hardware: an interceptor to destroy ballistic missiles and a lifejacket that houses the interceptor in space until it is launched at a target. Each interceptor is housed in a garage until launched. The garage for the Space-Based Interceptor was called a carrier vehicle, and each would have housed 10 interceptors. The garage for Brilliant Pebbles is called a lifejacket, and each will house one interceptor.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: blue;">SDIO's cost estimate for a Phase I Strategic Defense System decreased from $69.1 billion to $55.3 billion due to substituting Brilliant Pebbles for the Space-Based Interceptor. The estimated cost of Brilliant Pebbles is less than the Space-Based Interceptor primarily because the lifejacket that will house Brilliant Pebbles interceptors in space is less costly than what would have housed the Space-Based Interceptors and most of the money for risk (cost increases) was eliminated. SDI0 projected that a Brilliant Pebbles interceptor can be produced for less than half that of a Space-Based Interceptor.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: blue;">Because Brilliant Pebbles does not need information from the Space Surveillance and Tracking System, SD10 decreased the number of satellites. Additional Ground-Based Surveillance and Tracking Systems were added to Phase I to make up for the change in role of the Space Surveillance and Tracking System. Launch costs decreased primarily because the launch weight of the Brilliant Pebbles system is about 50 percent less than that of the Space-Based Interceptor system. The performance reserve for buying additional quantities of system elements was eliminated.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: blue;">In 1990 SD10 significantly revised the Phase I architecture when it replaced the Space-Based Interceptor with Brilliant Pebbles and dropped the Boost Surveillance and Tracking System. As the programs continued to progress through the decade, they were increasingly redefined by budget concerns. With the advent of the 1990s, budget cuts in the SDI program resulted in the termination in some of these technology programs. The Ground Based Laser Project Office closed in January 1991, six months after the dedication of the ground based free electron laser facility. Both directed energy programs, however, continued in a research status.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: blue;">Although President George H.W. Bush announced a plan to "vigorously pursue" the Strategic Defense Initiative in 1989, change was on the way. Later that year, President Bush commissioned an independent review of strategic requirements for a "new world order." The resulting Strategic Defense Architecture emphasized boost phase kill technologies and the Brilliant Pebbles.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: blue;">The new world order was soon upon us. 1991 saw both the advent of the "age of Star Wars" and the demise of the Soviet Union. Coined by a reporter from The Los Angeles Times, the Age of Star Wars recognized the first use of missile defense technologies to intercept a target missile during combat. At the end of that year with the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the Cold War came to an end. The new environment brought a reassessment, but not a termination of the Ballistic Missile Defense program and an increased emphasis upon the Theater Missile Defense program.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: blue;">In 1991 SDI0 dropped the Phase I architecture and replaced it with GPALS, which is focused on a global protection against accidental or unauthorized Soviet attacks and third-world threats. In his 1991 State of the Union Address, President Bush announced a new direction for the Strategic Defense Initiative. The new system known as the Global Protection Against Limited Strikes or GPALS would provide a defense against "purposeful strikes by various Third World powers developing ballistic missiles, or accidental or unauthorized launches from the U.S.S.R."</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: blue;">Between fiscal years 1985 and 1991, SD10 received $20.9 billion for research and development in five technology areas. About $6.3 billion was for sensors, $4.9 billion for directed energy weapons (DEW), $4.8 billion for kinetic energy weapons (KEW), $2.7 billion for systems analysis and battle management (SA & BM), and $2.2 billion for survivability, lethality, and other key technologies (SLKT). The Department of Energy received $1.6 billion for research on space-based nuclear power sources for SD1 weapons, X-ray laser research, and other SD1 researc</span></span></div>
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Maxmillianhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18157780153171885687noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3003895380147156708.post-4084939296633810512015-08-22T06:00:00.001+02:002015-08-22T06:00:03.395+02:00China and Russia: the world's new superpower axis? | World news | The Guardian<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
The Triad of Superpowers was the United States, Russia and China. Now it is shifting to Russia and China with the Middle East as the point of focus.<br />
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Israel will certainly opt to be the third and finally then the first Superpower.<br />
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<a href="http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jul/07/china-russia-superpower-axis">China and Russia: the world's new superpower axis? | World news | The Guardian</a><br />
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<b>The New Great Power Triangle Tilt: China, Russia Vs. U.S.</b><br />
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By JAMES KITFIELD<br />
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on June 19, 2014 at 11:46 AM<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; text-align: left;">Xi Jinping and Vladimir Putin sign $400 billion gas deal</span></td></tr>
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WASHINGTON: The careful diplomatic stagecraft behind President Barack Obama’s recent European visit to celebrate the 70th anniversary of D-Day and to rally the Western alliance against Russia’s aggression in Ukraine was all but swept aside by strong new currents in geopolitics. While Obama talked tough in Poland to reassure NATO’s vulnerable eastern members, Russian President Vladimir Putin happily visited with his Western European friends who buy huge quantities of natural gas from him. French President Francois Hollande not only hosted Putin at a dinner, he refused to cancel a $1.6 billion sale of warships to Moscow.Meanwhile, as Putin and Hollande dined in comfort at the Elysee Palace, Russian special forces were supporting an offensive by pro-Russian rebels in eastern Ukraine that overran a key border control headquarters and threatened to open a land corridor between Russia and the recently annexed province of Crimea, home to Russia’s Black Sea Fleet.<br />
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The Chinese, sitting on Russia’s southern and eastern flanks, did not miss this split in the NATO alliance. Chinese President Xi Jinping and Putin agreed in Shanghai on a joint statement papering over any concerns that the PRC might have about Moscow’s intervention in Ukraine, and the two countries signed a massive $400 billion energy deal to seal what both sides hope is a budding counterweight alliance to the West.<br />
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While Obama spoke in Europe of Russia’s perfidy and the need to strengthen NATO, Beijing celebrated the 25th anniversary of the Tiananmen Square massacre of pro-democracy demonstrators by eliminating virtually all domestic dissent. Perhaps most tellingly, as Putin attended D-Day celebrations, a high-ranking Chinese general told a regional security conference in Asia that U.S. inaction in Ukraine was an unmistakable symptom of America’s strategic “erectile dysfunction.”<br />
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“Withdrawing from wars, especially where there is not a clear-cut victory, is tricky business,” and it’s difficult to “avoid sending the signal that you’re disengaging not just from the wars, but from your broader international responsibilities,” former Defense Secretary Robert Gates said in a recent talk at the Council on Foreign Relations. Former President Richard Nixon and his Secretary of State Henry Kissinger managed it for a time after Vietnam with their bold diplomatic outreach to China, effectively splitting the communist bloc at a moment of U.S. vulnerability. “We had better relations with the Soviets, and better relations with the Chinese, than they had with each other,” noted Gates, a Kissinger protégé. “There are no such opportunities now.”<br />
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Indeed, Moscow and Beijing have rejected what they view as the United States’ aggressive post-9/11 doctrine of regime change and democracy promotion. With the US withdrawals from Iraq and Afghanistan, and our failures to act boldly in Syria and Ukraine the Chinese sense an opportunity to push back against U.S. power. That is also the subtext to Putin’s forceful move to keep Ukraine in Russia’s strategic sphere of influence as a buffer against the West, and China’s aggressive actions in pressing claims to disputed islands and airspace in its near abroad.<br />
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<b>Still Indispensable</b><br />
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In a recent speech at West Point, Obama made a strong case that the United States still stands firmly atop the global pecking order. The U.S. military has no peer, our economy remains the largest in the world, new drilling technologies make the long-sought goal of U.S. energy independence suddenly plausible, and, as Obama noted, from Europe to Asia “we are the hub of alliances unrivaled in the history of nations.”<br />
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“So the United States is and remains the one indispensable nation,” Obama said, resurrecting a description of American power coined by the Clinton administration in the unipolar moment of the post-Cold War 1990s. “That has been true for the century past, and it will be true for the century to come.”<br />
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In arguing that rumors of American decline are in some cases greatly exaggerated, Obama has a point. In his recent book, “Still Ours to Lead: America, Rising Powers, and the Tension between Rivalry and Restraint,” author Bruce Jones notes that of the top 20 economies the world, 15 of those countries are U.S. allies. Equally important, the potentially challenging powers often referred to as the “BRICs,” (Brazil, Russia, India and China) face a dilemma as they attempt to elbow their way into more prominent positions in international affairs: their economic ascent and well-being is dependent on a stable world order underwritten by U.S. power. Thus they cannot successfully challenge U.S. leadership without undermining their own interests.<br />
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“I think the Obama administration is right to play the long game, recognizing that when it comes to managing the challenging ascent of the BRIC countries, even the most powerful country in the world must make tough choices in terms of when to lead, and where to focus its resources and energies,” Jones, a senior fellow at the Brookings Institution, said in an interview. “It’s important to note, however, that in Europe, Asia and the Middle East, the only effective deterrence to regional rivalries and conflicts is still U.S. military power, and the willingness to use it.”<br />
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Putin apparently believes it when he says the breakup of the former Soviet empire was “the greatest geopolitical catastrophe of the 20th century.” He rejects outright the post-Cold War expansion of Western military and economic alliances (NATO and the European Union, respectively), as well as the U.S. strategic goal of a “Europe whole and free” that undergirds it. He opposed U.S. actions against allies and has drawn a red line against what he sees as Western encroachment in Russia’s “sphere of privileged interests” in the former Soviet space. With Russia’s 2008 invasion of Georgia and this year’s annexation of Crimea, Putin has demonstrated a willingness to use military force to defend those red lines.<br />
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“Putin is the single most powerful leader in the Kremlin since [Joseph] Stalin, because he doesn’t even have to deal with the [communist-era] Politburo,” said Strobe Talbott, who helped manage U.S.-Russian relations in the 1990s as a senior State Department official in the Clinton administration. “So the largest country on the planet in now engaged in territorial expansion and aggressive nationalism, and that country also happens to be one of the two major nuclear weapons powers,” said Talbott, speaking recently at the Brookings Institution where he is president. “That’s taking us back to the geopolitics that got us into two World Wars in the 20th century, and made a hash of the late 19th century.”<br />
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<b>A Rising China</b><br />
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While Russia rejects the U.S.-led world order, China is challenging it as a rapidly rising power that demands more influence in international affairs. With its sustained and meteoric economic growth China has replaced Japan as the world’s second largest economy, and it may surpass the United States as the number one economic power this decade. Beijing has increasingly thrown that power around by staking claims to disputed islands in the South and East China Sea, proclaiming an air defense zone that no one recognizes, and pushing back against the U.S. military presence in Asia.<br />
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On a visit to China last year, Gen. Martin Dempsey, chairman of the Joint Chiefs, witnessed first-hand the complexity of maintaining a stable Asia-Pacific order at a time when Beijing is chaffing against its constraints.<br />
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“When I met with my Chinese military counterparts they said, ‘This is great, we’re going to take a blank sheet of paper and build a new relationship.’ And I replied, ‘Well, not so fast.’ It just so happens the United States already has some writing on our paper, so it’s not blank,” Dempsey told me in a recent interview. For starters the United States boasts historic treaty alliances with South Korea, Japan, Australia, and the Philippines. “And I said, ‘Surely you wouldn’t ask us to ignore those relationships?’ Well, of course the Chinese would love for us to ignore them!” said Dempsey. The United States has no choice but to try and manage those complicated relationships and a patchwork of controversial territorial issues in the Asia-Pacific region, he said, “with a China that’s rising in the international order, and Chinese leaders who may not feel that they’ve had a sufficient voice in establishing that order.”<br />
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<b>A Sino-Russian Alliance</b><br />
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In times of East-West tensions in the post-Cold War era, Moscow and Beijing periodically flirted with a strategic partnership as a counterweight to the U.S.-led transatlantic alliance. Most notably that occurred during NATO’s Kosovo campaign in 1999 against Moscow’s ally Serbia, which included the accidental bombing of the Chinese embassy in Belgrade; in the run-up to the Iraq invasion that was opposed by both Moscow and Beijing; and during the current crises in Ukraine and the South China Sea that prompted the recent signing of an energy pact between Russia and China.<br />
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Natural impediments have prevented a lasting strategic alliance between China and Russia, including their own territorial disputes in Siberia; economic trade between Russia and Europe, and between China and the United States, that far outweigh their trade with each other; and the strategic dichotomy between a revisionist power intent on reversing the current world order, and a rising power focused on bending it to Beijing’s will.<br />
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“In the 21st century of globalization, the major powers like the United States, Russia, China and Europe are bound together by tightly integrated web of mutual economic interests,” said Nicholas Burns, director of the Future of Diplomacy Project at Harvard’s Kennedy School of Government, and a former senior State Department official. As a declining power Russia is going to discover that it can’t realistically divorce itself from Europe, he said, just as China as a growing power understands that it’s most important relationship is with the United States. “Though balancing that relationship with Beijing will be the most important strategic challenge we face,” said Burns.<br />
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The current crises in Ukraine and the South China Sea that have driven Moscow and Beijing into each other’s arms also underscore the fundamental weakness in the Russia-Chinese alliance: both have led neighbors in Europe and Asia to seek strategic partnerships with the United States and to strengthen their military capabilities.<br />
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“I think the energy deal between Russia and China does represent geopolitical pushback against the United States, but the hegemonic impulses behind Russia’s annexation of Crimea and China’s aggressive claims to disputed islands and airspace are pushing their smaller neighbors to embrace the United States,” said Thomas Pickering, the former U.S. ambassador to Russia and number-three in the State Department. “That’s why I still think the United States’ geostrategic position remains strong relative to Russia and China.”<br />
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Despite those natural advantages the very fact that a revanchist Russia and a rising China have found common cause in opposing the status quo power of the United States is a worrisome development, especially at a time of war-weariness and retrenchment in Washington. Even Richard Nixon’s post-Vietnam outreach to China didn’t deter a Middle East crisis in 1973 that very nearly had the United States and the Soviet Union fighting on different sides of the Arab-Israeli war.<br />
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<b>New Alliance May Not Last</b><br />
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“The Obama administration is probably right that a geopolitical alliance between Russia and China will not prove lasting, but we should be worried that Moscow and Beijing are both reacting to what they perceive as a combination of American provocation and weakness, which is dangerous,” said Dmitri Simes, president of the Center for the National Interest. Before World War II, he noted, Western politicians and commentators rightly predicted that an alliance between a communist Soviet Union and a fascist Nazi Germany was unlikely and unsustainable. “And they were right, the Hitler-Stalin alliance only lasted a couple of years,” he said. “But in that short time Germany conquered Poland and occupied France, and created an entirely different geopolitical reality. Likewise, even a short-term Sino-Russian alliance, if mishandled by the United States, could cause us huge problems.”<br />
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SntMartyrhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11197760281270769367noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3003895380147156708.post-5457902111381652522015-08-22T06:00:00.000+02:002015-08-22T06:00:03.045+02:00Gangbusters: Fathers Australia<a href="http://fightagainststasigangstalking.blogspot.com/2014/07/fathers-australia.html">Gangbusters: Fathers Australia</a><br />
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http://fathersunionaustralia.com/wp/study-law-courses-online-australia/high-court-corruption-revealed-corruption-revealed/<br />
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<a href="http://fathersunionaustralia.com/wp/" rel="home">Fathers Australia</a></h1>
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Freedom Guardianship Justice Equality</h2>
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HIGH COURT CORRUPTION REVEALED CORRUPTION REVEALED</h1>
</header>Fight Child Protection Department Corruption:<br />
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<a href="http://www.lukesarmy.com/content/high-court-corruption-revealed-corruption-revealed"> </a><a href="http://www.lukesarmy.com/content/high-court-corruption-revealed-corruption-revealed" target="_blank"><img alt="HIGH COURT CORRUPTION REVEALED CORRUPTION
REVEALED" src="http://www.lukesarmy.com/sites/g/files/g607566/f/styles/large/public/201402/HIGH%20COURT%20CORRUPTION%20REVEALED%20CORRUPTION%20REVEALED.jpg?itok=Mz-UjEiO" height="400" width="301" /></a><br />
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This is a media release which explains the connection between the (corrupt as in acting illegally) Australian High Court and the Family Court.<br />
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Thousands of Australian parents are having their children taken illegally from them, as well as property, by illegal, corrupt orders in the Family Court. This must stop. The High Court is the one to do it – and it is refusing to do so.<br />
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…..NEWS RELEASE …… 07/02/2014 …… NEWS RELEASE…. 07/02/2014 …<br />
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HIGH COURT CORRUPTION REVEALED<br />
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For the first time in Australian history, corruption has been revealed in the High Court.<br />
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Australians’ direct access to review by the High Court is guaranteed by our Constitution and it is being refused.<br />
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This week Australian Deputy Prime Minister Truss asked High Court Chief Justice French to file a case against corrupt judges, some of them in the High Court itself (letter attached).<br />
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Earlier, High Court judges Keifel, Bell and Crennan each defied the Australian Constitution to refuse three applicants their right to justice under section 75 (v). This is corruption at the highest level, according to legal definition of the term.<br />
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The case has implications for all Australians, many of whom are unaware that this section in the Constitution was deliberately placed there to provide protection against corrupt Federal government officers, such as Family Court judges.<br />
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For 15 years the legal and judicial fraternity has covered up injustices and corruption in the secretive Family Court. Only the High Court has power to review the Family Court. Judges can only be sacked by Parliament.<br />
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Legally trained whistleblower Bruce Bell is on the run because of his information about corrupt officials in the Family Court who benefit from drug dealing and paedophilia.<br />
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Mr Bell said thousands of families were being affected by corrupt decisions in the Family Court, which had resulted in children being knowingly placed in the ‘care’ of abusers.<br />
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“Filing against corrupt Federal public officials under s 75 (v) is a crucial Constitutional right of all Australians,” he said.<br />
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“The High Court is refusing to take action where the Constitution says it must. “The unrelated co-applicants in this case have both had the problem of the other parent sexually abusing their sons.<br />
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“Yet three years ago when the High Court was first asked to protect these children, the case was refused filing.<br />
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“Many other parents have had the same kind of trouble in the Family Courts and been illegally denied the protection of the High Court.”<br />
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Mr Bell said suppression of vital evidence and acceptance by judges of biased material from the Bar table was commonplace and unforgivable.<br />
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Not only were children being illegally taken from the better parent, but properties also were being stolen through corrupt Court orders and sold to persons unknown.<br />
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“The worst aspect of needlessly secret courts like the Family and State Children’s Courts is that they breed corruption very fast,” he said.<br />
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For more information: contact Kevin 0437 003353 or Jenny 0402 025157<br />
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<a href="http://www.lukesarmy.com/sites/g/files/g607566/f/201402/High%20Court%20Truss%20Ltr%2006%2002%2014.pdf">High Court Truss Ltr 06 02 14.pdf</a><br />
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<a href="http://fightagainststasigangstalking.blogspot.com/2014/07/fathers-australia.html">Gangbusters: Fathers Australia</a><br />
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<a href="http://fightagainststasigangstalking.blogspot.com/2014/07/topix-gang-stalking-murder-harbor.html">Gangbusters: Topix: gang stalking murder Harbor lights shelter mpls</a><br />
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<a href="http://fightagainststasigangstalking.blogspot.com/2014/07/how-do-you-measure-cover-ups-corruption.html">Gangbusters: HOW DO YOU MEASURE Cover-Ups? Corruption and Racketeering in Entertainment & Media, Judiciary & Police</a><br />
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<a href="http://fightagainststasigangstalking.blogspot.com/2014/07/from-my-story-of-gang-stalking.html">Gangbusters: From: My Story of Gang Stalking, Corruption and Domestic Terrorism</a><br />
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<a href="http://fightagainststasigangstalking.blogspot.com/2014/07/corrupt-courts-and-judges.html">Gangbusters: Corrupt Courts and Judges</a><br />
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<a href="http://fightagainststasigangstalking.blogspot.com/2014/07/london-bombings-2005.html">Gangbusters: London Bombings 2005</a><br />
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<a href="http://fightagainststasigangstalking.blogspot.com/2014/07/stop-infowar-against-civilians.html">Gangbusters: STOP THE INFOWAR AGAINST CIVILIANS!</a><br />
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<a href="http://fightagainststasigangstalking.blogspot.com/2014/07/lissas-humane-life-targeted-individual.html">Gangbusters: Lissa's Humane Life: Targeted Individual Gloria Canzater Welburn Gives Testimony to Bill Windsor of Lawless America April 30, 2013 by Lissakrhumanelife</a><br />
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<a href="http://fightagainststasigangstalking.blogspot.com/2014/07/juden-antichrist-gangstalking.html">Gangbusters: Juden Antichrist Gangstalking</a><br />
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<a href="http://fightagainststasigangstalking.blogspot.com/search/label/CORRUPTION%20REVEALED" rel="tag" style="background-color: white; color: #33aaff; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21.600000381469727px;">CORRUPTION REVEALED</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #999999; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21.600000381469727px;">, </span><a href="http://fightagainststasigangstalking.blogspot.com/search/label/Fight%20Child%20Protection%20Department%20Corruption" rel="tag" style="background-color: white; color: #6699cc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21.600000381469727px; text-decoration: none;">Fight Child Protection Department Corruption</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #999999; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21.600000381469727px;">, </span><a href="http://fightagainststasigangstalking.blogspot.com/search/label/HIGH%20COURT%20CORRUPTION%20REVEALED" rel="tag" style="background-color: white; color: #6699cc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21.600000381469727px; text-decoration: none;">HIGH COURT CORRUPTION REVEALED</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #999999; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21.600000381469727px;">, </span><a href="http://fightagainststasigangstalking.blogspot.com/search/label/Kidnapping%20Gangstalking%20and%20Corrupt%20Courts%20and%20Judges" rel="tag" style="background-color: white; color: #6699cc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21.600000381469727px; text-decoration: none;">Kidnapping Gangstalking and Corrupt Courts and Judges</a></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3003895380147156708.post-64993735944740130112015-08-21T06:00:00.000+02:002015-08-22T03:04:44.693+02:00Global Security.org - World Wide Aircraft Carriers<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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World Wide Aircraft Carriers</span></h1>
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<a href="http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/ship/images/cvn-diplomacy.jpg"><span style="background-color: white; color: #073763;"><img src="http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/ship/images/cvn-diplomacy-m.jpg" style="border: 0px; padding-right: 10px;" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #073763;">An aircraft carrier is a ship that is capable of operating fixed wing aircraft, including jump-jets such as the Harrier. America has nearly twice as many aircraft carriers - 19 - as the rest of humanity combined - 12 - and America's aircraft carriers are substantially larger than almost all the other's aircraft carriers. The Navy likes to call the big Nimitz class carriers "4.5 acres of sovereign and mobile American territory" -- and all nineteen American carriers of all classes add up to nearly over 65 acres of deck space. Deckspace is probably a good measure of combat power. The rest of the world's carriers have about 28 acres of deck space, less than half that of America's [until 2011, this number was only 15 acres, but new Chinese, Indian and Italian vessels upped the total appreciably].</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #073763;">There is no hard and fast precise definition of an "aircraft carrier" and some smaller aviation related ships are not included here. The Italian <a href="http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/europe/san-giorgio.htm">San Giorgio</a> class small dock landing ships and Japan's <a href="http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/japan/osumi.htm">Osumi</a> class Landing Ship Tank (LST) resemble diminuative aircraft carriers, but lack a hangar deck which would provide an enclosed maintenance area. Although Helicopter Destroyers such as Italy's<a href="http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/europe/vittorio-veneto.htm">Vittorio Veneto</a> and Japan's <a href="http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/japan/haruna.htm">Haruna</a> and <a href="http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/japan/shirane.htm">Shirane</a> have hangars, these hybrid vessels are clearly outside any reasonable definition of an aircraft carrier.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #073763;">The United Kingdom does not presentaly have an aircraft carrier, as it has no fixed-wing aircraft capable of operating from available ships. The demise of the Harrier jump jet, culminating in the fleet's sale for parts to the United States in December 2011, marked the irreversible beginning of Britain's carrier strike 'holiday' as set out in the 2010 Strategic Defence and Security Review.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #073763;">The United Kingdom planned construction of a pair of <a href="http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/europe/cvf.htm">CVF Queen Elizabeth class</a> CTOL big deck carriers, though may not operated both of them. France has decided not to build a conventionally-powered <a href="http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/europe/dpa.htm">Second Aircraft Carrier</a> to pair with the Charles de Gaulle. These ships will have a displacement of upwards of 60,000 tons, surpassing American amphibious assault ships.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #073763;">Negotiations between Russia and India began in 1994 for the sale of the 45,500 tons full load <a href="http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/r-vikramaditya.htm">Admiral Gorshkov</a>, and on 20 January 2004 it was announced that India and Russia had signed a $1.6 billion deal finalizing the sale, with delivery expected in 2008 [by 2007 delayed to possibly 2011]. in fact, the Vikramaditya, arrived at a naval base in Kanwar in the western state of Karnataka on January 07, 2014. In April 2005 India began construction of the 37,500-ton displacement <a href="http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/ads.htm">Air Defense Ship</a> indigenous carrier. While the Indian government claims that this first home-built carrier, the Vikrant, would be fully operational by 2018, Indian Navy sources say that date is closer to 2020 since the ship was only about 30 percent complete when launched in 2013.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #073763;">Argentina no longer operates an aircraft carrier, having paid off the <a href="http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/argentina/25-de-mayo.htm">25° de Mayo</a> in January of 1999, at which time she was towed away for scrapping in India by March 2000. Australia no longer operates an aircraft carrier, having decommissioned HMAS Melbourne (ex HMAS Majestic) 30 June 1982. She was sold in February 1985, to China United Shipbuilding Company, and reportedly broken up. But in January 2001, it was reported that China has been using her flight deck for pilot training. Canada, Germany, and the Netherlands also operated carriers in the mid-20th century, but gave it up many decades ago.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #073763;">After years of speculation, In August 2011 China's first <a href="http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/china/cv.htm">aircraft carrier the Shi Lang ex-Varyag</a> finally put to sea. In 1998 China bought from Ukraine the Varyag, a 67,500-ton Kuznetsov-class attack aircraft carrier about two-thirds complete. The August 2009 US Office of Naval Intelligence report "The People's Liberation Army Navy: A Modern Navy With Chinese Characteristics" stated "This carrier is expected to become operational in the 2010 to 2012 timeframe, and will likely be used to develop basic proficiencies in carrier operations." According to the US Department of Defense's Annual Report to Congress on The Military Power of the People's Republic of China for 2010, "China has an active aircraft carrier research and development program. The PRC shipbuilding industry could start construction of an indigenous platform by the end of this year. China is interested in building multiple operational aircraft carriers with support ships in the next decade."</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #073763;">A pair of amphibious assault ships capable of embarking AV-8 Harrier fixed wing aircraft recently entered service: the Italian <a href="http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/europe/num.htm">Conte di Cavour [ex-Luigi Einaudi [NUM]]</a> and the <a href="http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/europe/bpe.htm">Juan Carlos I Buque de Proyección Estratégica</a> in Spain. The a pair of similar <a href="http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/europe/mistral.htm">Mistral [NTCD]</a>in France are not considered aircraft carriers, as France does not operate that AV-8 Harrier. Italy and Spain thus join the United States and India in having more than one aircraft carrier, an essential pre-requisite for having full time continuous naval aviation, ship maintenance requirements notwithstanding.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #073763;">Japan was a pioneer in carrier based aviation prior to the Second World War, but <a ddh-x-aircraft-carrier.htm="" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3003895380147156708" japan="" military="" world="">has not operated aircraft carriers since that time, as they are considered offensive rather than defensive weapons</a>. In recent years, Japan has built a succession of small "carrier-like" vessels, including four <a href="http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/japan/ddh-x.htm">"13,500 ton" [light]</a> but nothing approaching an actual aircraft carrier. Japan is currently building a pair of<a href="http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/japan/22ddh.htm">22DDH </a>helicopter destroyers that are aircraft carriers in everything but name, with <a href="http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/japan/22ddh-schem-2.htm">a larger flightdeck [though not displacement] than the aircraft carriers with which Japan attacked Pearl Harbor</a>. Although nominally intended to support helicopters, these new ships could easily accomodate the VSTOL F-35B attack aircraft. The designation 22DDH is short for helicopter destroyer project, Heisei Year 22. Heisei is the name of the reign of the current emperor. Each emperor's reign is named, i.e. Meiji, Showa, etc. Heisei 22 is the 22nd year of rule by Emperor Akihito.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #073763;">A number of medium sized amphibious assault ships are currently under constructio, In early 2004 the Netherlands expressed interest in acquiring an <a href="http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/europe/rnn-ras.htm">underway replenishment ship</a>with features similar to those of the Spanish <a href="http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/europe/bpe.htm">Buque de Proyección Estratégica</a> and the UK's <a href="http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/europe/ocean.htm">Ocean</a>. In August 1994 Australia announced plans to evaluate the <a href="http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/europe/mistral.htm">Mistral [NTCD]</a> and<a href="http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/europe/bpe.htm">Buque de Proyección Estratégica</a> for purchase of a pair of units, with commissioning of a design based on the later expected in 2014-2015. These ships all have a displacement of roughly 20,000 tons. Whether any of them would count as "aircraft carriers" depends on whether they operate fixed wing aircraft [neccessarily VSTOL], as seems likely in Italy and Spain, or only helicopters, as is expected for the some of the rest.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #073763;">Sometimes it is difficult to understand the scope of American military power relative to that of the rest of the world. This graphic illustrates America's aircraft carriers, and those of the rest of the world. Each icon is an accurate depiction of the flight deck of the ship as seen from above, all to a common scale. Each of the middle column of ships is roughly the size of the Empire State Building.</span></div>
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Maxmillianhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18157780153171885687noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3003895380147156708.post-27196089929610088542015-08-20T06:00:00.000+02:002015-08-20T06:00:03.257+02:00The Catholic Creed: Christian Creed of the Whole Catholic Church throughout time until the Second Coming of Our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<a href="http://thecatholiccreed.blogspot.com/2014/12/christian-creed-of-whole-catholic.html">The Catholic Creed: Christian Creed of the Whole Catholic Church throughout time until the Second Coming of Our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ</a><br />
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<a href="http://thecatholiccreed.blogspot.com/2011/12/creed-of-whole-and-undivided-church-as.html">Apostles Creed</a><br />
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I believe in God the Father almighty, <a href="http://thecatholiccreed.blogspot.com/2011/12/god-his-infinite-existence-and.html">Creator</a> of heaven and earth; and in <a href="http://thecatholiccreed.blogspot.com/2011/11/traditional-catholic-prayers-jesus.html">Jesus Christ</a> his only Son, our Lord; who was <a href="http://thecatholiccreed.blogspot.com/2014/02/jesus-and-mary-truth.html">conceived by the Holy Spirit</a>, born of the Virgin Mary; suffered under Pontius Pilate, was <a href="http://thecatholiccreed.blogspot.com/2013/03/the-meaning-of-pasch-of-christians.html">crucified</a>, died, and was buried; he descended into the <a href="http://thecatholiccreed.blogspot.com/2011/11/baptism-into-christ-jesus.html">bosom of Abraham</a>: the third day he<a href="http://thecatholiccreed.blogspot.com/2008/01/resurrection-of-lord-jesus-christ.html"> rose again from the dead</a>; he ascended into heaven, and sitteth on the right hand of God the Father almighty; from thence he shall come <a href="http://thecatholiccreed.blogspot.com/2008/01/resist-sin.html">to judge the quick and the dead</a>. I believe in the Holy Spirit; t<a href="http://thecatholiccreed.blogspot.com/2008/11/remnant-which-is-church.html">he holy catholic church</a>; the communion of saints; the forgiveness of sins; the <a href="http://thecatholiccreed.blogspot.com/2008/01/resurrection-of-lord-jesus-christ.html">resurrection of the body</a>; and the <a href="http://thecatholiccreed.blogspot.com/2008/01/blessed-are-dead-who-die-in-lord.html">life everlasting</a>. Amen.<br />
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<a href="http://thecatholiccreed.blogspot.com/2009/01/early-church-governance-and-then-canons.html">Nicene Creed</a><br />
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I believe in one God, the Father Almighty, <a href="http://thecatholiccreed.blogspot.com/2008/01/there-is-no-evolution.html">Creator of heaven and earth</a>, and of all things visible and invisible.<br />
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And in one Lord Jesus Christ, the only-begotten Son of God, begotten [engendered] of the Father before all ages; God of God, Light of Light, very God of very God; begotten [engendered], not made, being of one substance with the Father, by whom all things were made.<br />
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Who, for us men for our salvation, came down from heaven, and was <a href="http://thecatholiccreed.blogspot.com/2008/05/let-us-make-this-clear-before-venturing.html">incarnate by the Holy Spirit of the virgin Mary</a>, <a href="http://thecatholiccreed.blogspot.com/2008/01/sermon-on-mount-of-our-lord-jesus.html">and was made man</a>; and was crucified also for us under Pontius Pilate; He suffered and was buried; and the third day He rose again, according to the Scriptures; and ascended into heaven, and sits on the right hand of the Father; and He shall come again, with glory, <a href="http://thecatholiccreed.blogspot.com/2008/01/st-jerome-on-synderesis.html">to judge the quick and the dead</a>; whose kingdom shall have no end.<br />
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And I believe in the Holy Spirit, the Lord and Giver of Life; who proceeds from the Father [and the Son]; who with the Father and the Son together is worshipped and glorified; who spoke by the prophets.<br />
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And I believe <a href="http://thecatholiccreed.blogspot.com/2008/11/decree-against-communism.html">one holy catholic and apostolic Church</a>. I acknowledge one <a href="http://thecatholiccreed.blogspot.com/2013/05/the-final-trial-traditional-catholic.html">baptism</a> for the remission of <a href="http://thecatholiccreed.blogspot.com/2008/01/synderesis.html">sins</a>; and I look for the <a href="http://thecatholiccreed.blogspot.com/2013/06/at-end-of-time.html">resurrection of the dead</a>, and the life of the world to come. Amen.</div>
SntMartyrhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11197760281270769367noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3003895380147156708.post-22038808300514233362015-08-19T06:00:00.000+02:002015-08-19T06:00:08.891+02:00The Nuclear Terror Card excerpted from the book Covert Action the Roots of Terrorism<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<a href="http://www.thirdworldtraveler.com/CIA/Nuclear_Terror_Card_CA.html">The Nuclear Terror Card excerpted from the book Covert Action the Roots of Terrorism</a><br />
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<br />
<span style="color: white;">The Nuclear Terror Card</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">excerpted from the book</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">Covert Action</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">the Roots of Terrorism</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">edited by Ellen Ray and William H. Schaap</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">Ocean Press, 2003, paper</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: white;">Introduction</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: white;">Ellen Ray and William H. Schaap</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: white;">p235</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">In considering nuclear force, Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld advised the Pentagon to "think the unthinkable."</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: white;">The United States is considering military action against "40 to 50 countries," announced Vice-President Dick Cheney.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: white;">"If we... just wage a total war, our children will sing great songs about us years from now," was how the Chairman of the Defense Policy Board, Richard Perle, put it.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: white;">p235</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">It is terrifying when the world's only superpower is in the hands of a cabal that seems not merely to believe in Armageddon, but to relish the thought The links between Christian fundamentalists and the pro-lsrael Zionist fundamentalists. They all love the bomb.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: white;">The nuclear policy posturing of George W. Bush is chillingly transparent. The president asserted in the 2000 campaign that there was no longer any need for "a nuclear balance of terror," but after he took office, his Pentagon hawks prepared a Nuclear Policy Review, which was leaked to the press in early 2002. It appeared at first glance to call for a sharp reduction in U.S. dependence on nuclear weapons, along with an expansion of the use of conventional weapons. An initial news report quoted Deputy Secretary of Defense Paul Wolfowitz saying the policy review "includes a much reduced level of nuclear strike capability." The United States, It appeared, was going to put two-thirds of its nuclear arsenal in storage; Russia would do the same.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: white;">But the real effect of the new policy, follow-up reports revealed, was to lower the threshold for the use of nuclear arms, to increase the likelihood of their use, not the contrary. The plan was to speed up the development and stockpiling of "lower-yield" nukes, tactical weapons for use in limited conflicts, to take out specific enemy installations, especially underground ones like the deep caves in Afghanistan or the thick walls of the underground bunkers in Iraq. Nuclear weapons are no longer seen as tools of deterrence, but as tools of warfare. The talk is of "mini-nukes," "neutron bombs," "bunker-busters," and of "enhanced radiation weapons." There is also reference to "e-bombs," high-powered microwave emissions designed to wipe out enemy equipment. The review further identifies Russia, China, North Korea, Iraq, Iran, Syria and Libya as potential nuclear targets.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: white;">As a result of the advocacy and adoption of this policy, the United States and consequently the other nuclear superpowers, have abandoned earlier commitments to the reduction of nuclear arsenals as overall policy goals. While they want to prevent new members from joining the nuclear club, the United States has withdrawn from the ABM Treaty and threatens to scrap or ignore other conventions against weapons of mass destruction even as it bemoans their proliferation. Washington's nuclear fever has awesome repercussions in China, North Korea, Pakistan and India, any of whom might become embroiled in a nuclear conflict. Neither India nor Pakistan rejects the notion of nuclear war. And, as the Pentagon has contingency plans for using tactical nuclear weapons against North Korean nuclear sites, it and China threaten to retaliate.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: white;">The key to this development, in fact, overturning 50 years of international consensus, is not Iraq, but North Korea, a long-standing obsession of many key administration officials. J.D. Crouch, for example, the Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security, has long called for returning nuclear weapons to South Korea and for using force to destroy the North Korean nuclear complex. The underground facilities in North Korea were the impetus for the development of bunker-busters long before the world learned of Osama bin Laden's caves. North Korea is the justification for Washington's plan to station missiles along the West Coast and in Alaska, even before they have been fully tested and why it has sent dozens of bombers to Guam.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: white;">While the United States insisted on the need for multilateral negotiations over the threat posed by North Korea's reactivation of its nuclear facilities and refused to engage in any dialog with Pyongyang, it was merely buying time to deal unilaterally with Iraq before dealing unilaterally with North Korea. The administration clearly is as prepared to "go it alone" in Korea as it is in Iraq. The president said of his efforts to convince North Korea to shut down its facilities, if they "don't work diplomatically, they'll have to work militarily."</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: white;">The threat of a second Korean War is real. U.S. belligerence is escalating and it only fuels the understandable paranoia of the North Koreans. At the same time, it terrifies the South Koreans, for whom the first Korean War was incredibly destructive and whose people were the victims of U.S. war crimes during that conflict. The Defense Department commenced the redeployment of some 12,000 U.S. combat troops stationed along the demilitarized zone, allegedly because they were easy targets for North Korean retaliation in the event a provocative U.S. action. The move is seen as far more frightening by the South Koreans, who viewed these northernmost troops as limiting the likelihood of a direct U.S. attack on North Korea's nuclear facilities. The Pentagon, meantime, noted that a new conflict on the Korean peninsula could kill a million people. Yet another surreal aspect of the current administration posturing is Rumsfeld's role in North Korea's nuclear status. He was on the board of the Swiss-based technology giant ABB when, in early 2000, it entered into a $200 million nuclear power station contract with Pyongyang.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: white;">Intoxicated with the impending opportunity to field test every possible newfangled weapon, military brass are speaking with awesome acronyms of the "RMA"-the revolution in military affairs-concentrated in "NCW" -network centric warfare-to counter "asymmetric" challenges. Anything is possible with technological superiority. Our computers will zap their computers. And meanwhile tactical nuclear weapons are being integrated into NCA.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: white;">The open talk of the U.S. use of nuclear weapons in Iraq, including pre-emptive use, only increases the likelihood that Israel will avail itself of this option, as it asserts itself into the conflict, something most observers think is inevitable. And Washington's atomic warmongering does nothing to foster nuclear restraint in Russia or China, much less North Korea.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: white;">While Washington demanded that Iraq and North Korea abide by UN resolutions and international treaties and forgo nuclear capability, it steadfastly flouted such resolutions and treaties over the years, actively assisting Israel and apartheid South Africa in nuclear development. Though the apartheid regime is gone, along with its atomic weapons program (having simply been moved north to a more pro-U.S. neighbor), Israel became one of the nuclear superpowers, willing since the October 1973 war to use them on its neighbors. Since the first Gulf War, in fact, Israel has moved from number six to number five in the nuclear club, now with more thermonuclear warheads than the United Kingdom, reportedly between 200 and 500. Both Israel and the United States speak fondly of neutron bombs, miniature thermonuclear devices designed to kill as many people as possible while inflicting as little property damage as possible. They are reportedly a staple in the Israeli nuclear arsenal, a convenient weapon in future Middle East wars. Indeed, Israel's nuclear program is a source of deep resentment and fear in the Middle East and there is no likelihood it will be constrained.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: white;">Not content to be the nuclear superpower in its region, Israel insists it must be the only nation in the Middle East with any nuclear capacity. As its then Deputy Chief of Staff put it in 1992, "I believe that the State of Israel should from now on use all its power and direct all its efforts to preventing nuclear developments in any Arab state whatsoever."</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: white;">Israel, as it happens, provides a little-known precedent for the frustrations currently expressed by nuclear weapons inspectors in Iraq. U.S. inspectors were sent to Israel in the 1960s to inspect the then secret reactor at Dimona, a move reluctantly approved by Prime Minister Ben-Gurion in order to prevent international inspections. Nevertheless, they were tightly controlled, lied to, shown false control panels pasted over the real ones and led past bricked up entrances to hidden rooms. The program, little more than a fig leaf, was abandoned in 1969 when Nixon and Kissinger concluded (perhaps with a sigh of relief) that Israel had irrevocably achieved nuclear capability.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: white;">The United States no longer pays even lip service to non-proliferation having rejected the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty and moved ahead with a National Missile Defense program, reviving the Star Wars fantasies of the Reagan era and seriously threatening the weaponization of space. When the current U.S. administration took office, Rumsfeld announced that Washington "must have the option to deploy weapons in space"; the United States must "control space." Bush spoke of "total management of the planet."</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: white;">Hiroshima: Needless Slaughter, Useful Terror</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">by William Blum</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">CAQ 1995</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: white;">p240</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">For months Japan was desperately trying to surrender. With full knowledge that the war could be ended on its terms, without a land invasion, the U.S. dropped two atomic bombs. Rather than the last act of World War II, this attack was the opening shot of the Cold War.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: white;">Rejected Overtures</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: white;">After the war, the world learned what U.S. Ieaders had known by early 1945: Japan was militarily defeated long before Hiroshima; it had been trying for months, if not for years, to surrender; and the United States had consistently rebuffed these overtures. A May 5 [1945] cable, intercepted and decoded by the United States, dispelled any possible doubt that the Japanese were eager to sue for peace. Sent to Berlin by the German ambassador in Tokyo, after he talked to a ranking Japanese naval officer, it read: "Since the situation is clearly recognized to be hopeless, large sections of the Japanese armed forces would not regard with disfavor a U.S. request for capitulation even if the terms were hard."'</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">As far as is known, Washington did nothing to pursue this opening. Later that month, Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson almost capriciously dismissed three separate high-level recommendations from within the administration to activate peace negotiations. The proposals advocated signaling Japan that the United States was willing to consider the all-important retention of the emperor system; i.e., the United States would not insist upon "unconditional surrender."</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: white;">Stimson, like other high U.S. officials, did not really care in principle whether or not the emperor was retained. The term "unconditional surrender" was always a propaganda measure; wars are always ended with some kind of conditions. To some extent the insistence was a domestic consideration-not wanting to appear to "appease" the Japanese. More important, however, it reflected a desire that the Japanese not surrender before the bomb could be used. One of the few people who had been aware of the Manhattan Project from the beginning, Stimson had come to think of it as his bomb, "my secret," as he called it in his diary. On June 6, he told President Truman he was "fearful" that before the A-bombs were ready to be delivered, the Air Force would have Japan so "bombed out" that the new weapon "would not have a fair background to show its strength." In his later memoirs, Stimson admitted that "no effort was made and none was seriously considered, to achieve surrender merely in order not to have to use the bomb."</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: white;">And that effort could have been minimal. In July, before the leaders of the United States, Britain and the Soviet Union met at Potsdam, the Japanese Government sent several radio messages to its ambassador, Naotake Sato, in Moscow, asking him to request Soviet help in mediating a peace settlement. "His Majesty is extremely anxious to terminate the war as soon as possible said one communication. "Should, however, the United States and Great Britain insist on unconditional surrender, Japan would be forced to fight to the bitter end."</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: white;">On July 25, while the Potsdam meeting was taking place, Japan instructed Sato to keep meeting with Russian Foreign Minister Molotov to impress the Russians "with the sincerity of our desire to end the war [and] have them understand that we are trying to end hostilities by asking for very reasonable terms in order to secure and maintain our national existence and honor" (a reference to retention of the emperor).</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: white;">Having broken the Japanese code years earlier, Washington did not have to wait to be informed by the Soviets of these peace overtures; it knew immediately and did nothing. Indeed, the National Archives in Washington contains U.S. Government documents reporting similarly ill-fated Japanese peace overtures as far back as l943.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: white;">Thus, it was with full knowledge that Japan was frantically trying to end the war, that President Truman and his hardline Secretary of State, James Byrnes, included the term "unconditional surrender" in the July 26 Potsdam Declaration. This "final warning" and expression of surrender terms to Japan was in any case a charade. The day before it was issued, Harry Truman had already approved the order to release a 15 kiloton atomic bomb over the city of Hiroshima.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: white;">Political Bombshell</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: white;">Many U.S. Military officials were less than enthusiastic about the demand for unconditional surrender or use of the atomic bomb. At the time of Potsdam, Gen. Hap Arnold asserted that conventional bombing could end the war. Adm. Ernest King believed a naval blockade alone would starve the Japanese into submission. Gen. Douglas MacArthur, convinced that retaining the emperor was vital to an orderly transition to peace, was appalled at the demand for unconditional surrender. Adm. William Leahy concurred. Refusal to keep the emperor "would result only in making the Japanese desperate and thereby increase our casualty lists," he argued, adding that a nearly defeated Japan might stop fighting if unconditional surrender were dropped, as a demand. At a loss for a military explanation for use of the bomb, Leahy believed that the decision "was clearly a political one," reached perhaps "because of the vast sums that had been spent on the project.'' Finally, we have Gen. Dwight Eisenhower's account of a conversation with Stimson in which he told the Secretary of War that:</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: white;">Japan was already defeated and that dropping the bomb was completely unnecessary... I thought our country should avoid shocking world opinion by the use of a weapon whose employment was, I thought, no longer mandatory as a measure to save U.S. lives. It was my belief that Japan was, at that very moment, seeking some way to surrender with a minimum loss of "face." The secretary was deeply perturbed by my attitude, almost angrily refuting the reasons I gave for my quick conclusions.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: white;">Bomb-Slinging Diplomats</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: white;">If, as appears to be the case, U.S. policy in 1945 was based on neither the pursuit of the earliest possible peace nor the desire to avoid a land invasion we must look elsewhere to explain the dropping of the A-bombs.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: white;">It has been asserted that dropping of the atomic bombs was not so much the last military act of World War II as the first act of the Cold War. Although Japan was targeted, the weapons were aimed straight to the red heart of the Soviet Union. For three-quarters of a century the determining element of U.S. foreign policy, virtually its sine qua non, has been "the communist factor." World War II and a battlefield alliance with the Soviet Union did not bring about an ideological change in the anticommunists who owned and ran the United States. It merely provided a partial breather in a struggle that had begun with the U.S. invasion of the Soviet Union in 1918. It is hardly surprising then, that 25 years later, as the Soviets were sustaining the highest casualties of any nation in World War II, the United States systematically kept them in the dark about the A-bomb project- while sharing information with the British.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: white;">According to Manhattan Project scientist Leo Szilard, Secretary of State Byrnes had said that the bomb's biggest benefit was not its effect on Japan but its power to "make Russia more manageable in Europe.''</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: white;">The United States was planning ahead. A Venezuelan diplomat reported to his government after a May 1945 meeting that Assistant Secretary 1~ - of State Nelson Rockefeller "communicated to us the anxiety of the United States Government about the Russian attitude." U.S. officials, he said, were "beginning to speak of Communism as they once spoke of Nazism and are invoking continental solidarity and hemispheric defense against it." Churchill, who had known about the weapon before Truman, applauded and understood its use: "Here then was a speedy end to the Second World War," he said about the bomb and added, thinking of Russian advances into Europe, "and perhaps to much else besides... We now had something in our hands which would redress the balance with the Russians."</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: white;">Referring to the immediate aftermath of Nagasaki, Stimson wrote:</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: white;">In the State Department there developed a tendency to think of the bomb as a diplomatic weapon. Outraged by constant evidence of Russian perfidy, some of the men in charge of foreign policy were eager to carry the bomb for a while as their ace-in-the-hole... U.S. statesmen were eager for their country to browbeat the Russians with the bomb held rather ostentatiously on our hip.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">This policy, which came to be known as "atomic diplomacy" did not, of course, spring forth full-grown on the day after Nagasaki.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: white;">"The psychological effect on Stalin [of the bombs] was twofold," noted historian Charles L. Mee, Jr. "The Americans had not only used a doomsday machine; they had used it when, as Stalin knew, it was not militarily necessary. It was this last chilling fact that doubtless made the greatest impression on the Russians."</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: white;">Killing Nagasaki</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: white;">After the Enola Gay released its cargo on Hiroshima, common sense- common decency wouldn't apply here-would have dictated a pause long enough to allow Japanese officials to travel to the city, confirm the extent of the destruction and respond before the United States dropped a second bomb.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">At 11 o'clock in the morning of August 9, Prime Minister Kintaro Suzuki addressed the Japanese Cabinet: "Under the present circumstances I have concluded that our only alternative is to accept the Potsdam Proclamation and terminate the war."</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: white;">Moments later, the second bomb fell on Nagasaki. Some hundreds of thousands of Japanese civilians died in the two attacks; many more suffered terrible injury and permanent genetic damage.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">After the war, His Majesty the Emperor still sat on his throne and the gentlemen who ran the United States had absolutely no problem with this. They never had.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: white;">Nuclear Threats and the New World</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">by Michio Kaku</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">CAQ 1992</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: white;">p245</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">On the eve of the Gulf War, opinion polls indicated that the U.S. public was evenly split, about 45 to 45 percent, on military intervention. To tip the scales, the Bush Administration unleashed a blistering torrent of accusations, branding Saddam Hussein a threat to Middle East oil, a renegade, a trampler of international law and even a new Hitler. None of these tactics, however, proved particularly effective in rousing war fever. A sizable fraction of the U.S. people resisted administration propaganda and preferred to pursue patient negotiations, rather than to pull the trigger.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: white;">Then, the Bush Administration unleashed the unsubstantiated claim that Iraq would develop the atomic bomb within one year-even though most nuclear physicists concluded it would take about 10 years. Within days, well-meaning U.S. citizens who had grave reservations about the use of bloodshed to restore a reactionary, feudal emirate, began to wave the flag and support invasion.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: white;">Given the success of the tactic, it is not surprising that the nuclear bogeyman reared its head again. Soon after the conclusion of the Gulf War, the New York Times raised the specter of a North Korean atomic bomb. For 40 years the situation in Korea had been relatively stable and, in fact, ignored by the media. Within weeks, however, the Bush Administration created a major international crisis by focusing world attention on the alleged atomic bomb factory at Yongbyon. Similarly, it had been known for years that Cuba was building a Chernobyl-style reactor. After the Gulf War, however, the right-wing press ignited a fierce controversy by claiming that because Florida could be contaminated by a nuclear accident, a U.S. invasion of the island was justified.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: white;">Proliferation Justifies Invasion</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: white;">Nuclear threats, of course, have historically been at the heart of U.S. foreign policy and have proven extremely useful for justifying U.S. actions. This time around, however, there is a new twist added to the more traditional threats by the United States to unleash nuclear devastation on any nation challenging its powers.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: white;">In the past, preventing nuclear proliferation had been a low priority for U.S. policymakers. Now, the United States claims the right to intervene militarily around the world to stop alleged proliferation.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">Iraq, North Korea and Cuba are the first beneficiaries of this new "Bush Doctrine." As we shall see, the basis for calculating the extent of the threat these nations pose is a political judgment by U.S. policy makers, not an objective assessment by scientists and military analysts.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: white;">Now that the only other superpower, the Soviet Union, no longer exists one might conclude there is no need to threaten the use of nuclear weapons. This is not the case.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: white;">On January 14, 1991, days before the beginning of the Gulf War, the Pentagon leaked to Newsweek a major study on the use of nuclear weapons against Iraq. It publicized the Pentagon's varied contingency plans to use nuclear weapons and pointedly mentioned General Norman Schwarzkopf's request for permission to use them in the Gulf. The plan called for neutron bombs to destroy enemy troops, nuclear "earth penetrators" to vaporize underground bunker positions and hydrogen bombs detonated over Baghdad to wipe out its communications systems. During the war itself, there were approximately 300 U.S. hydrogen bombs in the Gulf aboard U.S. ships.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: white;">This policy was further clarified by a Pentagon paper leaked to the New York Times in March 1992. According to the secret draft, top priority for the future will be preventing the rise of another rival to U.S. military supremacy. It listed seven possible nations or combinations of nations which may threaten U.S. military domination of the world. A careful look at these seven possibilities, however, shows that the Pentagon is shadow boxing. Iraq, one of the contenders, for example, is devastated and has a gross national product that is one percent of the U.S. GNP. Nonetheless, the report unleashed a firestorm of protest, including diplomatically tempered outrage from some U.S. allies ranked as potential rivals. The Bush Administration tried to distance itself from this report, calling it unofficial and low-level and not the basis of U.S. foreign policy.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: white;">Two and a half months later, according to the New York Times, the Pentagon issued its final report in which it backed away from thwarting "the emergence of a new rival to U.S. military supremacy" as the primary goal for the next five years. Official policy or not, the report, which circulated among the Joint Chiefs of Staff, represents a major position within the military.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: white;">Ever eager to save the administration embarrassment, some commentators quickly labeled the report a "trial balloon" meant to test public opinion about a major defense strategy. More likely, however, it was deliberately released as a veiled warning to friends and foes alike that the United States will not tolerate threats to its military supremacy.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: white;">One of the key principles of Game Theory, developed by the mathematician John von Neumann for Pentagon nuclear war games, is that the enemy can be kept at bay by letting it know that you are prepared to unleash the "maximum level of violence" if necessary. The policy is like that of a tiger snarling in the forest; it knows that if the smaller animals ganged up, they would win. Through belligerent roaring and strutting and a few well-timed bluffs, the tiger can intimidate the other animals and keep them in line without engaging in a single fight. Likewise, the Pentagon's nuclear snarl warns the rest of the world not to tangle with the United States.</span><br />
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<span style="color: white;">Selective Proliferation</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: white;">Although adding charges of proliferation to the vocabulary of snarls and using it as a justification for intervention is a recent phenomenon, its inclusion is simply an extension of long-standing U.S. Cold War strategy. The United States has consistently dispensed support and in this case nuclear technology, to selected right-wing governments in reward for containing the Soviet Union. As Henry Kissinger once remarked, if a nation is on its way to building an atomic bomb, then why not provide certain assistance in order to influence its foreign policy.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: white;">For decades, then, while publicly decrying the spread of nuclear weapons, the United States has been providing extensive covert and overt support, including selectively proliferating bomb technology to a number of its close allies. The real threat of nuclear proliferation comes not so much from Iraq and North Korea, which have only a primitive technological base, but from those countries such as Israel, South Africa, India and Pakistan, whose nuclear weapons infrastructures are quite mature and sophisticated. Interviews in 1988 with top United States intelligence experts indicated that Israel had at least 100 atomic bombs, South Africa had up to 20, India 12 to 20 and Pakistan four. Since then, these countries have considerably modernized their nuclear production methods and accelerated bomb production.</span><br />
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<span style="color: white;">Double Standard</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: white;">In its secret nuclear facility at Kahuta, in the hills near Rawalpindi, Pakistan has been quietly amassing advanced nuclear technology. The United States gave its tacit blessing to the project largely in recognition of Pakistan's role as a strategic CIA-financed staging area for the fundamentalist rebel fight against the Soviet-backed government of Afghanistan. The Reagan Administration, in fact, pressured Congress to grant exceptions to laws requiring a cut-off of aid to Pakistan because of its nuclear program arguing that it had not yet technically assembled an atomic bomb, i.e., it was "one screw turn away" from constructing a nuclear weapon. A.Q. Kahn, head of the Pakistani nuclear program, acknowledged that the United States was fully aware that it had the bomb. "America knows it," said the father of the Pakistani atomic bomb in one candid interview. "What the CIA has been saying about our possessing the bomb is correct.'' In spring 1992, after years of adamant denial, Pakistan publicly admitted for the first time that it has the capability of building the atomic bomb.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: white;">While the United States richly rewarded Israel, South Africa and Pakistan, which all had extensive clandestine nuclear facilities, it used Iraq's primitive bomb-building efforts to justify a war. In that conflict, the United States and its allies dropped 88,500 tons of high explosives (seven times the Hiroshima bomb), killed perhaps 200,000 to 300,000 people and according to the UN reduced the country to a "preindustrial" state.</span><br />
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<span style="color: white;">Access to Fissionable Materials</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: white;">An examination of the relative strengths of nuclear programs makes the double standard clear. A first step in building an atomic bomb is obtaining or purifying from natural uranium the 20 pounds of enriched uranium, of uranium-235, necessary to fabricate one atomic bomb (less for a plutonium bomb). The two most common ways of obtaining weapons-grade uranium are manufacturing it domestically or buying it abroad on the open market. Using state-of-the-art production techniques, it takes approximately 1,000 ultracentrifuges operating for one year to purify enough enriched uranium to make a bomb. (Because U-235 is slightly lighter than U-238, the ultracentrifuge, by spinning natural uranium, can separate these two isotopes.) Pakistan is known to have about 14,000 ultracentrifuges, or enough, in principle, to make 10 to 15 atomic bombs per year. Having apparently assembled its first atomic bomb in 1986, Pakistan could now have a small nuclear arsenal.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: white;">By comparison, Iraq had 26 ultracentrifuges before the war, far too few to manufacture an atomic bomb within a year. Meanwhile, as far back as 1968, the United States provided South Africa with 230 pounds of enriched uranium to power its U.S.-made 20 megawatt Safari-1 nuclear reactor, which operates on weapons-grade (90 percent enriched) uranium. As early as August 1973, the South African Government publicly announced that it had purified a few tons of weapons-grade fuel for its nuclear reactor at Pelindaba-Valindaba. In 1975, the South African Minister of Mines, Dr. Pieter Koornhof, announced an ambitious $4.5 billion program to build a mammoth facility capable of producing 5,000 tons of enriched uranium a year. 13</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: white;">In addition, the South African Government also operates the huge 1,844 megawatt Koeberg I and II nuclear power plants. Theoretically, these plants are large enough to yield roughly 500 pounds of plutonium per year, which could then be extracted by chemical purification processes.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">Clearly, South Africa's vast nuclear program, centered at Pelindaba-Valindaba, dwarfs the puny Iraqi program by several orders of magnitude and can generously supply both its own and Israel's need for fissionable materials. The exact figures on South African plutonium refinement capability are unknown because Pretoria had refused to sign the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) until 1991.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">Iraq, by contrast, was a signatory to the NPT, allowed inspections by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) every six months and only possessed about 50 pounds of enriched uranium. Legally obtained under strict IAEA controls and supervision, this material was apparently the basis of the Bush Administration's claim-widely disputed by physicists around the world-that the Iraqis could assemble an atomic bomb within one year. In fact, only one month before the Gulf War, the IAEA had conducted its periodic inspection and stated flatly that there was no threat from this uranium. Compare the unsubstantiated charges of imminent nuclear capability launched against Iraq with the solid evidence provided six years earlier by Israeli defector Mordechai Vanunu. The nuclear technician claimed that Israel possessed possibly several hundred atomic bombs, developed at the secret Dimona plant and even sent color photographs of the nuclear bomb cores to the London Sunday Times. According to Vanunu, Dimona produces 1.2 kilograms of pure plutonium per week, or enough to manufacture four to 12 atomic bombs per year. Despite this evidence, the United States publicly supported the convenient fiction that Israel did not possess nuclear capability.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: white;">Secret Testing Revealed</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: white;">Even after it is assembled, an atomic bomb is effectively useless unless the technology has been tested; no country will risk its existence on a potential dud. To prevent testing without its knowledge, the United States launched the Vela satellite in the 1970s specifically to detect unauthorized detonations of nuclear weapons around the world.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: white;">On September 22, 1979, a storm brewed off the coast of South Africa near Prince Edward Island (1,500 miles from the Cape of Good Hope) Two Israeli Navy warships plied the rough waters.-Unexpectedly, the heavy cloud cover broke and the Vela satellite detected the fingerprint "double flash" (called NUCFLASHES in Pentagon jargon).</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: white;">Apparently the South Africans and Israelis were testing a low-yield atomic warhead that was later standardized for use by the Israeli Defense Force. Had the clouds not parted on their third test, they would have successfully evaded the Vela Satellite. As one Israeli official involved with the test said, "It was a fuckup. There was a storm and we figured it would block Vela, but there was a gap in the weather, a window and Vela got blinded by the flash." This joint South African-Israeli test was the first and only known test by a country not in the Nuclear Club since India had tested its bomb in 1974.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: white;">Developing Technology and a Credible Arsenal</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: white;">The recent UN revelations that Iraq's nuclear program was concealed and more diverse than expected do not change this basic conclusion. The new information was interesting not because it showed how advanced the project was, but because it exposed Iraq's low level of technology and high level of desperation. Unable to legally obtain ultracentrifuge technology, the country had embarked on a costly search for various alternative and antiquated methods of uranium separation.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: white;">An Iraqi defector divulged that there were three previously undisclosed nuclear sites where the Iraqis even resurrected technologies long-abandoned by the West, such as the calutron (California cyclotron). The on-site UN team found that only six to 12 of the 30 calutrons in Tarmia were usable before the war and all were damaged by the war. Iraq's admission of one pound of low-grade uranium (unsuitable for bomb use) was consistent with the state of Iraq's unfinished calutron site. Furthermore, without high speed capacitors needed for precise electronic detonation of the enriched uranium or plutonium, an Iraqi bomb would have been quite unusable. The UN found no indications that Iraq had mastered the technology of high speed capacitors.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: white;">The Single Bomb Fallacy</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: white;">Even if Iraq had been able to manufacture a bomb, a single nuclear weapon, contrary to public perception, does not constitute a credible military threat, nor does it have much military value in an armed conflict. A substantial stockpile is another matter.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: white;">Israel has perhaps the world's sixth largest nuclear arsenal, now estimated at 300 atomic bombs. During the 1973 October War, the Israelis were poised to fire their nuclear weapons at the Arabs if the battle had turned against them. After the 1973 war, the Israeli Defense Force apparently established three nuclear-capable battalions, each with 12 self-propelled 175-mm nuclear cannons. Three nuclear artillery shells were stockpiled for each weapon, making a total of 108 warheads for these nuclear cannons alone.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: white;">Adding to its nuclear potency, only Israel, of all the nations not in the Nuclear Club, has mastered the more advanced thermonuclear hydrogen bomb technology. The pictures released by Vanunu and shown to nuclear physicists at U.S. weapons laboratories revealed that the Israelis have mastered the technology of neutron bombs -highly sophisticated "enhanced radiation" weapons, which are ideal for tactical or theater nuclear warfare.</span><br />
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<span style="color: white;">Delivering The Bomb</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: white;">Lastly, even after constructing, testing and consolidating a small arsenal of bombs, a nation must be able to deliver them. The Scud-B weapons launched by the Iraqis during the Gulf War had great psychological value, but almost no military value. Most of them broke up in mid-flight-a disaster in a war fought with nuclear weapons. Furthermore, crude atomic bombs are so large and bulky that they cannot be carried by conventional fighter bombers. By contrast, the Pakistani program is advanced enough to manufacture a lightweight atomic bomb, weighing no more than 400 pounds, that can be strapped onto the belly of a U.S. F-16 fighter bomber. The South Africans have made their Overberg testing range available to the Israelis for tests of their Shavit (Comet) missile, which uses the Jericho2B missile as its first two stages. The Shavit missile launched an Israeli satellite into orbit in 1988 and can hurl a 2,000 pound bomb a distance of 1,700 miles. One top U.S. administration official, commenting on the close relationship between Israel and South Africa in developing these weapons, said, "We know everything, names, dates, everything. We don't have any evidence that it's a plain uranium-for-missiles deal. Think of the relationship as a whole series of deals."</span><br />
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<span style="color: white;">Divide and Conquer</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: white;">Puny as Iraq's nuclear program seems in comparison to that of Pakistan, Israel and South Africa, it could not have been built in such a short time without substantial foreign assistance.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">Ironically, Iraq's technological infrastructure was largely a creation of the West. In the early 20th century, British success in dominating the Middle East, controlling large parts of Africa and running a global empire, relied on a strategy of "divide and conquer." The British sliced up what is now Iraq, Syria, Jordan, Lebanon and Kuwait and much of Africa in order to pit Arabs against Arabs, Africans against Africans. The United States, which took over as the major Middle East power after World War II, learned this lesson well. The Shah of Iran, for example, was set up by the CIA as regional "policeman of the Gulf," charged with keeping the Arab nations in line. After his overthrow, the United States needed a counterweight to the insufficiently tractable Iranian fundamentalists. In the interest of Middle East control and eager to see its enemies clobber themselves the United States largely sustained and then brokered the long, bloody stalemate between Iraq and Iran.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: white;">In order to neutralize Iran, which it perceived as the greater threat, the Reagan Administration gave widespread military and economic support to Saddam Hussein, secretly feeding Iraq military intelligence information on Iran's forces, in the form of satellite data.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: white;">As long as Iraq was neutralizing Iran, Saddam was the beneficiary of the selective proliferation policy. As long as Iraq was perceived to be carrying out United States wishes, it was rewarded, like Pakistan, with substantial aid and trade concessions. Thus, much of the high technology eventually destroyed by Desert Storm came from the United States and West Germany. The U.S. Commerce Department licensed more than $1.5 billion in sensitive high technology for Iraq before the Gulf War. About 200 major companies in the West were involved in the high technology transfer. Hewlett-Packard, Honeywell, Unisys, International Computer Systems, Rockwell and Tektronix had lucrative trade agreements with the Iraqi Atomic Energy Commission and Saad 16, Iraq's missile research center. Honeywell even did a study for a power gasoline bomb warhead for the Iraqis.</span><br />
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<span style="color: white;">Nuclear Threats in Korea</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: white;">Similarly, the Bush Doctrine has recast the Korean question. After three decades of relative stability and obscurity, suddenly, within weeks of the Gulf War, international attention was focused on the "nuclear threat" posed by the Yongbyon nuclear complex located 60 miles north of Pyongyang. The irony, as the North Koreans have pointed out, is that the United States maintains thousands of tactical nuclear weapons around the world, with approximately 600 concentrated in the Korean area.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: white;">The threat presented by this arsenal is real. During the Korean War, the United States had authorized the use of nuclear weapons in the appendix to its secret war plan, OPLAN 8-52. Recently declassified minutes of the National Security Council reveal the detailed plans by President Eisenhower and his secretary of State John Foster Dulles to exploit tactical nuclear weapons in Korea. To pressure North Korea, President Bush vowed in September 1991 to withdraw nuclear weapons from South Korea. The pledge, as the North Koreans have again noted, is largely symbolic, since U.S. nuclear weapons based on ships, such as nuclear cruise missiles, can be fired into North Korea within minutes. An offshore nuclear missile is just as deadly as a nuclear missile based on land.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: white;">In any case, equating the U.S.-backed South Korean nuclear capabilities with those of North Korea is absurd. The North Korean nuclear program is qualitatively and quantitatively even more primitive than the Iraqi one, which in turn was quite backward by Western standards. The Iraqis, at least, had access to billions of dollars of advanced Western technology because of its war against Iran. The Soviets, by contrast, were historically much more tight-fisted about sharing this kind of advanced technology with their allies. In the late 1960s, they provided a small reactor. The North Koreans contracted with the British to build an old-fashioned, 1950s-style graphite reactor, called the Calder Hall, which was to be operated by the British Nuclear Fuels Company. This 20 to 30 megawatt reactor, tiny compared with the 1,000 megawatts common in the West, was begun in 1980 and was already obsolete when completed seven years later.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: white;">In 1985, although North Korea signed the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, it has been unwilling to allow totally unrestricted inspection of its facilities. As a consequence, the United States began to suspect that the North Koreans were converting the civilian reactor to military purposes. At present, the case against the North Koreans is based primarily on satellite photographs, the interpretation of which is the subject of intense controversy. The United States asserts the photos show that the North Koreans are completing a new reactor, possibly 50 to 200 megawatts in power and a new reprocessing plant which could extract plutonium from radioactive waste. These admittedly speculative conclusions have even created a dispute between the CIA on one side and the Pentagon and the State Department on the other. Based on its claims that the North Koreans will have the atomic bomb within a few months, the CIA recommends immediate action, possibly including force. The Pentagon and State Department take a much more relaxed view, estimating that North Korea is two to five years from an atomic bomb. This appraisal allows ample time for a diplomatic solution.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: white;">There is some indication that the stalemate is breaking up. On March 14,1992, a new agreement was signed between the two Koreas. The South Koreans agreed to drop their insistence on a rigid timetable for inspections and the North Koreans agreed to allow a formal inspection of the Yongbyon site-possibly in June or shortly thereafter. In April, the North Koreans even released a video of the interior of the reactor site. On May 3, they promised to hand over to the IAEA a list of nuclear-related sites for inspection.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: white;">Part of the controversy has revolved around the often quoted U.S. position that satellite photographs of the Yongbyon facility show no electrical wires emanating from the site. Reactors for peaceful rather than bomb-producing purposes, the United States argued, would necessitate a network of transformers and cables connecting the site to the power grid. It was the North Koreans' word against the West's, until IAEA Director Hans Blix and his team reported after a May 1992 visit that they found "electric distribution grids outside two large nuclear power plants, suggesting that the plants are intended for power generation... [and] supporting North Korea's assertion that its nuclear plants are strictly for peaceful power-generation purposes."</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: white;">They also turned up a "tiny quantity [of plutonium]," said Blix, "far from the amount you need for a weapon." In fact, small quantities of plutonium are often extracted for reprocessing but are usually of a type not usable in weapons production. Despite exaggeration by the media about the Yongbyon site, the IAEA has been cautious in drawing any conclusions until a more complete inspection-expected soon-can be conducted.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: white;">Will the Bush Doctrine Backfire?</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: white;">Ultimately, the Bush Doctrine may backfire in any number of ways, with a variety of dire consequences. The Bush Administration is playing with nuclear fire and it is easy to get burned.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">For example, the United States has allowed the atomic bomb to proliferate so widely that, without anticommunism to keep these countries in line, proliferation may be out of its control. Already in the 1973 October War, the Israelis apparently threatened to unleash their atomic bomb on the Arabs unless the United States came to its aid. The United States was thus blackmailed and put on the receiving end of a nuclear threat.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: white;">Another potential nuclear flashpoint is the centuries-old feud between the Muslims in Pakistan and the Hindus in India. The recent crisis over Kashmir caused the U.S. State Department to express public alarm that the conflict would boil over into open warfare, with the distinct possibility that nuclear weapons could be used by both sides.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: white;">But perhaps most important, the reliance on nuclear threats to maintain U.S. military supremacy may backfire by weakening the domestic economic infrastructure. The clear implication of the leaked Pentagon report is that while other countries, such as Germany and Japan, may eventually pose a grave economic threat to the United States, Washington's nuclear superiority will keep them in line and keep the United States on top.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: white;">Thus reliance on military domination is a tacit admission that U.S. economic strength will continue to deteriorate into the next century. Since 1945, U.S. control of 50 percent of the world's wealth has declined to 25 percent, and is still falling. Most of that wealth was squandered maintaining a world-spanning network of 395 foreign military bases in 35 countries at a current cost exceeding $210 billion annually. With such a colossal military burden, this country is undergoing a remarkable deindustrialization process, which the world has not seen since turn-of-the century Britain.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: white;">If the Pentagon is relying on nuclear might to keep its rising economic rivals in line, then this expensive "solution" will ultimately exacerbate the de-industrialization of the United States. A journalist once asked President Reagan whether the right-wing strategy of "spending Russia into a depression" might backfire; might not the United States be spent into a depression instead? In one of the few lucid moments of his presidency, Reagan answered, "Yes... but they'll bust first." For once, Ronald Reagan was correct. The Soviets indeed did bust first, but there are indications that the United States may be next.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: white;">Israel, Iran, the United States and the Bomb</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">by Israel Shahak</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">CAQ1993</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: white;">p256</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">"The war in Lebanon is the first stage in our conflict with Iran."</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">Efraim Shah, Knesset member</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: white;">p256</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">For years, stonewalling in the face of mounting and eventually irrefutable evidence, Israel denied all reports that it had built a nuclear bomb. Now openly acknowledged, its substantial nuclear arsenal forms a grim backdrop to the Middle East political landscape.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: white;">While the role of these weapons is discussed in Israel, the implications of the world's fifth largest nuclear force are all but ignored in the United States. In the country whose taxpayers foot the bill for the Israeli program the media spotlight only the "threat" of nuclearization by other states in the region. And in Israel, this threat and the national commitment to remaining the only nuclear state in the region, are touted as justifications for developing and possibly using the bomb.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: white;">On April 17,1992, Deputy Chief of Staff, General Amnon Shahak-Lipkin indicated how far he believed Israel was prepared to go to prevent Middle East nuclear proliferation. "I believe that the State of Israel should from now on use all its power and direct all its efforts to preventing nuclear developments in any Arab state whatsoever." The interviewer then asked the General: "Does this imply the need for violent means as well?" Shahak-Lipkin barely couched his answer: "In my opinion, all or most means serving that purpose are legitimate." Clearly, the Deputy Chief of Staff was not discounting an Israeli nuclear first strike.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: white;">Currently, the most likely target for a preemptive Israeli strike, either conventional or nuclear, is not Arab but Iranian. There is widespread speculation backed by some hard evidence that Israel is forming antiIranian coalitions and prodding the United States-either by itself or through its allies-to destabilize Iran and/or take out its developing nuclear capability. Israel's new anti-Iranian policy can only be understood in the broad context of its hegemonic aims.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: white;">Grand Strategy</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: white;">The scope of the new Israeli grand strategy was set forth by General Shlomo Gazit (reserves), a former Military Intelligence commander. The area of military intelligence is regarded as the most important component of the intelligence community. It is composed of Mossad (which operates outside Israel and the areas it physically occupies), Shabak (the General Security Service which operates within Israel, in the occupied territories and in the "security zone" of South Lebanon) and Military Intelligence (which operates as a branch of the army). The Military Intelligence commander reports to the prime minister on behalf of all groups on matters of strategic importance.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: white;">After his retirement, Gazit became a member of the prestigious Yaffe Center for Strategic Studies at Tel Aviv University. His frequent articles on intelligence and strategy are remarkable for their lucidity and their highly placed sources.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: white;">"Israel's main task has not changed at all and remains of crucial importance. The geographical location of Israel at the center of the ArabMuslim Middle East predestines Israel to be a devoted guardian of stability in all the countries surrounding it. Its [role] is to protect the existing regimes, to prevent or halt the processes of radicalization and to block the expansion of fundamentalist religious zealotry. Israel has its 'red lines' which, precisely because they are not clearly marked or explicitly defined, have a powerful deterrent effect by virtue of causing uncertainty beyond its borders. The purpose of these 'red lines' is to determine which strategic developments or other changes occurring beyond Israel's borders can be defined as threats which Israel will regard as intolerable, to the point of feeling compelled to use all its military power for the sake of their prevention or eradication."</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: white;">In Gazit's view, by "protecting" all or most Middle Eastern regimes, Israel performs a vital service for "the industrially advanced states, all of which are keenly concerned with guaranteeing the stability in the Middle East."</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: white;">In the aftermath of the disappearance of the Soviet Union as a political power with interests of its own in the region, a number of Middle Eastern states lost a patron which guaranteed their political, military and even economic viability. A vacuum was thus created, with the effect of adding to the region's instability. Under such conditions, the Israeli role as a strategic asset in guaranteeing a modicum of stability in the entire Middle East, far from dwindling or disappearing, was elevated to the first order of magnitude. Without Israel, the West would have to perform this role by itself, when none of the existing superpowers really could perform it, because of various domestic and international constraints. For Israel, by contrast, the need to intervene is a matter of survival.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: white;">An Iranian Bomb</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: white;">So far, Israel has abjured the use of nuclear weapons. But that stated reluctance-like that of the United States-is tactical rather than moral or absolute. That Israel is prepared to go to war to defend its perceived interests is beyond doubt; that it has a large arsenal of nuclear weapons and a sophisticated delivery system is also well established; but the circumstances that would promote a decision to use the bomb are less clear. Some Israeli experts see the expected nuclearization of the Middle East in general and of Iran in particular as sufficient threat to justify any prophylactic action.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: white;">Although Israeli censorship on the subject is strict, the subject was discussed at a symposium held by the Yaffe Center. One of the speakers, Knesset Member Efraim Sneh (Labor), who had served in intelligence related jobs in the army, is widely regarded as one of the best informed strategic experts. He declared:</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: white;">" [I]t is still possible to prevent Iran from developing its nuclear bomb. This can be done, since Iran threatens the interests of all rational states in the Middle East. We should therefore do all we can to prevent Iran from ever reaching nuclear capability. Israel cannot possibly put up with the nuclear bomb in Iranian hands. If the Western states don't do what is their duty, Israel will find itself forced to act alone and will accomplish its task by any means considered suitable for the purpose."</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: white;">Israel is unlikely to overthrow the present regime, to win a military victory with conventional weapons, or to convince Iran to abandon plans for nuclearization. Given this military context, Sneh's pronouncement can be seen as a veiled threat to strike at Iran with nuclear weapons.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: white;">Nor are Israeli leaders confident that intelligence can accurately assess the progress of nuclearization programs or even know when and if a bomb and delivery system are on line. Aware of past failures of intelligence units, Sneh warned:</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: white;">"If, despite all our precautions, we are confronted with an Iran already in possession of nuclear installations and in mastery of launching techniques, we would be better off if the explosive charge of the Israeli</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: white;">Arab conflict is by then already neutralized through signing peace treaties with states located in our vicinity-concretely with Syria, Jordan and the Palestinians. We would also be better off if, until that time, we succeed in building alliances with Middle Eastern states interested in fighting Islamic fundamentalism. It would be good for us if all sane states of this region unite to resist all forces of radicalism."</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: white;">Also attending the symposium was General Avihu Ben-Nun (reserves), who served as commander of the Israeli Air Force until the end of 1992. Before and during the Gulf War, he was one of the most important advocates of Israeli intervention into that war who agreed with Sneh that preventing nuclearization of Iran might not be possible. Even if an Israeli-Iranian war broke out after Iran nuclearized, he reassured, the threat of Israeli retaliation-considered feasible by the Arab world-was a powerful deterrent against an Iranian first strike. And if that was not sufficiently discouraging, the United States would launch a nuclear retaliation. "But Iran will also have another reason for refraining from using its atomic bomb against Israel," Ben-Nun continued, "the fear of destroying the Islamic holy sites in Jerusalem. The holy sites are our best deterrent." This statement, considered too crass even for an Israeli general, was ridiculed by some commentators.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: white;">Policy expert Shay Feldman of the Center for Strategic Studies at Tel Aviv University concurred. Although Iran is now trying to reactivate two nuclear reactors built under the Shah, "the Iranian leaders will not behave irrationally enough... [to] risk the total devastation of Iran that would result from an Israeli [nuclear] retaliation." Feldman blames Iran's current level of nuclear technology largely on Israel's short-sighted covert support- in defiance of the United States-for the Shah's nuclear program. "If not for the Khomeinist revolution," he argues, "Iran would have already been at a very advanced stage of nuclearization." Reviewing the status of other countries, Feldman presumes that Pakistan already has nuclear weapons; Egypt and Libya, despite renouncing their nuclear ambitions still retain technical potential and thus remain "a mild threat" to Israel; Syria presents an "even milder" threat; Iraq's nuclear capability has been destroyed; and Jordan and Saudi Arabia have no nuclear potential. Apart from Iran, then, Feldman asserts that only Algeria poses a "serious" nuclear threat to Israel.</span><br />
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<span style="color: white;">p263</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">Daniel Lesham, a retired senior Military Intelligence office and member of the Center for Strategic Studies at Tel Aviv University, expands on the practical uses of the nuclear threat.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: white;">"We should take advantage of [Iran's] involvement in the Islamic terror which already hurts the entire world... We should take advantage by persistently explaining to the world at large that, by virtue of its involvement in terrorism, no other state is as dangerous as Iran.</span><br />
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<span style="color: white;">p264</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">Middle East Hegemony</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">Israel is becoming increasingly open about the possibility of exercising its nuclear option, even though public discussion is often couched in talk about deterrence. "We need not be ashamed," wrote Oded Brosh, a distinguished expert in nuclear politics, "that the nuclear option, as a deterrent to attack, is a major instrument of our defense. The three big democracies have relied on the same deterrent for decades." The Israeli bomb, he implied, was a necessary strategic option. "Generally, in long-term security planning one cannot ignore the political factors. Israel must take into account, for example, that the Saudi royal family is not going to reign forever, or that the Egyptian regime may also change."</span><br />
<span style="color: white;">Precisely because of such political contingencies, Brosh asserts, Israel must remain free to use or threaten to use its nuclear weapons.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: white;">Brosh's analysis carries other implications as well: The very comparison of Israel's strategic aims with those of the United States, Britain and France illustrates Israel's ambition. If Israel is to become the regional superpower, it must establish its hegemony over the entire Middle East.</span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: white;">There is one crucial difference, however, between Israel and "the three big democracies": Israel, rather than paying for its own nuclear development, is financed by the United States. It is essential, then, that the American Israeli Political Action Committee (AIPAC), the organized segment of the American Jewish community and its various allies ensure that Congress continues to foot the bill which now approaches $3.1 billion. To that end, the U.S. public must be effectively deceived about Israel's real strategic aims.</span><br />
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Maxmillianhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18157780153171885687noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3003895380147156708.post-20403527076096391962015-08-18T09:00:00.000+02:002015-08-18T09:00:03.939+02:00FAS Star Wars PDF | Strategic Defense Initiative - SDI <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="color: white;">FAS Star Wars PDF</span><br />
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<a href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/1fpyFcJ2Xdoaqh7c3wRLwNzNqblvNglONGs58VoCRTAg/edit">https://docs.google.com/document/d/1fpyFcJ2Xdoaqh7c3wRLwNzNqblvNglONGs58VoCRTAg/edit</a></div>
SntMartyrhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11197760281270769367noreply@blogger.com0